离心泵叶轮内空化流动的数值预测

采用发展的基于液相/气相界面跟踪方法和Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes方程求解技术的空化模型和算法,数值模拟了无空化和空化系数为0.07时离心泵水力性能与流量系数之间的关系,预测了离心泵叶轮内发生的多区域空化流动现象.研究结果表明,在空化系数0.07时,存在临界流量系数.此时离心泵水力性能突然下降.在空化系数0.07下,流量系数接近临界流量系数时,离心泵叶轮的压力面和吸力面均发生附着空化空泡,导致离心泵水力性能迅速下降.研究结果证明了所发展的空化模型和算法能够应用于离心泵空化流动时的性能预测.     

绕水翼片状空化流动结构的数值与实验研究

采用数值与实验相结合的方法研究了水翼片状空化流动结构.实验采用高速录像技术观察了片状卒泡形态,应用LDV测量了翼型周围的湍动能和速度分布;采用N-S方程和基于空泡动力学方程的空化模型计算了绕水翼片状空化流场.结果表明:在片状空化阶段,翼型吸力面上附着很薄的一层透明空泡,空泡彤态呈现于指状;随着空化数的减少,空泡尾部水汽交界面相互作用增强,并且空泡尾部出现大的旋涡,影响了空泡尾部区域压力和速度分布,片状空泡尾部的水汽混合区出现不稳定现象,同时存在小的空泡团脱落.数值模拟得到的水翼片状空化流动现象和实验观察到的结果基本一致,验证了计算模型和数值方法的可靠性.     

混流泵叶轮内空化流动的数值计算

本文应用三维Navier-Stokes方程和k-ε两方程湍流模型以及全空化模型,对一台喷水推进混流泵叶轮内的空化流动进行数值模拟.介绍了空化流动的模拟方法,并计算了混流泵的空化性能指标,有效地预测了叶片上空化发生的区域和空化流动的发展情况.文中还对两种进口相对流动角作了数值计算,结果表明小的相对流动角可以提高混流泵的空化性能,但却使扬程有所下降.     

斜激波与轴对称边界层干扰的数值模拟

使用两方程Menter-SST模型,对来流Mach数为3时的斜激波与轴对称边界层的相互干扰现象进行了数值模拟与定性、定量分析。研究了斜楔激波发生器楔角和来流单位Reynolds数变化对干扰区流动的影响,总结了参数变化引起的流动分离变化规律;此外,还计算了与三维计算中心对称面上的入射激波等效的二维情形,并将三维结果与二维情形进行对比,对比结果显示中心对称面上的壁面压力系数、分离涡尺寸、涡量分布等与相应的二维情形存在明显差异。     

水力振荡器式微型泵大尺度模型的数值研究

本文对水力振荡器式微型泵模型内二维紊流进行了数值模拟。文中基于雷诺平均N-S方程和κ-ε紊流模型,采用SIMPLEC算法计算了具有平板及翼型截面形状叶片的流道,得出了若干工况下流速场、叶片表面压力系数分布及叶片前后表面的压力变化;为进一步的实验研究及理论分析工作打下了基础。     

双级轴流泵内部三维紊动流场CFD分析

双级轴流泵可用作船舶的推进装置,具有推进效率高、抗空化能力强、工作平稳、噪声低等优点。采用标准k-ε紊流模型和SIMPLEC算法,对双级轴流泵内360°全流道的三维紊动流场的速度和压力分布进行数值模拟计算,并对装置的性能进行预估。计算结果与试验数据的比较表明:所采用的紊流模型和数值方法可用来描述实际流动现象。     

非正交曲线坐标下三维粘性流动数值分析

本文基于非正交曲线坐标与相应的非正交速度分量下导得的守恒型N—S方程，讨论了求解三维粘性流动的数值方法，计算中显式时间推进算法与Baldwin—Lomax湍流模型被采用，应用本工作发展的程序，作为算例计算了一个沿径向非等截面环形叶栅的三维粘性流场，得到了诸如三维压力分布，总压损失分布以及十分清晰的二次流动图景等丰富的流场信息。     

