基于FPGA的实时Bayer解马赛克算法与实现

Bayer阵列被广泛地应用于CMOS/CCD?(complementary?metal?oxide?semiconductor/charge-coupled device)等前端传感器中,用以对彩色图像进行压缩编码.通过解马赛克算法将Bayer阵列还原为红、绿、蓝彩色阵列,算法性能影响着成像有效分辨率和纹理细节.随着半...     

Securing color image by using phase-only encoding in Fresnel domains

We propose a novel color image hiding scheme with three channels of cascaded Fresnel domain phase-only filtering. The original color image is encoded into three phase masks by using the Gerchberg–Saxton iterative phase retrieval algorithm with another predefined phase key. The individual phase masks are placed in the inputs of the Fresnel domains of the red–green–blue channels and the phase key in the public channel, during the optical retrieval. The physical parameters in the optical system will be regarded as the additional keys for security enhancement. Numerical simulation is performed to test the validity of our scheme.     

A novel blind digital watermarking algorithm for embedding color image into color image

A robust and blind watermarking technique for dual color images is proposed in this paper. According to the energy concentrating feature of DCT, the two-level DCT is introduced and used to embed color watermark image into color host image, which is completely different with the traditional DCT. For reducing the redundancy of watermark information, the original color watermark image is compressed by the proposed compression method. After two-level DCT, nine AC coefficients in different positions of each sub-block are selected and quantified to embed watermark information. Moreover, only the extraction rules are used to extract watermark from the watermarked image without resorting to the original host image or watermark image. Experimental results show that the proposed watermarking algorithm can effectively improve the quality of the watermarked image and the robustness of the embedded watermark against various attacks.     

Optical color image hiding scheme by using Gerchberg–Saxton algorithm in fractional Fourier domain

We proposed an optical color image hiding algorithm based on Gerchberg–Saxton retrieval algorithm in fractional Fourier domain. The RGB components of the color image are converted into a scrambled image by using 3D Arnold transform before the hiding operation simultaneously and these changed images are regarded as the amplitude of fractional Fourier spectrum. Subsequently the unknown phase functions in fractional Fourier domain are calculated by the retrieval algorithm, in which the host RBG components are the part of amplitude of the input functions. The 3D Arnold transform is performed with different parameters to enhance the security of the hiding and extracting algorithm. Some numerical simulations are made to test the validity and capability of the proposed color hiding encryption algorithm.     

A blind dual color images watermarking based on IWT and state coding

In this paper, a state-coding based blind watermarking algorithm is proposed to embed color image watermark to color host image. The technique of state coding, which makes the state code of data set be equal to the hiding watermark information, is introduced in this paper. When embedding watermark, using Integer Wavelet Transform (IWT) and the rules of state coding, these components, R, G and B, of color image watermark are embedded to these components, Y, Cr and Cb, of color host image. Moreover, the rules of state coding are also used to extract watermark from the watermarked image without resorting to the original watermark or original host image. Experimental results show that the proposed watermarking algorithm cannot only meet the demand on invisibility and robustness of the watermark, but also have well performance compared with other proposed methods considered in this work.     

Semi-fragile spatial watermarking based on local binary pattern operators

Local binary pattern (LBP) operators, which measure the local contrast within a pixel's neighborhood, have been successfully applied to texture analysis, visual inspection, and image retrieval. In the paper, we present a novel semi-fragile spatial watermarking method based on LBP operators by using the local pixel contrast for the embedding and extraction of watermarks. We also propose a general framework for multi-level image watermarking. Experimental results show that the proposed watermarking methods are robust against commonly-used image processing operations, such as additive noise, luminance change, contrast adjustment, color balance, and JPEG compression. At the same time, they achieve good invisibility, fragility, and image tamper detection and localization with less computational cost.     

