High benzene selectivity of uniform sub-nanometre pores of self-ordered mesoporous silicate

The high benzene gas selectivity of mesoporous silicate (SBA-15) was observed in the sub-nanometre micropore condensation region. The benzene/toluene ratios of the adsorbed amount were >100 and >6 in ideal and pseudo-atmospheric environments, respectively.     

Methodology for the immobilization of enzymes onto mesoporous materials

Cytochrome c and xylanase were adsorbed onto two mesoporous materials, SBA-15 (a pure silicate) and MSE (an organosilicate), with very similar physical properties but differing chemical compositions. A methodical order was developed whereby the influences of surface area, pore size, extent of order, particle size, surface potentials, isoelectric points, pH, and ionic strength on immobilization were explored. In silico studies of cytochrome c and xylanase were conducted before any immobilization experiments were carried out in order to select compatible materials and probe the interactions between the adsorbents and the mesoporous silicates. The stabilities of the mesoporous materials at different pH values and their isoelectric points and zeta potentials were determined. Electrostatic attraction dominated protein interactions with SBA-15, while weaker hydrophobic interactions are more prominent with MSE for both cytochrome c and xylanase. The ability of the immobilized protein/enzyme to withstand leaching was measured, and activity tests and thermostability experiments were conducted. Cytochrome c immobilized onto SBA-15 showed resistance to leaching and an enhanced activity compared to free protein. The immobilized cytochrome c was shown to have higher intrinsic activity but lower thermostability than free cytochrome c. From an extensive characterization of the surface properties of the silicates and proteins, we describe a systematic methodology for the adsorption of proteins onto mesoporous silicates. This approach can be utilized in the design of a solid support for any protein.     

疏水性Cosalen/SBA-15的制备及在甲苯选择性氧化中的应用

以介孔分子筛SBA-15为载体, 先采用γ-氨丙基三乙氧基硅烷(APTES)进行氨基硅烷化修饰, 然后经甲基三乙氧基硅烷(MTES)疏水修饰后固载双水杨醛缩乙二胺合钴配合物(Cosalen). 采用傅里叶变换红外光谱、 紫外-可见漫反射光谱、 X射线光电子能谱、 元素分析、 等离子体发射光谱、 X射线衍射和氮气物理吸附等手段对制备的固载型催化剂Cosalen/SBA-15进行了物相结构和修饰程度的表征, 并考察了样品对甲苯、 苯甲醛和苯甲醇的吸附性能及在甲苯液相氧化反应中的催化性能. 结果表明, 固载型催化剂Cosalen/SBA-15的介孔结构和孔道有序性保持良好, Cosalen通过与氨基配位固载在修饰后的载体SBA-15上, 且高度分散, 氨基硅烷化和甲基修饰明显增强了其表面疏水性能, 对苯甲醛和苯甲醇的吸附量降低. 疏水性Cosalen/SBA-15协同N-羟基邻苯二甲酰亚胺(NHPI)催化甲苯液相分子氧氧化反应, 无溶剂体系在130 ℃下反应2 h, 甲苯转化率达到16.0%, 产物中苯甲醛和苯甲醇的总选择性为32.0%, 在一定程度上抑制了极性产物深度氧化为苯甲酸. 高温不利于苯甲醛和苯甲醇选择性的提高, 降低温度至110 ℃, 甲苯转化率达到12.9%时, 苯甲醛和苯甲醇的总选择性提高到43.9%.     

可移动激光质谱仪的研制与应用

激光质谱法是一种新的环境测污方法,具有高灵敏度、高选择性、多组分同时测量和快速实时的特点。本研究介绍了新近研制的可移动激光质谱仪的系统结构、各部分功能、原理以及主要技术指标。该仪器能在大气压下采样,并在设计过程中解决了记忆效应,使用输出波长248nm的KrF准分子激光器,可以对芳香烃进行多组分同时检测。该仪器对机动车尾气中苯系物含量的实时在线测量结果表明,尾气中含有苯、甲苯、二甲苯、三甲苯、萘、甲基萘等多种芳香烃污染物,检测的灵敏度达0．1mg／m^3,时间响应可达0．1s。     

Quantitative analysis of trace‐level benzene,toluene, ethylbenzene,and xylene in cellulose acetate tow using headspace heart‐cutting multidimensional gas chromatography with mass spectrometry

This study describes a method for the quantification of trace‐level benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene in cellulose acetate tow by heart‐cutting multidimensional gas chromatography with mass spectrometry in selected ion monitoring mode. As the major volatile component in cellulose acetate tow samples, acetone would be overloaded when attempting to perform a high‐resolution separation to analyze trace benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene. With heart‐cutting technology, a larger volume injection was achieved and acetone was easily cut off by employing a capillary column with inner diameter of 0.32 mm in the primary gas chromatography. Only benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene were directed to the secondary column to result in an effective separation. The matrix interference was minimized and the peak shapes were greatly improved. Finally, quantitative analysis of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene was performed using an isotopically labeled internal standard. The headspace multidimensional gas chromatography mass spectrometry system was proved to be a powerful tool for analyzing trace volatile organic compounds in complex samples.     