湍流热对流近底板流态与温度边界层特性

本文采用湍流热对流的并行直接数值模拟(PDM-DNS),计算了系列Ra数的二维方腔和三维扁方腔的Rayleigh-Bénard热对流.针对平均场计算结果,选取Ra=10~9,10~(10),5×10~(10),讨论了二维方腔和展向平均三维扁方腔热对流流动特性.发现二维方腔和三维扁方腔流动中都存在大尺度环流和角涡,而且随着Ra数的增加,大尺度环流的形状变圆,角涡尺寸变小.在二维方腔流动中,大尺度环流呈椭圆形,有四个角涡,而展向平均三维扁方腔流动中,大尺度环流呈梭形,只有两个角涡.由于角涡特性的不同,二维方腔流动中羽流向上运动的范围比展向平均三维扁方腔流动更广,造成二维流动局部区域温度分布高温层厚度变大.温度边界层厚度λ_θ与Ra数之间存在标度关系,二维方腔和三维扁方腔热对流温度边界层变化的标度指数基本一致,标度关系的系数稍有不同.     

进口压力对涡轮阻尼器性能影响计算分析和实验研究

为了研究进口压力对涡轮阻尼器性能的影响,采用CFD数值计算和实验验证的方法,分析了不同进口压力对转子阻尼系数及内流场的影响,结果表明:空化是涡轮阻尼器阻尼系数的重要影响因素,进口压力是涡轮阻尼器腔内是否产生空化的关键因素.在特定运行转速下,当进口压力值低于某一临界空化压力时,涡轮阻尼器腔内会产生空化,且随着进口压力的增大,空化程度逐渐减弱,阻尼系数逐步增大;当进口压力大于某一临界空化压力时,腔内不会产生空化,阻尼系数达到最大值并保持不变。     

轴流式水轮机内部空化流动的数值预测

将一种完整空化模型和一种混合流体两相流模型相结合,应用于轴流式水轮机全流道内定常空化流动的数值模拟。根据模拟结果,分别预测了水轮机在正常和较低尾水位情况下运行时,流道内空化发生的部位和程度,重点考察了尾水位的降低对水轮机空化性能的影响,为水轮机在特定运行工况下的空化性能预测提供参考。     

基于界面跟踪方法的汽蚀模型和算法的有效性验证

针对两相附着汽蚀流动机理,基于界面跟踪方法发展了新的汽蚀模型和算法。所发展的汽蚀模型和算法不仅考虑了液相／气相界面处的压力差,而且考虑了耦合Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes方程求解技术得到的流场压力梯度信息来迭代计算附着汽蚀形状。采用具有试验数据的半球形头部圆柱体汽蚀绕流作为算例来验证所提出的汽蚀模型和算法的有效性。采用不同的网格数和松弛因子数值验证了发展的汽蚀模型和算法的有效性。三种汽蚀数下的数值计算结果得到的压力系数分布与试验数据完全吻合。结果表明所提出的汽蚀模型和算法能够准确模拟出汽蚀发生点和汽蚀长度。     

Kinetic boundary condition at a vapor-liquid interface

By molecular dynamics simulations, the boundary condition for the Boltzmann equation at a vapor-liquid interface is found to be the product of three one-dimensional Maxwellian distributions for the three velocity components of vapor molecules and a factor including a well-defined condensation coefficient. The Maxwellian distribution for the velocity component normal to the interface is characterized by the liquid temperature, as in a conventional model boundary condition, while those for the tangential components are prescribed by a different temperature, which is a linear function of energy flux across the interface. The condensation coefficient is found to be constant and equal to the evaporation coefficient determined by the liquid temperature only.     

