Analytical methods for perfect wedge diffraction: A review

The subject of diffraction of waves by sharp boundaries has been studied intensively for well over a century, initiated by groundbreaking mathematicians and physicists including Sommerfeld, Macdonald and Poincaré. The significance of such canonical diffraction models, and their analytical solutions, was recognised much more broadly thanks to Keller, who introduced a geometrical theory of diffraction (GTD) in the middle of the last century, and other important mathematicians such as Fock and Babich. This has led to a very wide variety of approaches to be developed in order to tackle such two and three dimensional diffraction problems, with the purpose of obtaining elegant and compact analytic solutions capable of easy numerical evaluation.The purpose of this review article is to showcase the disparate mathematical techniques that have been proposed. For ease of exposition, mathematical brevity, and for the broadest interest to the reader, all approaches are aimed at one canonical model, namely diffraction of a monochromatic scalar plane wave by a two-dimensional wedge with perfect Dirichlet or Neumann boundaries. The first three approaches offered are those most commonly used today in diffraction theory, although not necessarily in the context of wedge diffraction. These are the Sommerfeld–Malyuzhinets method, the Wiener–Hopf technique, and the Kontorovich–Lebedev transform approach. Then follows three less well-known and somewhat novel methods, which would be of interest even to specialists in the field, namely the embedding method, a random walk approach, and the technique of functionally-invariant solutions.Having offered the exact solution of this problem in a variety of forms, a numerical comparison between the exact solution and several powerful approximations such as GTD is performed and critically assessed.     

Modeling nonlinear Rayleigh wave fields generated by angle beam wedge transducers—A theoretical study

Nonlinear Rayleigh wave fields generated by an angle beam wedge transducer are modeled in this study. The calculated area sound sources underneath the wedge are used to model the fundamental Rayleigh sound fields on the specimen surface, which are more accurate than the previously used line sources with uniform or Gaussian amplitude distributions. A general two-dimensional nonlinear Rayleigh wave equation without parabolic approximation is introduced and the solutions are obtained using the quasilinear theory. The second harmonic Rayleigh wave due to material nonlinearity is given in an integral expression with these fundamental Rayleigh waves radiated by the wedge transmitter acting as a forcing function. Multi-Gaussian beam (MGB) models are employed to simplify these integral solutions and to extract the diffraction and attenuation correction terms explicitly. The effect of nonlinearity of generating sources on the second harmonic Rayleigh wave fields is taken into consideration; simulation results show that it will affect the magnitude and diffraction correction of the second harmonic waves in the region close to the Rayleigh wave sound sources. This research provides a theoretical improvement to alleviate the experimental restriction on analyzing the effects of diffraction, attenuation and source nonlinearity when using angle beam wedge transducers as transmitters.     

球壳中球形夹杂对SV波的三维散射与动应力集中研究

夹杂将导致结构应力集中,是降低结构承载能力重要影响因素,尤其是动载作用情况下,弹性波衍射和叠加将加剧应力集中程度.弹性波衍射方程建立和求解非常复杂,目前主要研究对象集中在二维模型情况,三维有限域内夹杂引起的动应力集中现象在大型结构中比较常见,有界域边界不仅作为边界条件,同时也是散射波波源,提高了求解难度.一般通过近似方...     

Diffraction of a solitary wave by a thin wedge

The diffraction of a solitary wave by a thin wedge with vertical walls is studied when the incident solitary wave is directed along the wedge axis. The method of multiple scales is extended to this problem and reduces the task to that of solving the two-dimensional KdV equation with proper boundary and initial conditions. The finite-difference numerical procedure is carried out with the fractional step algorithm in which difference schemes are all implicit. Except the maximum run-up at the wall, the results in this paper are found to corroborate the Melville's experiments not only qualitatively but also quantitatively. The maximum run-up of our results agrees well with Funakoshi's numerical one but it is considerably larger than that in Melville's experiment. An important reason for this discrepancy is believed to be the effect of viscous boundary layer on the vertical side wall.     

Width effects on hydrodynamics of pendulum wave energy converter

Based on two- and three-dimensional potential flow theories, the width effects on the hydrodynamics of a bottom-hinged trapezoidal pendulum wave energy converter are discussed. The two-dimensional eigenfunction expansion method is used to obtain the diffraction and radiation solutions when the converter width tends to be infinity. The trapezoidal section of the converter is approximated by a rectangular section for simplification. The nonlinear viscous damping effects are accounted for by including a drag term in the two- and three-dimensional methods. It is found that the three- dimensional results are in good agreement with the two-dimensional results when the converter width becomes larger, especially when the converter width is infinity, which shows that both of the methods are reasonable. Meantime, it is also found that the peak value of the conversion efficiency decreases as the converter width increases in short wave periods while increases when the converter width increases in long wave periods.     