SBA-15的孔壁碳膜修饰对钴基催化剂结构与催化性能的影响

在惰性气体中焙烧SBA-15制得孔壁被碳修饰的SBA- 15C样品,以它和SBA-15为载体,采用等量浸渍法制备了负载型Co基催化剂,并运用X射线衍射、N2物理吸附、程序升温还原、NH3吸附量热等手段对样品进行了表征.结果表明,SBA- 15C仍保持原有的六方有序的中孔结构,但其孔壁经碳修饰后发生增厚,比表面积略有下降...     

Adsorption of C7 hydrocarbons on biporous SBA-15 mesoporous silica

In our recent studies (Vinh-Thang, H.; Huang, Q.; Eic, M.; Trong-On, D.; Kaliaguine, S. Langmuir 2005, 21, 2051-2057; Vinh-Thang, H.; Huang, Q.; Eic, M.; Trong-On, D.; Kaliaguine, S. Stud. Surf. Sci. Catal. 2005, in press), a series of synthesized SBA-15 materials were characterized using nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherms at 77 K and SEM images. In the present paper, four of them (MMS-1-RT, MMS-1-60, MMS-1-80, and MMS-5-80) were further investigated with regard to their equilibrium characteristics using n-heptane and toluene as sorbates by the standard gravimetric technique. SBA-15 materials proved to have a broad pore size distribution within the micropore/small-mesopore range in the walls of their main mesoporous channels. The adsorption capacities for toluene were found to be higher than for n-heptane. The isosteric heats of adsorption, estimated by the Clausius-Clapeyron equation, are also higher for toluene compared to n-heptane. They were found to depend on framework microporosity of the relevant SBA-15 samples. The isosteric heats of adsorption for all sorbates decrease with increased loading and approach the heats of evaporation of the respective sorbate. The adsorption capacities of SBA-15 samples are significantly higher than those of silicalite, i.e., the MFI zeolite silica analogue. In contrast to that, the isosteric heats of adsorption in the mesopore channels of SBA-15 were found to be much smaller. This result also suggests that SBA-15 can potentially be a good candidate for separation of C(7) hydrocarbons.     

Protein adsorption on the mesoporous molecular sieve silicate SBA-15: effects of pH and pore size

A mesoporous molecular sieve silicate, SBA-15, with three pore sizes (38.1 A, 77.3 A, and 240 A) has been synthesized using a non-ionic, tri-block copolymer as a template in a sol-gel method. The effects of synthesis conditions on the pore size and pore-size distribution of this adsorbent have been described. The adsorption of proteins on these crystalline, ordered, materials has been studied. The kinetics of adsorption and equilibrium capacity have been probed with three proteins of different dimensions. The effects of electrostatic interactions and protein size are illustrated. It has been shown that SBA-15 materials can be tailored to show size selectivity for proteins, and very high capacities (450 mg/g) can be obtained. Furthermore, the rates of adsorption are shown to be dependent on the pore size, protein structure and solution pH.     

气相色谱法分离和测定溶剂型木器涂料中正丁醇与苯系物

在气相色谱法测定溶剂型木器涂料中正丁醇及苯系物(包括苯、甲苯及二甲苯)时采用了VF-200MS型号的毛细管色谱柱。由于此型号的毛细管柱具有较强极性,不仅能达到正丁醇与苯系物之间的有效而满意的分离,而且还能使苯系物(包括苯、甲苯、乙苯、二甲苯)之间和二甲苯的同分异构体之间的有效分离。测定中采用正戊烷作内标和用火焰离子检测器检测。此方法的检出限(2S/N)在1.7~3.5 ng之间。用一含有正丁醇的硝基漆样品按所提出的方法进行多次重复测定,并在此样品的基础上加入各被测化合物的标准后进行测定,从而对方法的回收率和精密度作了测试,测得其回收率在87.8%~100.0%之间,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=6)均小于2.5%。     

A general strategy for the rational design of size-selective mesoporous catalysts

