2-Phenylethylammonium p-hydroxybenzoate: Growth,structural, spectral,thermal, optical and mechanical characterization

An efficient nonlinear optical single crystal of 2-phenylethylammonium p-hydroxybenzoate (2PPHB) was grown from aqueous solution by slow evaporation solution growth method. Single crystal X-ray diffraction studies confirmed that 2PPHB crystallizes in orthorhombic crystal system with non-centrosymmetric space group of Pna2₁. The presence of functional groups in the synthesized compound was identified by FTIR spectral analysis. The grown crystals were thermally stable up to 155 °C. UV–vis absorption, photoluminescence and birefringence optical properties of grown crystal were explored. The laser induced surface damage threshold and relative second harmonic generation properties of the grown crystal were studied using Q-switched Nd:YAG laser. The variation of dielectric properties of the grown crystal with frequency was investigated for different temperatures. The mechanical response of the crystal was studied by Vicker's microhardness technique.     

Studies on the growth,structural, optical and laser damage threshold properties of 4-aminopyridinium p-aminobenzenesulfonate p-ammoniobenzenesulfonate monohydrate crystal

An organic nonlinear optical crystal 4-aminopyridinium 4-aminobenzenesulfonate 4-ammoniobenzenesulfonate monohydrate (4APABS) was grown by slow evaporation solution growth technique. The cell parameters of grown crystal were confirmed by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. High resolution X-ray diffraction studies revealed the crystalline perfection of grown crystal. The functional groups present in title compound were confirmed by FTIR spectral studies. UV–vis spectral studies revealed that the grown crystal is transparent in the entire visible region. Single and multiple shots laser induced surface damage threshold values of the grown crystal were measured using Nd:YAG laser. The relative second harmonic generation efficiency of grown crystal was found to be 2.2 times that of KDP crystal.     

Synthesis,crystal growth and characterization of organic NLO material: 4-Bromo-4′-hydroxybenzylidene aniline

One of the novel benzylidene aniline derivatives, 4-bromo-4′-hydroxybenzylidene aniline (BHBA) was synthesized and single crystal of BHBA was grown from solution following slow evaporation method at room temperature. Unit cell parameters of the grown crystal were determined from single crystal X-ray diffraction studies. Functional groups of BHBA were identified from Fourier transform infrared spectral study. UV–vis-NIR analysis of BHBA showed that the crystal is transparent between wavelengths 400 and 1100 nm. Thermal stability of the title compound was examined by thermogravimetric and differential scanning calorimetric studies. Fluorescence spectrum of the grown crystal recorded using spectrofluorometer shows emission peak at 450 nm. The second harmonic generation efficiency of BHBA estimated by Nd:YAG pulsed laser employing the Kurtz powder technique is ∼1.3 times that of potassium dihydrogen orthophosphate. Microhardness studies reveal that BHBA possesses high Vickers hardness value. The dielectric measurements were carried out at different temperatures and frequencies and the results are discussed.     

Unidirectional growth,linear and nonlinear optical,dielectric and mechanical properties of organic adduct of l-tartaric acid nicotinamide

An attempt has been made to grow l-tartaric acid nicotinamide (LTN); a complex of tartaric acid, by employing a modified unidirectional method. The crystalline structure and quality are investigated by single crystal XRD and rocking curve studies. The linear and nonlinear optical properties are studied by UV–vis-NIR spectral analysis, SHG test, phase matching and laser induced damage threshold measurement. For comparison, parallel growth of the crystal was carried out by conventional method and the properties of the LTN samples grown by the conventional and unidirectional methods are investigated. The mechanical, photoconductivity and dielectric behavior of LTN crystals are also investigated.     

