Mechanisms of active control of sound transmission through a linked double-wall system into an acoustic cavity

The mechanism of active control on sound transmission through a mechanically linked double-wall structure into an acoustic cavity is investigated in this paper. Two control methods, i.e., structural control and acoustic control under two linkage cases (soft and hard) are investigated to analyze the effect of the links on the selection of control strategies and the corresponding control mechanisms. Simulations are performed to examine the dominant control mechanism (modal suppression or modal rearrangement) in different frequency ranges for each control case. The alteration in the structural-acoustic coupling is also analyzed so as to explain the mechanisms of sound attenuation. In addition, the dominance of the acoustic mode (0, 0, 0) in the energy transmission process as well as its use in designing a more effective sensor/actuator arrangement is discussed.     

Multi-harmonic active structural acoustic control of a helicopter main transmission noise using the principal component analysis

This paper evaluates the feasibility and effectiveness, under controlled conditions, of active structural acoustic control of a helicopter main transmission in order to attenuate the vibration of the receiving roof panel and its sound radiation into the cabin. The vibroacoustic analysis of a typical helicopter drive train is conducted to extract the dominant tones generated by the various transmission stages. A finite element model of a Bell 407 transmission and simplified roof structure is developed in order to investigate various active control arrangements using piezoceramic actuators to control wave propagation in the gearbox supporting struts or receiving panel. The principal component analysis is used to extract the most significant control paths and reduce the control effort. A multiple frequency principal component least mean square (PC-LMS) algorithm is implemented on a laboratory setup and is used to successfully reduce up to seven gearbox tones simultaneously.     

A simplified adaptive feedback active noise control system

In the adaptive feedback active noise control system based on the internal model control (IMC) structure, the reference signal is regenerated by synthesizing the error signal and the secondary signal filtered with the estimation of the secondary path, hence more computation load and extra programming are required. Motivated by the engineering truth that the primary noise cannot be completely cancelled in most practical active noise control applications and the error signal still contains some portions of the primary noise, a simplified adaptive feedback active noise control system is proposed in this paper, which adopts the error signal directly as the reference signal in an adaptive feedforward control system and utilizes the leaky filtered-x LMS algorithm to update the controller. The convergence properties of the proposed system are investigated and its advantages are discussed by comparing with other feedback control systems as well as the weakness. Finally, simulations and experiments are carried out to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed system.     

用于开口声辐射控制的虚拟声屏障实现 方法及机理研究*

建筑物通常留有开口以便人员物料的进出及室内的自然通风采光,但这些开口也是噪声传播的途径。传统被动噪声控制方法需要将开口封闭,且对低频噪声的控制效果不好,故引入有源噪声控制技术降低室内声源通过开口的声辐射。基于惠更斯原理,均布开口的次级源和误差传声器构成的平面型虚拟声屏障可以实现对开口声辐射的有效控制,数值仿真和实验已证明其有效性。将次级源安装在开口边界更有利于保留开口的功能且方便实际安装,但这样的单层边界虚拟声屏障降噪效果存在上限,仅能在低频段实现全局控制。和单层边界次级源相比,双层边界次级源可显著提高降噪量和有效降噪频率上限。该文回顾了开口声辐射有源控制的相关工作,并讨论了未来可能的研究方向。     

Vibration transmission through plate/beam structures typical of lightweight buildings: Applicability and limitations of fundamental theories

This paper examines the modelling of vibration transmission through plate/beam structures typical of lightweight buildings. Key experiments have been carried out on simple structures to identify the applicability and limitations of fundamental theories. The systems tested included a single plate connected along its centre to a beam, two parallel plates attached along their centre to a beam (plates opposite or offset), and four plates connected along their edges to a beam. The analysis focused in particular on the applicability of modelling a beam as a one-dimensional element in point connected systems (widely spaced screws in terms of bending wavelength). Statistical energy analysis (SEA) was the framework of analysis used for all predictions, but the theories examined were independent from SEA. The results obtained indicate that simple point models are only applicable to the single plate and beam system, and to the parallel opposite plates connected along their centre to a beam; even then, the applicability of such models is limited to low and mid frequencies (below 2 kHz for the structures tested). Transmission between two parallel plates connected to a beam with screws closely spaced was also examined, and it was found that rigid and pinned line predictions can provide limits for transmission between panels on the same side of a wall (where junctions with shallow beams tend to behave rigidly, whilst junctions with deep beams are better modelled as pinned).     

