粗糙阴极气体火花开关性能的理论研究

提出了粗糙阴极的气体火花开关击穿模型,通过粗糙层厚度和场强增强系数对阴极粗糙度进行了描述,利用概率论研究开关的击穿情况,分析了气体压强对粗糙阴极气体火花开关稳定性、击穿场强随气压的变化曲线以及开关绝缘恢复速度的影响,研究发现当阴极相对于电子平均自由程足够粗糙时,开关具有最佳的稳定性, 当阴极粗糙结构尺度与电子平均自由程相当时,开关具有最佳的绝缘恢复特性。     

气体火花开关重复频率特性的实验研究

气体火花开关在重复频率脉冲功率技术中具有广泛的应用,影响气体火花开关绝缘恢复与重复频率工作性能的因素众多。实验研究了气体火花开关的能量沉积和气压对开关重复频率指标的影响,给出了气体火花开关绝缘恢复时间与气压及开关导通功率的关系式,初步分析了气体开关击穿通道在自然散热(不吹气)条件下,重复频率稳定工作的最高功率与重复频率指标、气压的关系。     

气体火花开关重复频率特性的实验研究

气体火花开关在重复频率脉冲功率技术中具有广泛的应用,影响气体火花开关绝缘恢复与重复频率工作性能的因素众多。实验研究了气体火花开关的能量沉积和气压对开关重复频率指标的影响,给出了气体火花开关绝缘恢复时间与气压及开关导通功率的关系式,初步分析了气体开关击穿通道在自然散热（不吹气）条件下,重复频率稳定工作的最高功率与重复频率指标、气压的关系。     

金属基底对石墨烯薄膜阴极气体击穿稳定性影响

利用石墨烯二维材料极好的场发射能力和发射稳定性,提出了石墨烯阴极提高气体开关击穿稳定性的技术路线。采用化学气相沉积法和基底腐蚀转移法两种方法制备金属基底石墨烯薄膜阴极。利用扫描电子显微镜和拉曼光谱表征了石墨烯薄膜阴极质量,确认了石墨烯层数和均匀性。实验研究了两种石墨烯薄膜阴极气体开关,在微秒脉冲均匀电场作用下的击穿特性,获得了击穿电压幅值和分散性的变化规律。结果表明：当气体为0.6 MPa N₂、电极间距为5 mm时,铜基底石墨烯薄膜阴极平均击穿电压为85.9 kV,相对标准差为3.2%;不锈钢基底石墨烯薄膜阴极平均击穿电压仅为59.8 kV,相对标准差为2.4%。当两种阴极击穿电压均为80 kV时,相对标准差比较,不锈钢基底仅为铜基底的44%。分析认为,不锈钢基底石墨烯薄膜质量优于铜基底,石墨烯薄膜导致阴极表面微观场增强因子更高,表面分布更均匀,在电场作用下场致发射产生均匀稳定的大量初始电子流,降低了气体开关击穿电压,有效提高了击穿稳定性。     

金属微粒影响三电极气体火花开关击穿过程的仿真研究

气体火花开关在脉冲功率技术中得到了大量应用,但由于脉冲功率技术大电流高电压的特点,气体火花开关在使用过程中很容易对电极表面造成烧蚀,烧蚀产生的金属微粒会显著影响开关的稳定性和可靠性.本文首先针对大气压氮气环境下的三电极气体火花开关放电过程进行建模,对触发极边缘高场强区域的电离系数进行修正,使用场致电子发射电流模拟初始电子产生的过程,深入探究开关导通的物理机理,详细叙述开关击穿过程各阶段的放电形态.接着研究了金属微粒对于击穿过程的影响,研究表明金属微粒的存在增强了触发极附近的电场,加速了初始电子云的产生,同时金属微粒与触发极之间会率先击穿,并成为后续流注发展的源头.除此之外,金属微粒对于流注的传播具有阻碍作用,使放电通道产生分支.最后本文讨论了不同形状以及尺寸的金属微粒对于放电过程的影响,这些都为进一步研究三电极气体火花开关放电过程以及金属微粒诱发开关击穿的物理机理提供了理论支撑.     