Studies on optical,mechanical, dielectric properties of bisthiourea nickel bromide NLO single crystal

Bisthiourea nickel bromide (BTNB) single crystal has been grown by solution growth technique at room temperature. The crystal structure and lattice parameters were determined for the grown crystal by single crystal X-ray diffraction studies. Optical constants like band gap, refractive index, reflectance, extinction coefficient and electric susceptibility were determined from UV–vis-NIR spectrum. Nonlinear optical property was discussed to confirm the SHG efficiency of the grown crystal. The mechanical strength of the grown crystal was analyzed using Vickers microhardness tester. The dielectric constant and dielectric loss of bisthiourea nickel bromide are measured in the frequency range of 50 Hz to 5 MHz at different temperatures. The ac conductivity studies were carried out on bisthiourea nickel bromide crystals. In order to investigate the growth mechanism and surface features, etching studies are carried out for the crystal. Photoconductivity studies were carried out on bisthiourea nickel bromide crystals.     

Investigation on inorganic potassium lithium sulfate single crystal grown by SR method and its characterization for nonlinear optical application

Inorganic crystal lithium potassium sulfate (LKS) was grown by Sangaranarayanan-Ramasamy technique. Structural parameters of the grown LKS crystal were confirmed by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. LKS crystal belongs to hexagonal system with non-centrosymmetric space group P6₃. The functional elements presented in the compound were analyzed by ICP-OES test. Thermal property of the sample was evaluated by tracing TGA and DSC plots. UV–Vis spectral studies revealed the lower cut-off wavelength, transparency and band gap (4.9 eV) of LKS crystal. Multi-shot laser damage threshold value of LKS crystal was found to be 4.2 GW/cm². Using Kurtz and Perry powder technique, the second harmonic generation (SHG) efficiency was found. The photoluminescence, dielectric, mechanical and etching studies were also studied to test the LKS crystal for NLO application.     

Studies on optical, mechanical and transport properties of NLO active l-alanine formate single crystal grown by modified Sankaranarayanan-Ramasamy (SR) method

Bulk single crystals of l-alanine formate of 10 mm diameter and 50 mm length have been grown with an aid of modified Sankaranarayanan-Ramasamy (SR) uniaxial crystal growth method within a period of ten days. The optical properties of the grown crystal were calculated from UV transmission spectral analysis. The second harmonic generation efficiency of the grown crystal was confirmed by Kurtz powder test. In order to determine the mechanical strength of the crystal, Vicker’s microhardness test was carried along the growth plane (0 0 1). Dielectric studies reveal that both dielectric constant and dielectric loss decreases with increase in frequency. Photoconductivity study confirms the negative photoconducting nature of the crystal.     

Generation of 532 nm laser radiation and phase matching properties of organic nonlinear optical material

Organic nonlinear optical single crystal of l-asparagine-l-tartaric acid (LAsT) was grown by slow evaporation technique at room temperature. The grown crystal was confirmed by single crystal X-ray diffraction and FT-IR studies. The direct band gap energy was found to be 5.4 eV. The SHG efficiency of the sample is 3 times higher than that of KDP crystal. The laser damage threshold of the grown crystal was 5.7 GW/cm². The grown crystal was thermally stable up to 141 °C. Low dielectric constant at higher frequency was found by dielectric measurements. The activation energy was calculated from Arrhenius relation and it was found to be 0.088 eV. Negative photoconducting nature was obtained by photoconductivity measurements.     

A new NLO Material: L-Asparagine thiocyanate (LATC) for opto-electronic applications

L-asparagine monohydrade thiocyanate (LATC), which is potentially a non-linear optical crystal, was grown by the conventional slow evaporation solution technique (SEST) using doubly de-ionized water at room temperature. The lattice parameters were found by using single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Perfection of the grown crystal was confirmed by powder X-ray diffraction. The various functional groups were identified from FT-IR analysis. The optical parameters, such as the optical absorption, the band gap, photoluminescence and second harmonic generation (SHG), were analyzed on the grown crystal. The induced surface laser damage threshold was measured using a Q-switched Nd:YAG laser. The thermal behavior and stability of the grown crystal was analyzed by TG/DTA analysis. The dielectric constant (ε_r) and dielectric loss (tanδ) as a function of frequency has been investigated at different temperatures. The mechanical property of the grown crystal was studied using the Vickers micro hardness method.     

