Optimal collimation of a charged particle beam in probe-forming systems

An approach to determining optimal sizes of collimators used for producing the initial phase set of a charged particle beam with the maximal volume at the inlet to the probe-forming system is described. This ensures beam focusing to a spot on a target with preset parameters and with the maximal current. The dynamics of phase sets is considered taking into account nonlinear effects associated with aberrations.     

Optimal type of focusing borehole radiators

A promising type of borehole acoustic radiators intended for both affecting geotechnological processes and investigating the borehole environment is considered. The basic difference of the radiators under consideration from the existing ones is the possibility of focusing the acoustic field into a preset region of the borehole environment. Elastic fields produced by focusing borehole radiators in rock are studied. Limiting abilities of focusing borehole systems are investigated. It is demonstrated that borehole radiators with a variable focal distance can be designed, which provides a real opportunity to control the distribution of elastic fields in the borehole environment. This property may be very important in developing the acoustic technologies for affecting productive reservoirs of geotechnological boreholes.     

A spatial domain constraint iterative phase retrieval method for the propagation based X ray phase contrast imaging

Based on the propagation X ray phase contrast imaging theory, a spatial domain constraint iterative phase retrieval method is described in detail. This algorithm limits the object spatial domain according to the actual sample size firstly, and modify the image plane data with the actual test data, then the iteration can be terminated until iteration precision or the number of iterations meet the preset requirements. Finally the numerical simulation is made to evaluate the rapid phase retrieval algorithm performance, and a real column fiber material experiment is carried out using a micro focus X ray phase contrast imaging experiment platform, the phase distribution image of the column fiber is calculated out by this algorithm. The results show that this phase retrieval algorithm is effective, and the method has a potential stability and accuracy for X ray phase contrast imaging technology.     

多程脉冲激光放大器的宽带放大逆问题研究

宽带放大逆问题对于研究高功率激光系统的放大性能十分重要。将极化强度时域解析法应用于亚纳秒量级的宽带放大研究，通过Gerchberg-Saxton(GS)和遗传算法的混合算法，详细模拟和研究了脉冲激光的宽带放大逆问题，即给定输出脉冲的时间和空间分布，结合放大系统参数，逆向反演注入放大器脉冲的时空波形。极化强度时域解析法应用于宽带放大具有计算耗时少的优点，混合智能算法简化了激光放大器的逆问题模型，加快了逆问题求解的收敛速度。     

焊缝结构中超声相控阵聚焦声场的数值模拟及分析*

针对焊缝内相控阵声场聚焦问题,建立焊缝结构中多高斯声束法的相控阵声场计算模型,分别用直接聚焦和底面反射聚焦两种方式对焊缝内部的相控阵声场进行数值模拟,分析不同方式下的相控阵聚焦声场特性,讨论不同区域适用的聚焦方式,分析了界面倾斜角度对聚焦效果的影响。结果表明,在相同焊缝结构条件下直接聚焦的方式更适合对厚壁焊缝的中下部进行聚焦扫描,在焊缝上表面附近,当声束偏转角大于80°时,直接聚焦方式无法有效聚焦;反射聚焦的方式更适合对焊缝上表面附近区域进行聚焦扫描,随着焦点深度增加,反射聚焦的声束偏转角增大,当声束偏转角大于55°时,反射聚焦无法形成明显焦点;两种聚焦扫描方式可形成有效的互补。当设置的焦点固定时,直接聚焦的实际焦点随界面倾斜角度增大向预设点远处偏移,而反射聚焦的效果基本不受倾斜角的影响,实际焦点始终在预设焦点附近。     

声学宽带多焦点聚焦

针对声学宽带多焦点聚焦的问题,设计出结构简洁的声学人工结构。通过控制细槽深度,对反射声波的波前进行任意操控。数值仿真结果验证了所设计的声人工结构的聚焦效果。这种人工结构还允许对焦点的相对位置及数目进行精确而自由的调控,当尺寸大于波长的障碍物存在时仍可通过合理设计来产生聚焦效果。该方案具有设计简洁及焦点可控等优点,有望在生物医学及无损检测等场合产生广泛应用。     

基于GS加权改进算法的相位恢复

阐述了GS算法用于相位恢复的原理,并对算法的应用范围进行了扩展,不再局限于已知光瞳面和焦平面光强的情况。仿真中,选取了光束自由传输的两个垂轴截面,利用光强分布,采用了GS迭代算法对常见的几种波前畸变进行了恢复。针对相位恢复中GS算法收敛速度慢和精度低的问题,提出了迭代过程中,在光束输入端和输出端分别进行加权改进,给出了加权系数取值范围。仿真结果表明,这种改进有利于算法跳出局部极值,在加权值取1.2时,针对象散像差的恢复中,速度和精度提高了2倍左右,对一些其它常见像差的恢复精度也有所提高。     