Molecular dynamics study of interfaces in solids

The interfaces of heterostructures were studied in the framework of molecular dynamics to reveal a periodic interface stress distribution on the micro scale. The calculations were performed for copper and silver and for two different types of heterostructures: a heterostructure consisting of perfect Cu and Ag crystals and a heterostructure formed by Ag vapor deposition on a perfect Cu substrate. The calculation results allowed several conclusions about the origin of a chessboard interface structure and about certain mechanisms of its modification depending on the nanostructure size, boundary conditions, and method of heterostructure formation.     

Vapor Pressure Assisted Void Growth and Cracking of Polymeric Films and Interfaces

Pores and cavities form at filler particle-polymer matrix interfaces, at polymer film-silicon substrate interfaces as well as in molding compounds of IC packages. Moisture diffuses to these voids. During reflow soldering, surface mount plastic encapsulated devices are exposed to temperatures between 210 to 260°C. At these temperatures, the condensed moisture vaporizes. The rapidly expanding water vapor can create internal pressures within the voids that reach 3–6 MPa. These levels are comparable to the yield strengths of epoxy molding compounds and epoxy adhesives, whose glass transition temperatures T _g range between 150 to 300°C. Under the combined action of thermal stress and high vapor pressure (relative to the yield strength at T _g), both pre-existing and newly nucleated voids grow rapidly and coalesce. In extreme situations, vapor pressure alone could drive voids to grow and coalesce unstably causing film rupture, film-substrate interface delamination and cracking of the plastic package.Vapor pressure effects on void growth have been incorporated into Gurson's porous material model and a cohesive law. Crack growth resistance-curve calculations using these models show that high vapor pressure combined with high porosity bring about severe reduction in the fracture toughness. In some cases, high vapor pressure accelerates void growth and coalescence resulting in brittle-like interface delamination. Vapor pressure also contributes a strong tensile mode component to an otherwise shear dominated interface loading. An example of vapor pressure related IC package failure, known as popcorn cracking, is discussed.     

Critical phenomena at evaporation in a thin liquid layer at reduced pressure

This research is concerned with the problem of heat transfer in a thin liquid layer on a horizontal surface, which evaporates at reduced pressure, when structures shaped as “funnels” and “craters” appear on its surface under the action of vapor recoil force. An approximate model that takes into account the surface tension force, gravity force, vapor recoil force, and disjoining pressure is developed. For the experimentally realized shape of curved surface, in the frames of the model, the distribution of vapor recoil force, temperature, pressure, shear stresses, and local heat fluxes along the interface is found. The density of the heat flux corresponding to appearance of a crater at the place of an array of funnels is estimated. The results are in good agreement with the experimental measurements and the estimates by the Kutateladze formula for the first critical heat flux density.     

微流燃料电池空气阴极物质传输孔隙尺度模拟

采用格子Boltzmann方法研究了微流燃料电池空气阴极多孔扩散层内多组分物质传输特性。随机重构了扩散层,获得渗透率及有效扩散系数。建立了耦合边界电化学反应的二维模型,研究了过电位、孔隙率对氧气、水蒸气浓度分布及局部反应速率的影响。结果表明,常用的Bruggeman经验关联式会高估氧气有效扩散系数;扩散层孔隙结构对物质传输有重要影响,孔隙率减小使得传质阻力增大,导致局部氧气浓度降低,局部反应速率降低,而水蒸气浓度增大,当孔隙率从0.83降至0.7,催化界面平均氧气浓度从8.472降至8.466 mol·m^-3。     

