Inhomogeneity of low-noise wearing courses evaluated by tire/road noise measurements using the close-proximity method

Performing numerous analyses of tire/road noise measurements on low-noise pavements during the last several years, the authors observed significant inhomogeneity of the wearing course in numerous cases, while similar problems were almost non-existent when dense pavements were measured.     

Study of the road surface properties that control the acoustic performance of a rubberised asphalt mixture

Simultaneously with the fact that vehicle industry has been able to lower the noise emission from driving vehicles, tire/pavement noise has become the most significant source of traffic noise. In order to reduce it, low noise surfaces are seen as a practical solution. One of these types of surfaces may be elaborated with bituminous mixtures with crumb tire rubber added to the binder in high content by a wet process. However, the generation mechanisms involved in the tire/pavement sound and the reasons of the noise attenuation achieved with these mixtures are not so clear. This study analyses the different generation mechanisms that take place in the tire/pavement sound generation in these crumb tire rubber pavements. The surface properties of the in-service pavement, which are most important in controlling the acoustic performance (texture, acoustic absorption and dynamic stiffness or mechanical impedance), have been measured for the characterization of a test track constructed with and without crumb tire rubber. After results correlation of these surface characteristics in a pavement with crumb tire rubber added by a wet process, it seems that the parameters of roughness and texture could have a relevant role in the global tire/pavement sound emission, whereas dynamic stiffness influence is relatively minor.     

On-board wet road surface identification using tyre/road noise and Support Vector Machines

Changes in weather have a major influence on driving safety. On wet pavement, tyre grip is reduced and drivers must adapt their driving style accordingly. The correct operation of this adaptation mechanism depends on the perception the driver has of the asphalt status. Due to certain effects, this perception does not always correspond with reality. To improve this perception, it is essential to inform the driver about the asphalt status, efficiently and as quickly as possible. This could be achieved by installing an asphalt status detection system on the vehicle itself. The system could display asphalt status information in the vehicle’s console, allowing drivers to adapt their driving style accordingly.In this paper we propose an asphalt status classification system based on real-time acoustic analysis of tyre/road noise. The proposed system uses a practical approach that allows it to be integrated into a real vehicle. We present the system architecture used to measure the noise and the signal processing algorithms used for the classification of the asphalt state. A practical implementation of the proposed system has been developed and tested. For this preliminary prototype, only wet and dry asphalt states have been covered. Obtained wet/dry classification results have been reported, showing very high success rates.     

Study to analyze the effects of vehicles and pavement surface types on noise

The effects of vehicles and pavement surface types on noise have been investigated at the Korea Highway Corporation’s Test Road along the southbound side of the Jungbu Inland Expressway, South Korea. The study was conducted in 2005 and 2006 through field measurements at nine surface sections of asphalt concrete and Portland cement concrete pavements using eleven vehicles. For the road noise analysis, the sound power levels (PWLs) of combined noise (e.g., tire/pavement interaction noise and power-train noise together) and tire/pavement interaction noise using various vehicles were calculated based on the novel close proximity (NCPX) and pass-by methods. Then, the characteristics of the PWLs were evaluated according to surface type, vehicle type, and vehicle speed. The results show that the PWLs of vehicles are diversely affected by vehicle speed and the condition of the road surface.     

A modified Close Proximity method to evaluate the time trends of road pavements acoustical performances

The Close Proximity Index (CPX) measurement method is proposed in the ISO/DIS 11819-2:2011 and it aims to evaluate different road pavements with respect to their influence on traffic noise, under conditions when tyre/road noise dominates. In this paper, a modified CPX-based methodology is presented, in order to improve the usefulness of tyre/road noise measurement in the evaluation of acoustical performances of a road surface, in terms of both temporal and spatial stability and in terms of effectiveness of a mitigation action. In particular, the proposed methodology uses a finer spatial resolution and improves the speed-levels relationship knowledge. Moreover, data variability and uncertainty related to tyre/road noise measurement results are here investigated.This paper is conceived within LEOPOLDO project, developed in Tuscany with the aim to study the acoustical characteristics of six new experimental road surfaces, and the proposed methodology has been applied to some of them. The evaluation of the local possible acoustical inhomogeneities of test pavements and a three years long monitoring of the time evolution of their acoustical performances were required by the project. Finally, a new criterion is proposed to make more reliable comparisons (differential criterion) between different road surface types and to better evaluate the temporal evolution.     