A series of functionalized mesoporous silicas with cagelike pore topology has been synthesized and screened for size-selective catalytic transformations. The aluminum-catalyzed Meerwein-Ponndorf-Verley (MPV) reduction of differently sized aromatic aldehydes (benzaldehyde and 1-pyrenecarbox-aldehyde) has been investigated as a test reaction. The catalysts were synthesized in a two-step grafting sequence comprising pore-size engineering of mesoporous silicas (SBA-1, SBA-2, SBA-16) with long-chain alkyl dimethylaminosilanes and surface organoaluminum chemistry with triethylaluminum [{Al(CH(2)CH(3))3}2]. Size-selective reaction behavior was found for small pore SBA-1 materials, and the selectivity could be efficiently tuned by selecting a silylating reagent of appropriate size. The results are compared with the catalytic performance of a large-pore periodic mesoporous organosilica PMO[SBA-1] and the nonporous high-surface-area silicas Aerosil 300/380.     

ZnZrOx-HZSM-5双功能催化剂催化甲苯与合成气烷基化制对二甲苯

作为重要的有机化工原料,近些年来随着聚酯行业的高速发展,对二甲苯(PX)需求量逐年增高.目前,PX主要通过传统的石油路线生产,例如石脑油催化重整、甲苯歧化和C₈芳烃异构化,这些路线的后续精馏能耗较高.甲醇作为碳源与甲苯烷基化制备PX有效提高了目标产物的选择性,且已实现工业化.然而,由于甲醇生成甲氧基烷基化物种的能垒较高,使反应温度较高,促进了甲醇制烯烃(MTO)副反应的进行,降低了甲醇利用率;且由于积炭的形成,催化剂容易失活.合成气是非石油基资源如煤炭、天然气和生物质等利用的重要平台,在转化为醇类、烯烃以及芳烃路径中将经过甲氧基中间体,因此,本文研发以合成气代替甲醇与甲苯烷基化制备PX的催化剂和催化过程.基于本课题组关于CO₂加氢耦合甲苯烷基化制PX的研究基础,本文将ZnZrO_x(ZZO)与ZSM-5(Z5)混合制得双功能催化剂,用于合成气转化耦合甲苯烷基化制PX.研究结果表明,通过优化催化剂的组成和烷基化反应条件,调控CO加氢反应和甲苯烷基化反应的匹配性,在甲苯转化率为10.3%时,可获得64.8%的二甲苯选择性(不计水煤气变换反应),其中PX占81.8%,气态烃副产物的选择性为10.9%;在相同条件下采用甲醇为烷基化试剂时,二甲苯选择性仅38.5%,其中PX占38.8%,此时气态烃副产物的选择性达26.2%.同位素效应实验结果表明,二甲苯中新增甲基来自于合成气,而非甲苯的歧化反应.催化剂构效研究结果表明,PX的选择性与分子筛孔径、酸性强度以及Br?nsted酸性位点有关;原位红外结果也证实了该反应呈现逆同位素效应(k_H2/k_D2=0.92),表明反应中甲酸盐物种(HCOO*)加氢可能是反应的决速步骤.与传统的甲醇甲苯烷基化路径相比,采用来源广泛和成本较低的合成气与甲苯进行烷基化反应的温度(340℃)更低,有效避免了MTO副反应的发生,同时,该催化剂可在100 h内保持良好稳定性.综上,本工作结果为高效制备高值芳烃PX提供了新思路.     

A Porous Polyaromatic Solid for Vapor Adsorption of Xylene with High Efficiency,Selectivity, and Reusability

Development of porous materials capable of capturing volatile organic compounds (VOCs), such as benzene and its derivatives, with high efficiency, selectivity, and reusability is highly demanded. Here we report unusual vapor adsorption behavior toward VOCs by a new porous solid, composed of a polyaromatic capsule bearing a spherical nanocavity with subnano-sized windows. Without prior crystallization and high-temperature vacuum drying, the porous polyaromatic solid exhibits the following five features: vapor adsorption of benzene over cyclohexane with 90 % selectivity, high affinity toward o-xylene over benzene and toluene with >80 % selectivity, ortho-selective adsorption ability (>50 %) from mixed xylene isomers, tight VOCs storage even under high temperature and vacuum conditions, and at least 5 times reusability for xylene adsorption. The observed adsorption abilities are accomplished at ambient temperature and pressure within 1 h, which has not been demonstrated by organic/inorganic porous materials reported previously.     