氮气火花开关击穿机制的理论和数值研究

三电极气体火花开关带有触发极,相比两电极开关,其开关导通的可控性较高,工作电压较低且抖动小,所以气体火花开关中三电极开关的应用较为广泛.本文针对大气压氮气环境下的两电极开关和三电极开关的击穿机制进行了理论与数值模拟研究.通过理论和数值计算发现,对于平板-平板的两电极开关来说,低电压下(小于6.3 kV)无法产生流注击穿,高电压下(大于6.3 kV)会先形成由阴极到阳极的负流注,然后再形成由阳极向阴极的正流注.而在三电极开关的击穿过程中,首先会在触发极和绝缘体之间发生击穿,然后这个通道不断向阴阳极扩展,最终形成阴阳极之间的电弧通道.在本文的计算工况下,如果需要阴极-触发极、阳极-触发极同时击穿的话,其阴极-触发极之间的外加电压需要大于1.18 kV,而阳极-触发极之间的外加电压需要大于3 kV.当考虑触发极的场致发射后,该击穿阈值可以显著降低.     

气体火花开关初始放电等离子体演化过程北大核心CSCD

气体火花开关的初始放电过程对研究其工作状态有着非常重要的影响,通过基于网格粒子法-直接蒙特卡罗法(PIC-DSMC)耦合算法模拟了气体火花开关从放电开始到等离子体通道初步形成的完整过程,得到了电子和离子的数密度时空分布变化,分析了间隙中电场分布随时间变化规律,完整清晰地揭示了气体火花开关从放电初始到等离子体通道初步形成的物理过程,并初步开展了气体火花开关击穿过程的光学诊断实验,为进一步深入研究气体火花开关的物理机理打下了基础。     

气体火花开关初始放电等离子体演化过程

气体火花开关的初始放电过程对研究其工作状态有着非常重要的影响,通过基于网格粒子法-直接蒙特卡罗法(PIC-DSMC)耦合算法模拟了气体火花开关从放电开始到等离子体通道初步形成的完整过程,得到了电子和离子的数密度时空分布变化,分析了间隙中电场分布随时间变化规律,完整清晰地揭示了气体火花开关从放电初始到等离子体通道初步形成的物理过程,并初步开展了气体火花开关击穿过程的光学诊断实验,为进一步深入研究气体火花开关的物理机理打下了基础。     

单脉冲电光开关击穿时间延迟及抖动的减小方法

减小单脉冲等离子体电极普克尔盒电光开关击穿时间延迟与抖动问题是提高大口径电光开关性能的关键。利用紫外线照射在阴极上的外光电效应,使阴极产生次级电子发射,形成稳定的初始电子流,在高压脉冲作用下普克尔盒内的初始电子产生快速繁流放电,使盒内氦气击穿。实验证明该方法可以减小开关的击穿时间延迟及抖动,使击穿时间延迟平均下降了36%,平均抖动时间下降88%。     

开关火花电阻对脉冲前沿的影响

分析气体火花开关的电阻特性是研究开关能量损耗、电弧通道的热等离子过程、开关间隙绝缘恢复及输出脉冲特性的重要基础。基于气体开关的导通机理,建立了开关导通工作的电路模型,给出了与形成线、传输线联通的开关等效电路和开关电流表达式,分析了开关电感、电阻对电流增长（脉冲前沿）的影响。研究结果表明：对于大间距、高电压气体开关,火花电阻是影响开关输出脉冲前沿的主要因素。     

Breakdown and Recovery of a 250-kV Low-Pressure Spark Gap

Tests of an experimental low-pressure spark gap Blumlein switch are presented. Gas flows from a pulsed valve into the gap at a steady rate through holes in the cathode and results in a steady pressure of about 0.1 torr. The pressure outside the gap over the Blumlein insulator is much lower. Trigger electrodes are mounted in the grounded cathode. Initially the current rises exponentially with time with rate constant proportional to gas density. Measurements of rise time, jitter, and voltage holding recovery time are presented for charge voltages up to 250 kV for variations of charge time, gas density, gas type, and triggering method.     