基于GS加权改进算法的相位恢复

阐述了GS算法用于相位恢复的原理,并对算法的应用范围进行了扩展,不再局限于已知光瞳面和焦平面光强的情况。仿真中,选取了光束自由传输的两个垂轴截面,利用光强分布,采用了GS迭代算法对常见的几种波前畸变进行了恢复。针对相位恢复中GS算法收敛速度慢和精度低的问题,提出了迭代过程中,在光束输入端和输出端分别进行加权改进,给出了加权系数取值范围。仿真结果表明,这种改进有利于算法跳出局部极值,在加权值取1.2时,针对象散像差的恢复中,速度和精度提高了2倍左右,对一些其它常见像差的恢复精度也有所提高。     

一种改进的DVB-T信道估计算法

针对传统DVB-T系统信道估计算法估计精度低或复杂度高的问题,为了提高信道估计算法整体性能,提出了一种改进的DVB-T信道估计算法。该算法首先采用最小二乘法估计离散导频处频率响应估计值;进而,利用连续导频对信噪比进行估计;最后,将得到的信噪比估计值与预先设定的信噪比阈值进行比较,若估计值小于阈值,则先经过卡尔曼滤波处理,再在时频二维方向上用高斯插值得到全部子载波的频率响应值,否则直接在时域和频域上进行插值。此方法在信道条件较好时关闭卡尔曼滤波过程,从而有效减少滤波次数,提高算法整体运行速度。仿真结果表明,该方法能有效提高系统整体性能,减少在噪声影响较大时的干扰,同时也兼顾了算法整体运行速度。     

Analysis of cylindrical microlenses simultaneously implementing beam-splitting and focusing based on rigorous electromagnetic theory

A cylindrical microlens for implementing both functions of beam-splitting and focusing on the preset positions is proposed. Phase functions of the microlenses are determined by the ray-tracing method. The performance of the microlenses is investigated based on rigorous electromagnetic theory and the boundary element method. Numerical results show that the designed microlenses basically can realize beam-splitting and focusing on the preassigned positions simultaneously. Dual and triple beam-splitting and focusing on the expected positions by the designed microlenses are demonstrated. Diffraction efficiency of the the beam-splitting and focusing is evaluated.     

A constrained Gauss-Seidel method for correction of point spread function effect in MR spectroscopic imaging

Magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging is limited by a low signal-to-noise ratio, so a compromise between spatial resolution and examination time is needed in clinical application. The reconstruction of truncated signal introduces a Point Spread Function that considerably affects the spatial resolution. In order to reduce spatial contamination, three methods, applied after Fourier transform image reconstruction, based on deconvolution or iterative techniques are tested to decrease Point Spread Function contamination. A Gauss-Seidel (GS) algorithm is used for iterative techniques with and without a non-negative constraint (GS+). Convergence and noise dependence studies of the GS algorithm have been done. The linear property of contamination was validated on a point sample phantom. A significant decrease of contamination without broadening the spatial resolution was obtained with GS+ method compared to a conventional apodization. This post-processing method can provide a contrast enhancement of clinical spectroscopic images without changes in acquisition time.     

Three-dimensional simulation method of multipactor in microwave components for high-power space application

Based on the particle-in-cell technology and the secondary electron emission theory, a three-dimensional simulation method for multipactor is presented in this paper. By combining the finite difference time domain method and the panicle tracing method, such an algorithm is self-consistent and accurate since the interaction between electromagnetic fields and particles is properly modeled. In the time domain aspect, the generation of multipactor can be easily visualized, which makes it possible to gain a deeper insight into the physical mechanism of this effect. In addition to the classic secondary electron emission model, the measured practical secondary electron yield is used, which increases the accuracy of the algorithm. In order to validate the method, the impedance transformer and ridge waveguide filter are studied. By analyzing the evolution of the secondaries obtained by our method, multipactor thresholds of these components are estimated, which show good agreement with the experimental results. Furthermore, the most sensitive positions where multipactor occurs are determined from the phase focusing phenomenon, which is very meaningful for multipactor analysis and design.     

Gerchberg–Saxton algorithm based phase correction in optical wireless communication

Optical wireless communication (OWC) enables to establish the backhaul in the fifth generation (5G) wireless communication networks. The air turbulence, however, could distort the phases of optical signals, thus limit transmission capacity. In this paper, we study the correction of phase distortions by using the Gerchberg–Saxton (GS) algorithm. The air turbulence-induced phase is generated by the Monte-Carlo phase screen method, which characterizes the realistic air turbulence effect on the optical signals. The numerical results reveal that the GS algorithm is able to retrieve the phase information with fast convergence by adopting a proper initial condition. Also, the GS algorithm based phase correction in OWC is confirmed.     