Experimental study for control of sound transmission through double glazed window using optimally tuned Helmholtz resonators

This paper presents an experimental investigation of passively control of sound transmission through a double glazed window by using arrangement of Helmholtz resonators (HRs), which are commonly used for narrow band control application. The laboratory experiments were performed placing the window between reverberation chamber and anechoic chamber. The window was subject to diffuse field, approximate normal wave and oblique wave acoustic excitations. Three sets of HRs were designed and installed in cavity of window. The sound control performances at far-field were measured. The control performances from varying the number of HRs, incident acoustic field, excitation sources (band-limited white noise and traffic noise examples) are presented and discussed in detail. It is shown that a considerable reduction of the transmitted sound pressure levels has been achieved around the mass–air–mass resonance frequency (50–120 Hz). The obtained reductions in the transmitted sound pressure illustrate the potentials of HRs for improving the sound insulation characteristics of double glazed window. The experimental results also indicate that only tuning the HRs to the mass–air–mass resonance frequency does not guarantee the best possible insulation of the sound transmission.     

Passive and active interior noise control of box structures using the structural intensity method

This paper presents passive and active vibro-acoustic noise control methods for attenuating the interior noise level in box structures which can be an analogy of cabins of vehicle and aircraft. The structural intensity (SI) approach is adopted to identify the predominant vibration panels and interior noise sources for box structures. In the study, the finite element method is used to determine the structural vibration and structural intensity in the box surfaces. According to structural intensity vectors plot and structural intensity stream lines presentation, the possible effective control positions where the dampers may be attached and the active control forces may act to reduce vibration and interior noise, are identified. From the study, it can be demonstrated that the structural intensity approach and stream line presentation are possible methods for identifying the vibro-acoustic interior noise source and predominant panels which may be modified to reduce the interior noise level. The structural intensity methodology, passive and active noise control results can be extended to the further study of the vibration and interior noise control of actual cabins of vehicles and aircraft.     

一种调节反馈有源噪声控制系统水床效应的频域自适应算法*

伯德灵敏度积分决定反馈有源控制系统具有水床效应,即某个频段内的噪声衰减伴随着另一频段内的噪声放大。已有的反馈系统自适应算法没有明确考虑噪声放大量,非自适应算法考虑了噪声放大量但不能在线调整。为了使自适应反馈系统能明确调节噪声放大量,该文以控制器某个频段内的幅度响应小于指定阈值为约束条件,并作为"惩罚项"与误差信号能量相加得到代价函数,通过最速下降法最小化该代价函数得到了一种频域自适应算法。与已有算法在有源降噪耳机实例中的对比结果表明,该算法能够更为直接地对指定频段内的噪声放大量进行调节,从而在降噪量与噪声放大量之间取得折衷。     

主动噪声控制声学通道的实验辨识

传统的自适应滤波器不能直接用于主动噪声控制，因为扬声器和误差传声器之间的声学通道可能使系统不稳定。本文根据声学通道的相应特性，建立补偿滤波器，提出了用实验方法辨识声学通道传输特性。在房间实验中研究了单通道相位因子的变化特性，并进一步用于飞机人多通道主动噪声控制，给出了相应的实验结果。     

水下噪声及其控制技术进展和展望

针对水下结构远场低频辐射噪声的控制问题, 提出了基于水下结构近场法向声能流的噪声自适应控制方法。该方法以结构近场的法向声能流作为控制物理量, 利用有源控制系统自适应调节次级声源, 抑制结构法向方向上的能量传播, 实现远场低频辐射噪声控制。以圆柱壳为模型的试验结果表明, 在1000~3000 Hz的频段内, 相比于传统的以近场声压作为控制物理量的有源控制方法, 能流法能够在保证总辐射声功率不升高的前提下, 实现远场周向52.8%~76.3%区域内的噪声控制, 且频率越低, 降噪范围越广。