Third order nonlinear optical,spectral, dielectric,laser damage threshold,and photo luminescence characteristics of an efficacious semiorganic acentric crystal: L-Ornithine monohydrochloride

The efficient acentric L-ornithine monohydrochloride (LOMHCl), which belongs to the trait of semiorganic category and depicts nonlinear optical characteristics, was grown-up by the process of slow evaporation. The crystal structure and crystallinity of LOMHCl was established by the process of single crystal and powder X-ray diffraction. Single XRD affirm that LOMHCl crystallizes in the system of monoclinic with P2₁ as acentric space group. The examination of FTIR was done to ascertain the existence of various functional groups in LOMHCl. UV–Vis spectral analysis substantiates its optical quality and the optical constants were also assessed. Photoluminescence process elucidates its emission characteristics and its lifetime is also determined. LOMHCl discloses exquisite resistance to laser radiation having threshold up to 2.69 GW/cm². The SEM analysis highlights its surface topography. The mechanical stability has been attested by the analysis of microhardness and several mechanical parameters are also estimated. The investigation of dielectric characteristics of LOMHCl was also accomplished. The studies on second and third order nonlinearity were established by the method of Kurtz–Perry and Z-scan which facilitates its utility in the field of nonlinear optics.     

Growth,optical, mechanical and electrical studies of nonlinear optical crystal: l-Valinium oxalate

l-Valinium oxalate (LVO) single crystal has been grown by solution growth technique at room temperature. The crystal structure and lattice parameters were determined for the grown crystal by single crystal X-ray diffraction studies. Optical constants like band gap, refractive index, reflectance, extinction coefficient and electric susceptibility were determined from UV–vis–NIR spectrum. The microhardness studies reveal the mechanical strength of the grown crystal. The dielectric constant, dielectric loss and AC conductivity of the compound were calculated at different temperatures and frequencies to analyze the electrical properties. Nonlinear optical property was discussed to confirm the SHG efficiency of the grown crystal.     

Unidirectional growth of l-lysine l-lysinium dichloride nitrate (l-LLDN) single crystals by the SR method

Bulk semi-organic single crystals of l-lysine l-lysinium dichloride nitrate (l-LLDN) were grown by Sankaranarayanan-Ramasamy (SR) method. The experimental parameters involved in the present work are discussed in detail. The cut-off wavelength and the transmittance of the crystal were determined by UV-vis-NIR spectral analysis. Mechanical stability of the crystal was determined by Vickers microhardness tester. Refractive index of the crystal was measured using Brewster’s angle method. A simple interferometric technique was used for measuring birefringence of the crystal. The frequency dependent dielectric constant (ε_r) and dielectric loss (tan δ) were also measured. The results were analyzed for the l-LLDN crystals grown by both conventional and unidirectional methods.     

Synthesis,crystal growth,and characterization of piperazinediium bis (4-aminobenzoate) dihydrate - An efficient third-order nonlinear optical single crystal for opto-electronic applications

Organic compound of protonated Piperazinediium bis (4-aminobenzoate) dihydrate C₄H₁₂N₂²⁺2(C₇H₆NO₂⁻).2(H₂O) (PZ4AB) was synthesized and crystal was grown by slow evaporation solution growth technique. Powder X-ray diffraction and High resolution X-ray diffraction studies affirmed the crystalline perfection of the grown crystal. Fourier transform infrared spectral analysis ascertained the frequencies of various functional groups present in PZ4AB crystal. Optical transmittance and optical band gap estimation explored the optical phenomena of PZ4AB crystal. The laser-induced surface damage threshold value of PZ4AB crystal was measured to be 1.0615 GW/cm² for the 1064 nm Nd:YAG laser radiation. From Thermogravimetric and differential scanning calorimetric studies, the stability of PZ4AB crystal was ascertained. The dielectric manner was endowed as a function of frequency and temperature. The mechanically soft nature of the crystal was assessed by Vickers hardness measurement which exhibited the reverse indentation size effect. The nonlinear refractive index, absorption coefficient and the third-order nonlinear susceptibility of crystal were divulged by Z-scan technique.     