圆柱类构件超声相控阵聚焦模型

在利用平面相控阵超声换能器对圆柱类构件检测时,受曲界面结构引起的入射波和回波时延的影响,扫描声束的波阵面产生弯曲,在利用传统迭代遍历算法计算延迟时间时效率低,无法发挥相控阵换能器检测优势。针对上述问题,建立了一种基于圆柱类构件特征和耦合介质特性的超声相控阵扫描成像的聚焦模型。该模型基于换能器、耦合介质、圆柱类构件材料特性和几何关系以及声线模型和折射定律,建立了耦合介质及被检构件的声速、曲面曲率半径、阵列与曲面间的距离等关联的延迟时间聚焦控制模型。利用该模型计算出的延时时间,对各阵元发射时间进行控制,从而实现扫描声束的聚焦。该文以液体和有机玻璃制介质楔块为例,对圆柱钢曲面的相控阵声束聚焦进行了仿真实验,结果表明该文方法计算效率显著提升,同时声束可以在预设位置实现聚焦,验证了该模型在计算效率上的优势与有效性。     

The ground state energy of the Edwards-Anderson spin glass model with a parallel tempering Monte Carlo algorithm

We study the efficiency of parallel tempering Monte Carlo technique for calculating true ground states of the Edwards-Anderson spin glass model. Bimodal and Gaussian bond distributions were considered in two- and three-dimensional lattices. By a systematic analysis we find a simple formula to estimate the values of the parameters needed in the algorithm to find the GS with a fixed average probability. We also study the performance of the algorithm for single samples, quantifying the difference between samples where the GS is hard, or easy, to find. The GS energies we obtain are in good agreement with the values found in the literature. Our results show that the performance of the parallel tempering technique is comparable to more powerful heuristics developed to find the ground state of Ising spin glass systems.     

强激光系统波前功率谱密度的数值计算研究

惯性约束聚变(ICF)系统中,影响激光聚焦性能的一个重要指标是波前功率谱密度(PSD),它所对应的空间周期为0.12～33mm。对PSD的数值计算所涉及到的关键技术进行了详细的理论及实验分析研究。通过对中频段的波前位相均方根值的分析表明,波前数据的空域处理采用Quad flip技术较为合适,对频域滤波器的选用需要综合考虑滤波的有效性及波前的失真。通过对二维PSD的分析表明,空域处理采用加窗技术较为合适。该项研究为ICF系统中的PSD指标的确定及检测算法奠定了基础。     

Rigorous electromagnetic analysis of dual-closed-surface microlens arrays

In this paper, we investigated the focal performance of the dual-closed-surface microlens arrays (DCSMAs) based on rigorous electromagnetic theory and boundary element method (BEM) in the case of TE polarization. The DCSMAs are designed with different substrate thickness and different distance between microlenses. DCSMAs designed according to different wavelengths are surveyed. The DCSMAs with different incident angles are also studied. Several focusing performance measures, such as the focal spot size, the focal position on the preset focal plane, the diffraction efficiency and the normalized transmitted power, are presented. Numerical results indicate the DCSMAs with different parameters can implement focusing beams and the focal performance of DCSMAs is easily influenced by the substrate thickness and the incident wavelength. Furthermore, the optimal thickness for the maximal diffraction efficiency of the DCSMAs is given. It is expected that the DCSMAs may be used as a parallel processing device in micro-optics systems.     

Generation of three-dimensional optical structures by dynamic holograms displayed on a twisted nematic liquid crystal display

Reconstruction of computer generated holograms (CGHs) addressed on a spatial light modulator (SLM) is an effective way to dynamically generate designed light field distributions. Based on the classic Gerchberg–Saxton (GS) algorithm, we proposed a technique, which can greatly reduce the computation cost to about 60 % in calculating CGHs for three-dimensional (3D) structures but with little degradation of reconstructed light field compared with the classic GS algorithm. The CGHs calculated by our method were displayed on a twisted nematic liquid crystal display, working as a phase-only-modulation SLM, and 3D structures of optical fields, e.g., 3D array of optical traps and vortices, were reconstructed with high efficiency and high quality. Besides, the possibility for 3D holographic display or projection was also demonstrated with this algorithm by reconstruction several images simultaneously in distinct axial planes.     

Excitation of a cylindrical cavity by a helical current and an axial electron beam current

The explicit expressions (in the Vainshtein and Markov forms) are derived for the excitation of a cylindrical cavity with perfectly conducting walls and with impedance end faces. Excitation of a cylindrical cavity and a cylindrical waveguide with a preset nonuniform axial electron-beam current and a helical current with a variable pitch, which is excited by a concentrated voltage source and is loaded by a preset pointlike matched load, is considered. For the helical current, the integro-differential equation is formulated. The traveling-wave tube (TWT) is simulated in the preset beam current approximation taking into account the nonuniform winding of the spiral coil, nonuniform electron beam, and losses.     

渐进式频率-波数域全聚焦超声成像

为了提高全聚焦超声成像的质量和速度,提出了渐进式频率波数域全聚焦超声成像方法（GTFM-FW）。首先通过逐次激励超声相控阵各阵元并全孔径采集回波,得到全矩阵数据;然后通过傅里叶变换将全矩阵数据中的一组或多组对角线数据变换到频率波数域,对各组对角线数据的变换结果进行对齐并叠加;最后利用Stolt变换和二维逆傅里叶变换得到全聚焦成像结果。为了验证算法的有效性,对仿真点目标以及试块进行了详细成像实验。结果表明:本文方法可以通过改变全矩阵数据的使用量来实现成像分辨率与旁瓣干扰间的折中。并且由于采用频率波数域处理,在成像分辨率优于传统全聚焦成像算法的情况下,运算量大大降低。