An experimental study of the effects of resilient bars on plate vibration

Resilient bars can provide a low-cost, effective improvement to sound insulation performance. They are commonly used in timber-framed floor/ceiling assemblies in North America and Europe. Resilient bars are often modelled as springs isolating the two connected plates thereby forming a mass-spring-mass system. However, as a furring system of plates, resilient bars may modify the vibration energy distribution across a connected plate by acting as stiffeners. The authors investigate this issue by measuring acceleration levels at different locations relative to the fixing positions and thereby derive vibration waveforms for the connected plate in a small-scale structural simulation of a floor-ceiling system. The results were compared with timber-joist-ribbed, and timber-brander-ribbed, structures. The vibration modes of a suspended plate were also measured for comparative purposes. The results indicated that resilient bars did not perform as stiffeners whereas joists and timber branders did effectively stiffen their connected plates. Resilient bars neither forced orthotropic plate behaviour at low frequencies, nor separated the plate into sub-plates at higher frequencies. Resilient-bar-ribbed plates may also differ from independent plates. The modal behaviour of resilient-bar-ribbed plates is more complex and their effect on modal density and radiation efficiency are worthy of further research.     

Theory for the effect of the tip–surface interaction potential on atomic resolution in forced vibration system of noncontact AFM

We present a perturbation theory which enables us to understand the physics of the cantilever-forced vibration in noncontact atomic-force microscopy (nc-AFM). Analytical expressions of the resonance curve and frequency shift are given. This theory is applied to the model system with a van der Waals tip–surface interaction potential. Based on this case study, it is elucidated how the resonance frequency shift is analytically described by an integral of the tip–surface interaction force. Then nc-AFM image of Si(111) 7×7 surface is calculated by the present theory. It is examined that this theory works as an algorithm for nc-AFM image simulator.     

基于相关分析的LED路灯光强分布测试步距角优化研究

优化LED路灯光强分布测试系统的测试步距角可以较大程度地提高LED路灯测试的效率。选择不同的测试步距角对LED路灯的光强分布进行测试,将1°测试步距角所测得的路灯光强分布视为真值,采用相关分析的方法研究在较大步距角下所测得的路灯光强分布与真值之间的近似程度。研究结果显示,当相关系数要求在98%左右时,可以选择15°测试步距角对LED路灯的光强分布进行测试,相对于真值测试,在此步距下LED路灯的测试时间减少了98%以上,极大地提高了测试效率。     

飞机机体表面声压及舱内降噪优化设计

本文以某型客机为研究对象,从飞行试验数据分析和声学建模两方面研究机体表面声压分布及其对舱内壁板近场辐射声压的影响。首先根据试飞数据分析了机体表面声压分布,然后利用统计能量法建立飞机客舱中后段的声学模型,以试飞数据作为声源输入,研究机体表面声压分布对客舱内部壁板附近声压分布的影响,并在此基础上提出优化设计方案,通过模型验证优化方案的有效性。试飞数据表明：机体表面声压在后应急门前方、靠近地板处最大;巡航速度升高,声压级较大区域的面积随之增加;巡航高度和发动机N1N2频率变化对机体表面声压级分布无明显影响。仿真数据表明：仅蒙皮结构无法有效降低客舱噪声;对声学降噪包进行优化能增加壁板隔声量,降低舱内声压。     

蔬菜表面农药残留可见-近红外光谱探测与分类识别研究

利用在600～1 100nm波段范围内可见-近红外反射光谱分析技术,对常见的高残留农药在绿色植物活体上的无损检测进行了研究。首先将采集到的漫反射光谱数据进行小波变换提取光谱特征,然后再利用主成分分析方法进一步对光谱特征进行分析,最后把这些光谱的前两个主成分得分作为神经网络的输入信息,建立了多神经元的神经网络感知器。对农药残留检测的结果表明,该方法可有效甄别农药残留和种类,识别得到较好的分类效果。总之,该研究为蔬菜和瓜果表面的农药残留快速无损检测和识别提供了一条新途径。     

Regeneration of surface roughness by the Langevin equation using stochastic analysis on AFM image of a carbon fiber

A new method was developed using AFM images of a fiber surface to regenerate the surface roughness in 3D geometry, such as the cylindrical shape of a “model” fiber. The Langevin equation was used to derive the fluctuations of a carbon fiber surface image. The equation contains two quantities, D⁽¹⁾ (h) and D⁽²⁾ (h) which in physics represent drift and diffusion coefficients. Knowing this coefficient and adding a proper noise function, a similar surface of larger dimension with the same statistical properties of the initial data was created. The generated surface was mapped into cylindrical coordinates, then a mesh generated. The resulting reconstructed surface, input over the geometry of a cylindrical shape, can be implemented for finite element analysis of a single fiber surrounded by matrix and generalized to a many fiber model.