     

一种能量比调控的有源噪声控制算法

在前馈有源噪声控制系统中,建模信号与控制信号相互影响,建模信号的引入会导致系统降噪性能变差。为了减小建模信号的影响,提出一种基于能量比调控的次级通道在线建模有源噪声控制算法。利用控制过程与建模过程的误差能量比构造步长调控函数,分别调节控制过程与建模过程的步长值,从而减弱两者的相互影响。在次级通道建模过程中,对建模步长值采取分段调控的方法,并通过建模步长值的变化来调节建模信号,从而提升系统降噪性能。仿真结果表明,对于低频噪声信号的有源噪声控制,相比已有算法,提出的算法能获得较快的建模收敛速度和较高的降噪量。     

Performance of a snoring noise control system based on an active partition

This paper proposes an active partition that can be placed between a snorer and a non-snorer on a bed to reduce the snoring noise around the non-snorer ears by integrating a rigid finite size passive partition with a two channel active noise control system. The noise reduction performance of the passive partition on a bed with a headboard is studied first, where the effects of the height and the width of the partition are discussed. Due to the limited partition size, the attenuation for the low-frequency diffracted noise is not sufficient, so two loudspeakers are proposed to be installed on the partition as the secondary sources to increase the overall noise attenuation. Both numerical simulations and experiments are carried out to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed integrated snoring noise control system, and the results show that the proposed active partition can achieve over 10 dB noise attenuation at non-snorer ears in the 1/3 octave bands from 80 to 1000 Hz.     

The effect of workmanship on the transmission of airborne sound through light framed walls

A study of the airborne sound transmission in a multi-tenanted building has shown that elements of the building which are nominally identical do not have the same acoustic performance. It was seen that some of this variation in performance could be attributed to visually-observable differences in the constructions. Some of the variation could not be explained however, and it was concluded that this variation was due to workmanship. The level of this variation was seen to be approximately 1 dB for a light steel framed construction. This variation is considerably less than that measured previously for a monolithic construction.     

Improving performance of FxRLS algorithm for active noise control of impulsive noise

Active noise control (ANC) systems employing adaptive filters suffer from stability issues in the presence of impulsive noise. New impulsive noise control algorithms based on filtered-x recursive least square (FxRLS) algorithm are presented. The FxRLS algorithm gives better convergence than the filtered-x least mean square (FxLMS) algorithm and its variants but lacks robustness in the presence of high impulsive noise. In order to improve the robustness of FxRLS algorithm for ANC of impulsive noise, two modifications are suggested. First proposed modification clips the reference and error signals while, the second modification incorporates energy of the error signal in the gain of FxRLS (MGFxRLS) algorithm. The results demonstrate improved stability and robustness of proposed modifications in the FxRLS algorithm. However, another limitation associated with the FxRLS algorithm is its computationally complex nature. In order to reduce the computational load, a hybrid algorithm based on proposed MGFxRLS and normalized step size FxLMS (NSS-FXLMS) is also developed in this paper. The proposed hybrid algorithm combines the stability of NSS-FxLMS algorithm with the fast convergence speed of the proposed MGFxRLS algorithm. The results of the proposed hybrid algorithm prove that its convergence speed is faster than that of NSS-FxLMS algorithm with computational complexity lesser than that of FxRLS algorithm.     

Simulation study on active noise control for a 4-T MRI scanner

The purpose of this work is to study computationally the possibility of the application of a hybrid active noise control technique for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) acoustic noise reduction. A hybrid control system combined with both feedforward and feedback loops embedded is proposed for potential application on active MRI noise reduction. A set of computational simulation studies were performed. Sets of MRI acoustic noise emissions measured at the patient's left ear location were recorded and used in the simulation study. By comparing three different control systems, namely, the feedback, the feedforward and the hybrid control, our results revealed that the hybrid control system is the most effective. The hybrid control system achieved approximately a 20-dB reduction at the principal frequency component. We concluded that the proposed hybrid active control scheme could have a potential application for MRI scanner noise reduction.     