一种结合JPEG压缩编码的彩色图像加密算法

为了研究针对联合图像专家小组压缩标准（joint photographic experts group,JPEG）彩色图像特点的加密算法,综合选择加密和在编码过程中加密两种思路,提出了一种空域和频域结合的加密算法. 首先在空域对8×8分块进行扩散置乱,然后利用边缘检测手段找出包含细节信息较多的重要分块,先加密所有分块中的直流（direct current,DC）系数,再选择重要分块中的一部分交流（alternating current,AC）系数进行加密,最后将分块重要性标记信息嵌入AC系数中进行传输. 通过理论分析和大量实验证明,算法格式兼容,密文图像视觉效果好、色彩分布均匀;算法密钥空间大,密钥敏感性强,安全性良好. 关键词： JPEG彩色图像 边缘检测 选择加密 结合编码加密     

Unsupervised regions of interest extraction for color image compression

A novel unsupervised approach for regions of interest (ROI) extraction that combines the modified visual attention model and clustering analysis method is proposed. Then the non-uniform color image compression algorithm is followed to compress ROI and other regions with different compression ratios through the JPEG image compression algorithm. The reconstruction algorithm of the compressed image is similar to that of the JPEG algorithm. Experimental results show that the proposed method has better performance in terms of compression ratio and fidelity when comparing with other traditional approaches.     

Hybrid encoding method by assembling the magic-matrix scrambling method and the binary encoding method in image hiding

The magic-matrix scrambling method and the binary encoding method are combined to form a hybrid encoding method for hiding digital covert images. For this hybrid encoding method, a covert image is encoded into a host image to form an overt image. First, the magic-matrix scrambling method is used to rearrange all the pixels of the covert image by using a specified magic matrix modified from a magic square to form a scrambled matrix. Then, all the pixels of the scrambled matrix are denoted by binary data. Finally, the binary data are encoded into the host image to form the overt image. The pixels of the overt image contain nine groups of codes used for decoding the covert image, i.e. identification codes, covert-image dimension codes, scrambling-time codes, magic-square dimension codes, corner codes, shifting codes, arrangement codes, graylevel codes, and information codes. The overt image and the host image look almost the same for eyes. Furthermore, the covert image can be decoded directly from the overt image without using the host image. The most important feature is that the decoded covert image is identical to the original covert image, i.e. there is no distortion in the decoding work.     

色彩再现的多光谱图像压缩

针对多光谱图像在色度高保真再现等领域的应用,为提高压缩效率,进一步存储传输,提出了WF系列编码方法,设计了APWS_RA算法,进而提出了一种低复杂度、光照稳定性好且支持跨设备再现的WF_APWS_RA压缩算法。首先研究了现有的基于光谱均方误差的小波嵌入编码原理,提出了色感应失真准则和视觉特性矩阵W;同时,优化了APWS编码算法的码率分配,形成APWS_RA编码算法;最后,结合以上技术,以色度误差准则指导编码,对视觉加权后的多光谱图像数据进行aPWS_rA编码,命名为WF_APWS_RA。WF_APWS_RA算法融合人眼视觉特性矩阵W,利用吸引力传播(Affinity Propagation)聚类挖掘加权图像的谱间冗余,小波变换去除其空间冗余,最后结合误差补偿机制和码率分配策略进行小波编码。实验表明,在相同比特率下,较现有低复杂度经典编码算法,WF系列编码方法能更有效地保留光谱中的色度信息,APWS_RA算法的重建光谱误差最小,WF_APWS_RA算法的重建色度精度优势明显。     

数码相机原理与系统设计研究

介绍了数码相机的工作原理 ,分析了数码相机的系统结构 ,提出了设计数码相机的处理流程。典型的数码相机系统有镜头、闪光灯、光学取景器、LCD显示屏、图像数据存储扩展设备接口、图像数据传输接口、供电系统以及核心处理器等八个主要模块。数码相机的数据流向从图像传感器开始 ,止于图像数据的存储和传输。数据流的处理主要包括模数转换、光学黑电平钳位、针对镜头的边缘畸变的运算修正、坏像素处理、白平衡处理、伽马校正、色彩合成处理、边缘检测 (锐度检测 )和伪彩色检测 (伪彩色抑制 )、JPEG压缩和图像存储器等模块     