Growth,spectral, optical,and dielectric studies on novel semiorganic NLO single crystal: d-phenylglycine hydrochloride

Good quality novel semiorganic nonlinear optical single crystal of d-phenylglycine hydrochloride has been grown from the aqueous solution by low temperature solution growth method. X-ray diffraction reveals that the crystal crystallises into orthorhombic system with noncentrosymmetric space group P2₁2₁2₁. Experimental parameters are evaluated based on single-crystal XRD and the calculated values of the polarisability were compared with the values of polarisability using Clausius–Mossotti equation. The functional groups present in the grown crystal were confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectral analysis. The ¹H and ¹³C FT–NMR has been recorded to elucidate the molecular structure. Ultraviolet–visible-near infra-red absorption studies on this crystal reveal that the minimum absorption region is around 228 nm. The optical band gap of the crystal was found to be 2.9 eV. The scanning electron microscope study has been carried out to determine the surface morphology of the grown crystal. Photoluminescence studies show that the material emits violet fluorescence. Thermal studies bring forth that the crystal is thermally stable up to 255 °C. Dielectric studies reveal that both the dielectric constant and dielectric loss decrease with the increase in frequency as like the typical semiorganic nonlinear optical crystals such as bisthiourea zinc chloride, bisthiourea cadmium chloride and l-arginine dihydrogen phosphate. Electrical conductivity measurements were carried out and the Arrhenius plot is used to determine the value of activation energy. The Kurtz powder analysis on the crystal confirms the existence of second harmonic generation properties. The SHG efficiency was found to be 1.15 times that of KDP crystal.     

Synthesis,growth and third order nonlinear optical studies of a rhombohedral crystal: Sodium tetraborate pentahydrate

An apt and a futuristic nonlinear optical material sodium tetraborate pentahydrate (STBPH) was synthesized and grown by the technique of slow evaporation. The structural parameters of the crystal was confirmed by single crystal XRD revealed rhombohedral crystal system. Crystal's broad optical transparency was revealed by UV–Vis absorption spectrum. From the absorption spectrum, theoretical calculations were made to determine absorption coefficient, band gap, Urbach energy and reflectance. The functional groups were identified by FT-IR and FT-Raman spectra. Vicker's microhardness measurement disclosed that the grown crystal belongs to soft material category. Photoluminescence (PL) spectral study of STBPH indicated violet and blue emission peaks respectively at 343.06 nm and at 453.11 nm, 490.19 nm. Dielectric studies reveal the dielectric nature of the grown crystal. TGA-DTA studies showed that the crystal holds good thermal stability. The third order nonlinearities of STBPH was investigated by Z-scan technique manifest its suitability in nonlinear optical applications.     

Growth, optical, mechanical and dielectric studies on NLO active pure and metal ion doped single crystals of bis-thiourea zinc chloride

Good quality single crystals of pure and metal ion (Ni²⁺) doped bis-thiourea zinc chloride (BTZC) possessing excellent nonlinear optical properties have been grown from aqueous solution by the slow solvent evaporation technique. The lattice parameters of the grown crystals are determined by single crystal X-ray analysis. The well defined sharp peaks in the powder X-ray diffraction pattern reveals the crystalline perfection and the EDAX spectrum confirms the presence of dopant in the lattice of the parent crystal. The DRS UV-visible spectral study reveals improved transparency for the doped crystal, ascertaining the inclusion of metal ion in the lattice. The optical band gap of the pure and doped crystals was calculated to be 4.8 and 5.2 eV respectively from the UV transmission spectrum. The vickers hardness test brings forth higher hardness value for Ni²⁺doped BTZC as compared to pure BTZC crystal. The dielectric measurement exhibits very low dielectric constant and dielectric loss at higher frequencies for both the pure and Ni²⁺doped BTZC. The existence of second harmonic generation signals in the crystal also has been confirmed by performing the Kurtz powder test.     