水下复合层吸声结构中反向声能与振动能量传输的研究

本文对文献[1，2]所讨论的水下复合层吸声结构中能量的反向传输送行了研究．利用多层结构的传递矩阵求逆．导出声能和振动能的反向传输关系，给出传递损失．数值计算分析了结构的各层参数变化对能量传递损失的影响．     

On implementation of adaptive bilinear filters for nonlinear active noise control

In this technical note, the simplified diagonal-structure bilinear filtered-X least mean square (SDBFXLMS) and channel-reduced diagonal-structure bilinear filtered-X least mean square (CRDBFXLMS) algorithms are proposed. Computational complexity for each proposed algorithm is analyzed to show the significant computational reduction in comparison with the diagonal-structure bilinear FXLMS (DBFXLMS) algorithm. For L=15$L=15$ (memory length of the bilinear filter), P=2$P=2$ (the corresponding number of the diagonal channels for the SDBFXLMS algorithm is L+2P=19$L+2P=19$ and the corresponding number of the diagonal channels for the CRDBFXLMS algorithm is 2P=4)$2P=4)$, and M=64$M=64$ (memory length of the secondary path estimate), the SDBFXLMS algorithm achieves 45% and 40% reduction of multiplications and additions, respectively, while the CRDBFXLMS algorithm acquires 78% reduction of multiplications and 76% reduction of additions. Computer simulations validate the satisfied control performances of the proposed algorithms.     

Improvement of noise reduction performance for a high-speed elevator using modified active noise control

A high rise building demands a high-speed elevator. Since a high-speed elevator has various transfer paths of noise transmitted from motor and rope to cabin interior, it is very difficult to solve the noise problem. Most research for noise reduction has been performed regarding passive noise control by using mainly absorption material and insulation material. In this study, while it is modeling as multiple-input and single-output with respect to transfer paths of high-speed elevator on conditions of stationary and driving states, the characterized frequency in the cabin is discovered through a contribution technique. It is able to replace by 1-dimensional model to control noise at a major contributed frequency. Also, a new active noise control technique has been proposed to control the cabin noise effectively at unpleasant area that is required to make quite zone for passenger. The Correlation Filtered X-LMS (Co-FXLMS) algorithm has been applied to control the dominant frequency noise that it has a high contribution. Simultaneously, this study has a proposed Moving Band Pass Filter (MBPF) to improve the performance of active noise control in the cabin which is able to apply a dynamic system with time variant states. Finally, we obtained the 8 dB noise reduction in the cabin at ear level and it has been proved that the modified active noise control using Co-FXLMS algorithm and MBPF is available to improve the performance of noise reduction.     

Theoretical and experimental study on active sound transmission control based on single structural mode actuation using point force actuators

This study deals with the feedforward active control of sound transmission through a simply supported rectangular panel using vibration actuators. The control effect largely depends on the excitation method, including the number and locations of actuators. In order to obtain a large control effect at low frequencies over a wide frequency, an active transmission control method based on single structural mode actuation is proposed. Then, with the goal of examining the feasibility of the proposed method, the (1, 3) mode is selected as the target mode and a modal actuation method in combination with six point force actuators is considered. Assuming that a single input single output feedforward control is used, sound transmission in the case minimizing the transmitted sound power is calculated for some actuation methods. Simulation results showed that the (1, 3) modal actuation is globally effective at reducing the sound transmission by more than 10?dB in the low-frequency range for both normal and oblique incidences. Finally, experimental results also showed that a large reduction could be achieved in the low-frequency range, which proves the validity and feasibility of the proposed method.     

平板扬声器用于结构声有源噪声控制实验研究

对NXT技术的分布式平板扬声器和集中参数扬声器的频响和指向性等进行了对比测量，通过对组合平板扬声器的声场研究及有源消声实验，证明了平板扬声器用于有源噪声控制的可行性。综合平板扬声器和集中参数扬声器的物理特点和声场特性，根据基于平面声源有源噪声控制的已有的理论研究结果和本文的实验结果，可以认为，NXT平板扬声器适合作有源噪声控制的次级源，有利于有源噪声控制的工程推广应用。