Gyrocenter shift of low-temperature plasmas and the retrograde motion of cathode spots in arc discharges

The gyrocenter shift phenomenon explained the mechanism of radial electric field formation at the high confinement mode transition in fusion devices. This Letter reports that the theory of gyrocenter shift is also applicable to low temperature high collisional plasmas such as arc discharges by the generalization of the theory resulting from a short mean free path compared with the gyroradius. The retrograde motion of cathode spots in the arc discharge is investigated through a model with the expanded formula of gyrocenter shift. It is found that a reversed electric field is formed in front of the cathode spots when they are under a magnetic field, and this reversed electric field generates a rotation of cathode spots opposite to the Amperian direction. The ion drift velocity profiles calculated from the model are in agreement with the experimental results as functions of magnetic flux density and gas pressure.     

Factors affecting and methods of improving the pulse repetitionfrequency of pulse-charged and DC-charged high-pressure gasswitches

The results of this paper describe some of the factors which affect the repetitive operation of high-pressure gas switches (spark gaps) for both pulse-charged and DC-charged operation. Also discussed are methods which may be employed to improve the pulse repetition frequency (PRF) of spark gaps operating under such conditions. Under pulse-charged conditions, the voltage recovery process of the spark gap has been shown to be restricted following partial density recovery by the residual ion population. This restriction may be minimized by applying a suitable bias voltage across the gap to remove the ion influence. It is also possible to manipulate the voltage-pressure (V-p) breakdown characteristic of a spark gap in order to improve the rate of rise of recovery voltage by reducing the recovery voltage dependence upon gas pressure. The combination of these effects has been shown to reduce the voltage recovery time of pulse-charged spark gaps from several hundred milliseconds to several milliseconds. Under DC-charged conditions, where no “dead time” is available for voltage recovery, it is possible to employ corona discharge effects, which occur in highly nonuniform fields, to stabilize and control the breakdown process. The use of corona stabilization has enabled the operation of a self-closing spark gap at a PRF of more than 5 kHz, without employing gas flow techniques. A triggered version of a corona-stabilized spark gap has also been developed which has demonstrated single run capabilities of 10⁷ (4 h continuous operation at 700 pps) and a lifetime of ~10 shots (maintenance free, sealed switch). The triggered corona switch has also demonstrated controlled switching up to a PRF of 1.2 kHz     

Smith Purcell effect in GaAs/AlGaAs heterostructures

We report a new experimental technique to study the form of the hot electron distribution function in GaAs/AlGaAs heterostructures. A weak periodic surface potential induces Smith-Purcell-FIR-radiation of the electric field driven hot electrons in the 2-dimensional electron gas directly reflecting their velocity distribution. The FIR- radiation is detected by a magnetic field tuned InSb-detector. In samples with very low electron concentration and high mobility the emission spectra show a significant shift to higher energies and develop a steep high energy slope with increasing electric field when we use the geometry with grating vector q directed parallel to the electric field (q ∥ E). In the geometry q ⊥ E smooth decays are observed at lower energies. Comparison of the results with theory gives experimental evidence of a non-equilibrium shape of the distribution caused by the onset of LO-Phonon emission. In addition, the hot electron mean free path of the heated distribution is derived by investigating the experimental emission spectra as a function of the grating period length. The influence of a limited hot electron mean free path on the spectral width is described in terms of a Fourier-analysis of the interaction potential. In drift direction a mean free path of λ = 200 nm is obtained, whereas the mean free path is smaller in the direction perpendicular to the drift direction.     

长寿命同轴三电极气体火花开关设计和实验

设计了一种新型的同轴三电极结构,仿真计算结果表明开关在充电及触发时电场最大值区域均匀性良好。引入循环吹气系统能够控制放电产物的流向,减小对开关绝缘结构内壁的污染,可在提高气体绝缘恢复能力的同时延长开关绝缘外壳寿命。在重频实验条件下（40 kV/20 kA/0.1 Hz）进行了寿命考核实验,目前单个开关寿命考核实验已大于17.2万发次,开关工作稳定,自击穿电压特性和触发延时抖动特性良好。