Nonuniform van der Waals theory

The liquid-vapor interface of a confined fluid at the condensation phase transition is studied in a combined hydrostatic/mean-field limit of classical statistical mechanics. Rigorous and numerical results are presented. The limit accounts for strongly repulsive short-range forces in terms of local thermodynamics. Weak attractive longer-range ones, like gravitational or van der Waals forces, contribute a self-consistent mean potential. Although the limit is fluctuationfree, the interface is not a sharp Gibbs interface, but its structure is resolved over the range of the attractive potential. For a fluid of hard balls with –r ^–6 interactions the traditional condensation phase transition with critical point is exhibited in the grand ensemble: A vapor state coexists with a liquid state. Both states are quasiuniform well inside the container, but wall-induced inhomogeneities show up close to the boundary of the container. The condensation phase transition of the grand ensemble bridges a region of negative total compressibility in the canonical ensemble which contains canonically stable proper liquid-vapor interface solutions. Embedded in this region is a new, strictly canonical phase transition between a quasiuniform vapor state and a small droplet with extended vapor atmosphere. This canonical transition, in turn, bridges a region of negative total specific heat in the microanonical ensemble. That region contains subcooled vapor states as well as superheated very small droplets which are microcanonically stable.     

汽液界面动力学行为与热力学性质的分子动力学研究

本文采用分子动力学方法研究了热平衡条件下的汽液界面的动力学行为和热力学性质。统计获得了界面区的密度、压力张量及温度的分布,并且从分子层次观察分析了界面结构和动力学特性。研究表明汽液界面是一个随时间起伏涨落的曲面,界面层的分子并不是处于液相和蒸汽相之间的一种过渡状态,从汽相到液相密度的连续变化是长时间的统计结果,汽渡过渡区的厚度与汽液界面区的密度涨落的范围是一致的。对于平衡条件下的汽液界面,由于汽液相变的影响,在紧贴界面处存在一个分子平均动能非平衡分布的区域。此非平衡区域的存在与汽液两相的宏观热平衡并不矛盾,但可能对蒸发／凝结流率的估计有不可忽略的影响。     

An axisymmetric hypersingular boundary integral formulation for simulating acoustic wave propagation in supercavitating flows

Flow supercavitation begins when fluid is accelerated over a sharp edge, usually at the nose of an underwater vehicle, where a phase change occurs and causes a low density gaseous cavity to gradually envelop the whole object (supercavity) thereby allowing for higher speeds of underwater vehicles. The supercavity may be maintained through ventilated cavitation caused by injection of gases into the cavity, which causes fluctuations at the vapor–water interface. A major issue that concerns the efficient operation of an underwater object’s guidance system (which is achieved by high frequency acoustic sensors mounted within the nose region), is the hydrodynamic noise produced due to the fluctuating vapor–water interface. It is important to carry out a detailed study on the effect of self-noise at the vehicle’s nose that is generated by the ventilating gas jet impingement on the supercavity wall. For this purpose, the present study uses a boundary element method which is more versatile compared to other numerical techniques such as the finite element/finite difference methods. The variation of acoustic pressure at the vehicle nose for various shapes of cavitators, boundary conditions and jet impact diameters are presented. Comparisons are made with the semi-analytical procedure of Howe et al. (Howe et al., On self-noise at the nose of a supercavitating vehicle. Journal of Sound and Vibration, 322 (2009a), 772–784) and finite element based COMSOL commercial package. Several issues pertaining to the behaviour of analytical and numerical results are highlighted. Finally, the proposed boundary element technique is used to study arbitrary shapes of supercavities which may encountered at various stages of supercavity development.     

Atomistic study on the activation enthalpies for interface mobility and boundary diffusion in an interface-controlled phase transformation

A multi-lattice kinetic Monte Carlo atomistic simulation method has been used to simulate the austenite to ferrite interface-controlled transformation in pure iron. By performing simulations with different amounts of “free volume” at the interface, quantitative relations between the activation energies for interface mobility, boundary self diffusion and bulk self diffusion were investigated. The effect of different interface orientations on the distribution of free volume over the interface, as determined by interface crystallography, and its consequences for interface mobility activation energy was also evaluated. The essential role of thermal fluctuations in free volume distribution at the interface has been shown. The activation enthalpy for boundary diffusion is shown to be larger than the interface mobility activation enthalpy.