A new metal-organic nonlinear optical material: L-Asparagine Indium chloride (LAIn) for photonics application

Single crystal of l-Asparagine Indium chloride (LAIn), a new semi-organic crystal was grown by slow evaporation method with deionized water as solvent at ambient condition. The crystal structure of LAIn has been determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction and the result shows that the crystal belongs to the orthorhombic system with P2₁2₁2₁ space group. The crystalline nature of grown crystal was analyzed by powder X-ray diffraction analysis. Optical parameters, such as absorbance, transmittance and optical band gap energy were analyzed using UV–Vis NIR transmittance data at the range of 190–800?nm. The ultraviolet (UV) emission nature of the sample was established from the sharp emission peaks in photoluminescence (PL) spectrum. The photo conductivity test exhibits that the grown crystal has positive photo conductive nature. The induced surface laser damage threshold (LDT) for the grown crystal was measured using Nd:YAG laser. The nonlinear optical efficiency of the LAIn crystal was studied using modified Kurtz-Perry powder technique. The hardness, Meyer index, yield strength and elastic stiffness constant were calculated for the grown crystal using Vickers microhardness tester. The variation of dielectric constant and dielectric loss of the grown crystals as a function of frequency has been investigated at different temperatures. The melting point and thermal stability of the LAIn single crystal have been studied by thermo gravimetric analysis and differential thermal analysis (TG/DTA).     

Growth,optical, mechanical,dielectric and theoretical properties of picolinium maleate NLO single crystal

Nonlinear optical single crystals of picolinium maleate (PM) were grown by slow evaporation method. The grown crystal was subjected to single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis to confirm that the crystal belongs to the monoclinic crystal structure with space group P2₁/c. The optical transmission range of the grown crystal was measured by UV–Vis–NIR region with the lower cut-off wavelength as 330 nm. The optical bandgap is found to be 3.75 eV. Mechanical strength of the grown crystal was analyzed using Vickers microhardness tester. Dielectric constant and dielectric loss of picolinium maleate are measured in the frequency range from 50 Hz to 5 MHz at different temperatures. Further, electronic properties, such as valence electron plasma energy, Penn gap, Fermi energy and electronic polarizability of the grown crystal have been estimated.     

Crystal structure,vibrational, and optical investigations of semiorganic nonlinear optical crystal: Bi3[CS(NH2)2]9Cl9· 2H2O

Tribismuthnonakisthioureanonachloride dihydrate (TBNTNC), a semiorganic nonlinear optical (NLO) material useful for frequency doubling in the IR region, has been grown by single diffusion gel technique. The grown crystal was confirmed by single crystal XRD and it crystallizes in triclinic system having P₁ space group. Vibrational analysis was carried out for the grown crystal. FTIR and FT‐Raman spectral studies were performed for analyzing and assigning the phonon vibrations and to identify the functional group contribution. The optical transmission study was carried out to examine the transmission ability of the crystal. The nonlinear optical property was confirmed by relative second harmonic generation measurement using Nd:YAG laser. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Synthesis, crystal growth and characterization of a chiral compound (triphenylphosphine oxide cadmium iodide): A new semiorganic nonlinear optical material

Synthesis of semiorganic material, triphenylphosphine oxide cadmium iodide (TPPOCdI), is reported for the first time. Employing the temperature reduction method, a crystal of size 16×7×6 mm³ was grown from dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) solution. Three dimensional crystal structure of the grown crystal was determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction study. The complex crystallizes in the chiral orthorhombic space group P2₁2₁2₁. FTIR study was carried out in order to confirm the presence of the functional groups. UV-vis-NIR spectral studies show that the crystal is transparent in the wavelength range of 290-1100 nm. The microhardness test was carried out, and the load hardness was measured. Thermogravimetric and differential thermal analyses reveal the thermal stability of the crystal. Second harmonic generation efficiency of the powdered TPPOCdI, tested using Nd: YAG laser, is ∼0.65 times that of potassium dihydrogen orthophosphate.