Two-Dimensional Mapping of In-plane Residual Stress with Slitting

This paper describes the use of slitting to form a two-dimensional spatial map of one component of residual stress in the plane of a two-dimensional body. Slitting is a residual stress measurement technique that incrementally cuts a thin slit along a plane across a body, while measuring strain at a remote location as a function of slit depth. Data reduction, based on elastic deformation, provides the residual stress component normal to the plane as a function of position along the slit depth. While a single slitting measurement provides residual stress along a single plane, the new work postulates that multiple measurements on adjacent planes can form a two-dimensional spatial map of residual stress. The paper uses numerical simulations to develop knowledge of two fundamental problems regarding two-dimensional mapping with slitting. The first fundamental problem is to estimate the quality of a slitting measurement, relative to the proximity of a given measurement plane to a free surface, whether that surface is the edge of the original part or a free surface created by a prior measurement. The second fundamental problem is to quantify the effects of a prior slitting measurement on a subsequent measurement, which is affected by the physical separation of the measurement planes. The results of the numerical simulations lead to a recommended measurement design for mapping residual stress. Finally, the numerical work and recommended measurement strategy are validated with physical experiments using thin aluminum slices containing residual stress induced by quenching. The physical experiments show that two-dimensional residual stress mapping with slitting, under good experimental conditions (simple sample geometry and low modulus material), has precision on the order of 10 MPa. Additional validation measurements, performed with x-ray diffraction and ESPI hole drilling, are within 10 to 20 MPa of the results from slitting.     

Pulsed electromagnetic radiation from a line source in the presence of a semi-infinite screen in the plane interface of two different media

The two-dimensional diffraction of a pulsed electromagnetic wave by a semi-infinite screen located in the interface of two different media is investigated theoretically. The incident electromagnetic field is taken to be generated by a line source. With the aid of the Wiener-Hopf technique and the Cagniard-De Hoop technique closed-form expressions for the field components anywhere in the configuration are obtained. Numerical results are presented in the case of E-polarization.     

ON BREAKING WAVES AND WAVE-CURRENT INTERACTION IN SHALLOW WATER: A 2DH FINITE ELEMENT MODEL

A two-dimensional (horizontal plane) coastal and estuarine region model, capable of predicting the combined effects of gravity surface shallow- water waves (shoaling, refraction, diffraction, reflection and breaking), and steady currents, is described and numerical results are compared with those obtained experimentally. Two series of observations within a wave flume and a combined wave-current facility were developed. In the first case, the wave was generated via a hinged paddle located within a deepened section at one end of the channel, as, in the second case, the wave propagating with or against the current was generated by a plunger-type wavemaker; the re-circulating current was introduced via one passing tank connected to a centrifugal pump. Several comparisons for a number of 1D situations and one 2D horizontal plane case are presented.     

带源参数的二维热传导反问题的无网格方法

利用无网格有限点法求解带源参数的二维热传导反问题,推导了相应的离散方程. 与 其它基于网格的方法相比,有限点法采用移动最小二乘法构造形函数,只需要节点信息,不 需要划分网格,用配点法离散控制方程,可以直接施加边界条件,不需要在区域内部求积分. 用有限点法求解二维热传导反问题具有数值实现简单、计算量小、可以任意布置节点等优点. 最后通过算例验证了该方法的有效性.     

On matched asymptotic expansions for two dimensional elastodynamic diffraction by cracks

For two-dimensional diffraction by a crack in an elastic solid it is shown that the geometrical theory of diffraction represents an asymptotic solution to the equations of linear elastodynamics, which satisfies the boundary conditions of vanishing tractions on the crack faces. The analysis consists of matching an outer solution valid far from the edge of the crack to an inner solution valid near the crack edge. The outer solution fails on the boundary of the region containing direct rays, as well as on the boundaries of the regions containing reflected rays of longitudinal and transverse motion. Uniform corrections to the theory are given which provide a smooth transition across these boundaries.     

A comparison of four recent numerical schemes giving high resolution of shock wave and concentrated vortex

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Diffraction of a sound wave by a slit

The diffraction of a sound wave by a slit in an unbounded plane is analyzed as an initial-boundary-value problem with a moving boundary for the two-dimensional wave equation. The initial-boundary-value problem is solved by the formation and inversion of Volterra integral equations. A solution is obtained in closed form in quadratures for an arbitrary angle of inclination of the incident wave front relative to the plane. The solution is presented in the form of recursion formulas, which take into account the influence of diffraction waves occurring in succession at the boundaries of the slit.     

Reduction of dimensions in random,elastic soil medium

The paper deals with an application of the plane strain analysis in a stochastic three-dimensional soil medium. In a framework of random elasticity theory, the geostatical state of stresses and the problem of a unit force acting in a statistically homogeneous half-space are considered. Only the modulus of elasticity is considered to be random and is modelled as a three-dimensional (3-D) homogeneous random field. As the result of imposed constrains due to the plane strain assumption the additional body and surface forces are induced. In order to determine them, additional equations must be introduced. The equations in a form of constrain relations are proposed in this paper. These equations are also valid for a case of uniformly distributed external loading.First, the two-dimensional (2-D) problem and its reduction to the uni-axial strain state, for the gravity forces and uniform, unlimited surface loading is considered. Then, it is generalised into a 2-D schematization of the 3-D state. Next, the problem of a unit force acting in a statistically homogeneous half-space is considered. For a 3-D state of stress and strain the resulting stresses are compared with those for a 2-D state. These stresses for the multidimensional state of strain and stress are presented as a sum of two components. The first one reflects plane strain state stresses and is given in a form of a 3-D random field. This term allows for incorporating a spatial, 3-D soil variability into a two-dimensional analysis. The second component can be treated as a correction term and it represents the longitudinal influence of a 3-D analysis.Some numerical results are presented in this paper. The proposed method can be regarded as a framework for further research aiming at application to a variety of geotechnical problems, for which the plane strain state is assumed.     

