Conductance of acidified stannic acid solutions

Summary The conductance of sodium stannate solutions containing varying quantities of SnO₂, was measured after admixing to hydrochloric acid. The conductance drops as the SnO₂ content increases and then passes through a maximum, the position of which depends on the concentration of stannic oxide in the solution. The drop in conductance is due to adsorption of H⁺ ions from solution. The presence of the maxima may be due to a change in the size of the micelles. Similar experiments were carried out with perchloric or tartaric acid as acidifying agents. Electrophoretic mobility experiments indicated that the micelles are positively charged in HCl solutions and that the Zeta potentials vary in the same direction as that of the conductance. Desorption of ions could be affected by dilution.

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Zusammenfassung Die Leitf?higkeit von Natriumstannatl?sungen, die verschiedene Mengen an SnO₂ enthalten, wurde nach Zumischung von Salzs?ure gemessen. Die Leitf?higkeit f?llt, wenn der Zinnoxydgehalt steigt, sie durchl?uft dann ein Maximum, dessen Lage von der Konzentration des Zinnoxyds in der L?sung abh?ngt. Der Abfall der Leitf?higkeit ist der Adsorption von H-Ionen aus der L?sung zuzuschreiben. Das Auftreten des Maximums k?nnte mit einem Wechsel in der Gr?\e der Mizellen zusammenh?ngen. ?hnliche Experimente wurden mit perchloriger oder Weins?ure als azidifizierenden Medien durchgeführt. Aus Messungen der elektrophoretischen Beweglichkeit folgt, da\ die Mizellen in HCl-L?sungen positiv geladen sind und da\ die Zetapotentiale in gleicher Art diese Leitf?higkeiten variieren. Eine Desorption von Ionen konnte durch Verdünnung erreicht werden.

     

An equation of state for hydrochloric acid solutions

Gibbons, R.M. and Laughton, A.P., 1984. An equation of state for hydrochloric acid solutions. Fluid Phase Equilibria, 18:61–68.A modified Redlich-Kwong-Soave (RKS) equation is presented for hydrochloric acid solutions. It is shown that the equation with one binary parameter predicts the azeotropic behaviour of the system accurately and the heats of solution within 10%. These results suggest that the new equation can be applied to a wide range of polar systems.     

Electrodialysis of pectin-containing solutions of hydrochloric acid with ion-exchange membranes

The process of electrodialysis of 0.05 M hydrochloric acid solutions containing 0.2% pectins with different molecular mass was studied using ion-exchange membranes. It is found that occurrence of the process at the current density of 5 mA/cm² allows achieving the solution demineralization degree of 87–90% and acid regeneration degree of 86–92% at current efficiency of 63–77%. Higher process indicators are observed in the case of electrodialysis of solutions containing pectin of a lower molecular mass.     

Determination of hydrochloric acid in organic solutions by gas chromatography

Summary A method is described for the determination of small quantities of hydrochloric acid in two chlorinated organic solvents (CHCl₃ and CCl₄). An excess of gaseous ethylene oxide is added to a liquid sample; the 2-chloroethanol formed is then analyzed by gas chromatography. The procedure is simpler and more sensitive in comparison with other conventional methods. It can be modified for other organic solvents.D.G.R.C.S.T. grant.     

Activity coefficient of hydrochloric acid in aqueous solutions of sodium chloride

Electromotive-force measurements of the cell $$Pt;H_2 \left( {g,1{\text{ }}atm} \right)|HCl\left( {{\text{m}}_A } \right),NaCl\left( {{\text{m}}_B } \right)|AgCl;Ag$$ have been made at temperatures between 5 and 45°C at values ofm _A+m _B of 0.1, 0.3809, 0.6729, and 0.8720 mole-kg^?1. The activity coefficients of HCl in HCl/NaCl mixtures and the Harned coefficients α₁₂ have been obtained. The change of α₁₂ with total molality is consistent with the existence of binary interactions between H⁺ and Na⁺ ions. The linear variation of the relative partial molal heat content with the fraction of NaCl in the mixture suggests that an analog of the Harned rule exists for this thermodynamic quantity.     

Extraction of uranium from hydrochloric acid solutions by alkylated crown ethers

The extraction recovery of uranium from 1–10 mol/L hydrochloric acid solutions into solutions of alkylated crown ethers di-tert-butyldibenzo-18-crown-6 (DTBDB18C6) and di-tert-butyldicyclohexyl-18-crown-6 (DTBDCH18C6) in organic solvents (nitrobenzene, 1,2-dichloroethane, chloroform, 1-octanol) was studied. It was found that with increasing HCl concentration, the value of the distribution coefficients of uranium (D) between the organic and aqueous phases increased to a maximum value at 9 mol/L HCl for DTBDB18C6 and 6–7 mol/L HCl for DTBDCH18C6. The properties of the solvent also greatly affect the values of D, reaching a maximum in the application of nitrobenzene, dichloroethane, or their mixture. Under these conditions, D for a 0.01 mol/L solution of DTBDCH18C6 in nitrobenzene is 830, which is the highest of known values. It was determined by the slope method and the complete saturation method that the extracted complexes of the studied alkylated crown ethers with uranyl ions have the 2 : 1 composition. Thus, new supramolecular extractants of uranium from hydrochloric acid solutions have been studied, having an extremely high extraction capacity, which can be used in the analytical and preparative chemistry of uranium.     

Oxidaiton of tin/II/ in air-kept hydrochloric acid solutions

An air-storage stability of tin/II/ chloride solution was studied by voltammetric and spectrophotometric methods. The chosen concentration range was due to the problems of the kits preparation for a^99mTc generator. The rate of oxidation of tin/II/ in the range of 0.04–12.5 mg.ml^–1 was shown to decrease with an increase in tin concentration. According to the obtained results one can determine maximal storage time for the correct practical use.     

Chemiluminescence accompanying chitosane destruction in hydrochloric acid solution containing hydrogen peroxide

The chemiluminescence (CL) accompanies the destruction of chitosane (CTS) in the presence of H₂O₂. The CL kinetics has a complex character and can be described as a sum of two exponentials. The photoluminescence monitoring and IR spectra of the reaction mixture indicate the formation of carbonyl groups in the course of CTS destruction. The enhancement of the CL intensity by Fe²⁺ suggests the reaction of Fe²⁺ with hydroperoxides accumulated with CTS decomposition. The macroradicals ROO^· are assumed to be transformed through the cleavage of the glycoside bond via a six-membered cyclic intermediate to form the terminal peroxide radical and ketone.     

Bisacylated diethylenetriamines as extractants for nonferrous metals from hydrochloric acid solutions

A series of bisacylated polyethylenepolyamines with linear and α-and α,α′-branched substituents were synthesized. The effects of the number of the nitrogen atoms in the polyethylenepolyamine fragment of the reagent and of the length and branching of its alkyl radicals on the extractant distribution between the organic and aqueous phases was studied. The performance characteristics of the extractants, such as the loss with the aqueous phase, hydrolytic stability, back extraction conditions for nonferrous metals, and Zn(II)/Fe(III) and Zn(II)/Cu(II) partition coefficients, were examined.     

Rapid extraction of microamounts of protactinium from hydrochloric acid solutions by morin-isoamylol

A new extractant for protactinium has been studied. This paper describes the extraction behaviour of Pa from HCl system by morin-isoamylol. The whole procedure can be completed in 100 sec., yield of extraction is 99.2%.