ZnZrOx-HZSM-5双功能催化剂催化甲苯与合成气烷基化制对二甲苯

作为重要的有机化工原料,近些年来随着聚酯行业的高速发展,对二甲苯(PX)需求量逐年增高.目前,PX主要通过传统的石油路线生产,例如石脑油催化重整、甲苯歧化和C₈芳烃异构化,这些路线的后续精馏能耗较高.甲醇作为碳源与甲苯烷基化制备PX有效提高了目标产物的选择性,且已实现工业化.然而,由于甲醇生成甲氧基烷基化物种的能垒较高,使反应温度较高,促进了甲醇制烯烃(MTO)副反应的进行,降低了甲醇利用率;且由于积炭的形成,催化剂容易失活.合成气是非石油基资源如煤炭、天然气和生物质等利用的重要平台,在转化为醇类、烯烃以及芳烃路径中将经过甲氧基中间体,因此,本文研发以合成气代替甲醇与甲苯烷基化制备PX的催化剂和催化过程.基于本课题组关于CO₂加氢耦合甲苯烷基化制PX的研究基础,本文将ZnZrO_x(ZZO)与ZSM-5(Z5)混合制得双功能催化剂,用于合成气转化耦合甲苯烷基化制PX.研究结果表明,通过优化催化剂的组成和烷基化反应条件,调控CO加氢反应和甲苯烷基化反应的匹配性,在甲苯转化率为10.3%时,可获得64.8%的二甲苯选择性(不计水煤气变换反应),其中PX占81.8%,气态烃副产物的选择性为10.9%;在相同条件下采用甲醇为烷基化试剂时,二甲苯选择性仅38.5%,其中PX占38.8%,此时气态烃副产物的选择性达26.2%.同位素效应实验结果表明,二甲苯中新增甲基来自于合成气,而非甲苯的歧化反应.催化剂构效研究结果表明,PX的选择性与分子筛孔径、酸性强度以及Br?nsted酸性位点有关;原位红外结果也证实了该反应呈现逆同位素效应(k_H2/k_D2=0.92),表明反应中甲酸盐物种(HCOO*)加氢可能是反应的决速步骤.与传统的甲醇甲苯烷基化路径相比,采用来源广泛和成本较低的合成气与甲苯进行烷基化反应的温度(340℃)更低,有效避免了MTO副反应的发生,同时,该催化剂可在100 h内保持良好稳定性.综上,本工作结果为高效制备高值芳烃PX提供了新思路.     

Catalytic properties of antimony-SBA-15 materials in the benzylation of aromatics reactions

Antimony-containing mesoporous SBA-15 with different Si/Sb ratio has been synthesized using a post-treatment procedure with an aqueous solution of SbCl₃ and characterized by elemental analysis, XRD method, N₂ adsorption measurements (BET and BJH theory) and FTIR spectroscopy. The benzylation of aromatics by benzyl chloride has been investigated over these solids. Indeed, the antimony-containing mesoporous SBA-15 showed both high activity and high selectivity for this reaction. More interesting is the observation that Sb-SBA-15 (35) catalyst is active and selective for large molecules like naphthenic compounds such as 2-methylnaphthalene and it can also be reused in the benzylation of benzene for several times. Kinetics of the benzene benzylation over these catalysts have also been investigated. Published in Russian in Kinetika i Kataliz, 2009, vol. 50, no. 3, pp. 428–433. The article is published in the original.     

Mechanism of freezing of water in contact with mesoporous silicas MCM-41, SBA-15 and SBA-16: role of boundary water of pore outlets in freezing

The freezing mechanism of water contacted with mesoporous silicas with uniform pore shapes, both cylindrical and cagelike, was studied by thermodynamic and structural analyses with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) together with adsorption measurements. In the DSC data extra exothermic peaks were found at around 230 K for water confined in SBA-15, in addition to that due to the freezing of pore water. These peaks are most likely to be ascribed to the freezing of water present over the micropore and/or mesopore outlets of coronas in SBA-15. Freezing of water confined in SBA-16 was systematically analysed by DSC with changing the pore size. The freezing temperature was found to be around 232 K, close to the homogeneous nucleation temperature of bulk water, independent of the pore size when the pore diameter (d) < 7.0 nm. Water confined in the cagelike pores of SBA-16 is probably surrounded by a water layer (boundary water) at the outlets of channels to interconnect the pores and of fine corona-like pores, which is similar to that present at the outlet of cylindrical pores in MCM-41 and of cylindrical channels in SBA-15. The presence of the boundary water would be a key for water in SBA-16 to freeze at the homogeneous nucleation temperature. This phenomenon is similar to those well known for water droplets in oil and water droplets of clouds in the sky. The XRD data showed that the cubic ice I(c) was formed in SBA-16 as previously found in SBA-15 when d < 8.0 nm.     