基于不连续场修正权的无网格断裂分析

本文采用了一种基于不连续场修正权函数的无网格方法来处理二维平面问题中的有限长裂纹。相较于目前常用的无网格裂纹不连续性处理方案,采用修正权函数处理裂纹附近不连续场时只需要对原权函数进行修正,算法简便易实现。本文采用基于不连续场修正权函数的无单元Galerkin方法（EFGM）,对在边界上施加I-II混合型裂纹位移场的斜裂纹板进行了数值分析。并与可视性准则、衍射法和透射法等不连续准则对比了裂尖位移场、应力场和应力强度因子解的数值精度。另外,本文还对这四种不连续准则形函数的计算效率进行了分析和比较。     

ELASTIC WAVE LOCALIZATION IN TWO-DIMENSIONAL PHONONIC CRYSTALS WITH ONE-DIMENSIONAL QUASI-PERIODICITY AND RANDOM DISORDER

The band structures of both in-plane and anti-plane elastic waves propagating in two-dimensional ordered and disordered （in one direction） phononic crystals are studied in this paper. The localization of wave propagation due to random disorder is discussed by introducing the concept of the localization factor that is calculated by the plane-wave-based transfer-matrix method. By treating the quasi-periodicity as the deviation from the periodicity in a special way, two kinds of quasi phononic crystal that has quasi-periodicity （Fibonacci sequence） in one direction and translational symmetry in the other direction are considered and the band structures are characterized by using localization factors. The results show that the localization factor is an effective parameter in characterizing the band gaps of two-dimensional perfect, randomly disordered and quasi-periodic phononic crystals. Band structures of the phononic crystals can be tuned by different random disorder or changing quasi-periodic parameters. The quasi phononic crystals exhibit more band gaps with narrower width than the ordered and randomly disordered systems.     

Unsteady three-dimensional compressible vortex flows generated during shock wave diffraction

The results of an experimental and numerical investigation into the behaviour of the spiral vortex generated by shock wave diffraction over edges yawed to the incident shock wave are presented. Three-dimensional numerical simulations reveal significant distortion and bending of the free vortex in regions near the boundary of the flow domain, so as to meet it at a right angle. The results of numerical simulations were found to mimic the experimentally obtained photographs very well. The numerical results are used to explain the various features of the resultant flow fields, with particular emphasis placed on the behaviour and properties of the spiral vortex, as it evolves with time. The effects of bending on the structure of the vortex are examined. The rate of circulation production for the three-dimensional shock diffraction cases was calculated, and the trends observed correlated with those for the much published two-dimensional diffraction case.     

Head-sea low-frequency diffraction of wave groups by a slender body

A progressive wavetrain with a narrow frequency band is known to be accompanied by long set-down waves travelling with the groups. In the scattering of the wavetrain from a structure free long waves can be radiated. An asymptotic theory is presented for the head-sea low-frequency diffraction of set-down waves of a wavetrain by a slender body. To match the outer with the inner solutions in a simplified manner, new transversal multiple-scales are chosen and the modulation process is described. The present theory allows a calculation of the low-frequency wave force without solving any two-dimensional boundary value problem.     

Generalization of the Kirchhoff theory to elastic wave diffraction problems

The Kirchhoff approximation in the theory of diffraction of acoustic and electromagnetic waves by plane screens assumes that the field and its normal derivative on the part of the plane outside the screen coincides with the incident wave field and its normal derivative, respectively. This assumption reduces the problem of wave diffraction by a plane screen to the Dirichlet or Neumann problems for the half-space (or the half-plane in the two-dimensional case) and permits immediately writing out an approximate analytical solution. The present paper is the first to generalize this approach to elastic wave diffraction. We use the problem of diffraction of a shear SH-wave by a half-plane to show that the Kirchhoff theory gives a good approximation to the exact solution. The discrepancies mainly arise near the screen, i.e., in the region where the influence of the boundary conditions is maximal.     

Evolution of the Theory of Laminated Plates and Shells

The theory of laminated plates and shells is considered. Three-dimensional models of layered systems and methods of reducing them to two-dimensional models are elucidated. An analysis is made of how two-dimensional models are constructed by the method of hypotheses. Two basic approaches to the construction are presented: one leads to the discrete structural theory of laminated systems and the other to continuous structural theory. Attention is drawn to transverse shear and reduction in nonclassical theories of high approximation. The finite-element implementation of the theory is described. Examples of analysis by various models are given. Results of an applicability analysis of various theories and experimental data supporting them are presented. New research areas for the theory of laminated structures are pointed out.