顶空直接进样气相色谱法测定黏胶剂中的苯系物

目的建立检测黏胶剂中苯系物的方法。方法用顶空直接进样气相色谱法测定黏胶剂中的苯、甲苯、乙苯、对二甲苯、间二甲苯、邻二甲苯以及苯乙烯7种组分,对气相色谱柱、顶空加热温度以及顶空提取时间进行了讨论。结果对苯乙烯等7种被测组分的检测限均小于5mg/kg,7种组分在毛细管柱中能够很好的分离,回收率范围为81%～94%,RSD为5%～10%,具有操作简单、快速等特点。结论能够满足对黏胶剂中苯系物测定的分析要求。     

Structure and diffusion characterization of SBA-15 materials

In situ formation of the micro- and mesoporous structures of SBA-15 materials was investigated. It was found that the structure is significantly different from that for cylindrical or hexagonal pores, which suggests that the SBA-15 is more complex than an array of hexagonally ordered channels. Nitrogen adsorption isotherms at 77 K provided evidence that large (primary) mesopores are accompanied by a certain amount of significantly smaller pores with a broad distribution in the micropore/small-mesopore range within the mesoporous walls of main channels. It was found that the microporosity can be controlled by the time of heating as well as the synthesis temperature. The diffusion properties of n-heptane as a probe molecule in four selected SBA-15 samples with different micropore volumes were studied by the standard zero length column technique and related to their structural characteristics. The results have shown that the diffusion process involving n-heptane at a low concentration level takes place inside the walls of main mesoporous channels and depends on the relative content of micropores. In the samples that have a relatively high content of micropores, n-heptane diffusivities are relatively low, their activation energies are high, and the process is similar to diffusion in typical microporous adsorbents, like zeolites. As the micropore content is decreased, diffusion becomes more and more controlled by secondary mesopores of the intrawall pore structure, rendering diffusion faster and activation energies lower.     

Study of the benzylation of benzene and other aromatics by benzyl chloride over transition metal chloride supported mesoporous SBA-15 catalysts

The benzylation of benzene by benzyl chloride to diphenylmethane over FeCl₃, InCl₃, GaCl₃, ZnCl₂, CuCl₂ and NiCl₂ supported on mesoporous SBA-15 at 353 K has been investigated. The redox property due to the impregnation of the SBA-15 by transition metal chloride seems to play a very important role in the benzene benzylation process. Among the catalysts, the FeCl₃/SBA-15 showed both high conversation and high selectivity for the benzylation of benzene. The activity of these catalysts for the benzylation of different aromatic compounds is in the following order: benzene > toluene > p-xylene > anisole. More interesting is the observation that this catalyst is always active and selective for large molecules like naphthenic compounds such as methoxynaphthalene and he can also be reused in the benzylation of benzene for several times. Kinetics of the benzene benzylation over these catalysts have also been investigated.     

催化苯羟基化反应的高效介孔VOx/SBA-16催化剂

利用浸渍法制备了介孔SBA-16负载高分散氧化钒催化剂(VOx/SBA-16),并使用XRD,TEM,N2物理吸附和Raman光谱对其进行了表征.结果表明,制备的VOx/SBA-16催化剂保持了SBA-16立方笼状孔结构,钒物种主要高度分散在SBA-16载体孔内.钒含量为7·3%的VOx/SBA-16催化剂在催化苯羟基化反应中表现出优异的催化性能.这是由于催化剂表面形成了高分散的VO4物种和纳米结构V2O5微晶.     

介孔丝光沸石的制备及其对重芳烃转化反应的催化性能

 用不同浓度的 NaOH 溶液对丝光沸石进行处理制备了具有复合孔道结构的介孔丝光沸石, 并采用 X 射线衍射、扫描电子显微镜、透射电子显微镜和 N2 吸附-脱附等方法对其进行了表征. 结果表明, 随着 NaOH 溶液浓度的升高, 介孔丝光沸石的粒径逐渐变小, 分子筛表面的介孔逐渐丰富, 孔径分布逐渐变宽, 介孔体积逐渐增大呈线性关系. 当 NaOH 浓度为 0.50 mol/L 时, 介孔丝光沸石的形貌变为空心沸石微囊或微囊壁. 介孔的增加产生扩散效应, 适当的 NaOH 溶液处理有利于提高丝光沸石对 C9 和 C10 芳烃的转化能力.