A new approach for colored watermarking image into gray scale image using wavelet fusion

With the quick growth of technologies and great spread of the Internet, many challenges face data hiding. Nevertheless, significant data may be protected by burring it in an image as a watermark. This paper shows an efficient data hiding watermarking approach for color image by using singular value decomposition (SVD), multi-level discrete wavelet transform (DWT) and wavelet fusion. The main idea in this work is to separate the color image into its basic components (three channels); red, green, and blue. Then, fuse every channel with an image which is gray scale and integrate the three fused images into one gray scale fused image. Finally, the fused image is burred into a cover gray scale image to produce the watermarked image by using DWT and SVD. The proposed approach evaluation is done by using several images and different hacking on the transmitted image. The experimental results show that the marked images which are generated by the proposed approach are tolerant to versatile attacks such as Gaussian, blur, wrap, and cropping. Above all, the extracted watermark images are recognized even when the watermarked images suffered from attacks.     

Embedding color watermarks in color images based on Schur decomposition

In this paper, a blind dual color image watermarking scheme based on Schur decomposition is introduced. This is the first time to use Schur decomposition to embed color image watermark in color host image, which is different from using the binary image as watermark. By analyzing the 4 × 4 unitary matrix U via Schur decomposition, we can find that there is a strong correlation between the second row first column element and the third row first column element. This property can be explored for embedding watermark and extracting watermark in the blind manner. Since Schur decomposition is an intermediate step in SVD decomposition, the proposed method requires less number of computations. Experimental results show that the proposed scheme is robust against most common attacks including JPEG lossy compression, JPEG 2000 compression, low-pass filtering, cropping, noise addition, blurring, rotation, scaling and sharpening et al. Moreover, the proposed algorithm outperforms the closely related SVD-based algorithm and the spatial-domain algorithm.     

A novel blind color images watermarking based on SVD

Since the color image watermark has more bit information, it is a challenging problem to design a robust and blind color watermarking scheme for copyright protection. In this paper, a blind watermarking scheme based on singular value decomposition (SVD) is proposed. By analyzing the orthogonal matrix U via SVD, it is found that there exists a strong similarity correlation between the second row first column element and the third row first column element. Hence, this paper utilizes this property for image watermarking. Firstly, the 4 × 4 non-overlapping pixels block of each component in color host image is processed by SVD. And then, the color watermark is embedded by slightly modifying the value of the second row first column element and the third row first column one of U matrix, and the modified relation can be utilized to extract watermark. Experimental results, compared with the related existing methods, show that the proposed color image scheme has stronger robustness against most common attacks such as image compression, filtering, cropping, noise adding, blurring, scaling and sharpening et al.     

基于双混沌置乱和扩频调制的彩色图像盲水印算法

提出了一种新的适应彩色图像的盲水印算法,先对宿主图像的绿色分量以8×8像素分块进行离散余弦变换(DCT)变换,用logistic映射生成两个混沌序列,然后用混沌序列置乱加密二值水印图像,并用两个互不相关的伪随机序列扩频调制水印,最后将调制好的水印嵌入到DCT变换域的中频子带系数上,进行分块DCT反变换得到水印化图像.提取水印时,通过比较两个伪随机序列和水印化图像的相关性大小来提取水印,不需要原始图像的参与,为盲提取水印算法.实验结果证明本文算法能有效地抵抗JPEG压缩、加噪、剪切等常见攻击,绿色分量嵌入水印比红色和蓝色分量嵌入水印能更好地抵抗JPEG压缩的攻击.     

基于HVS的小波域信息隐藏方法

为了提高信息隐藏的不可感知性和鲁棒性,结合人眼视觉系统(HVS)的相关知识,提出了一种新的小波域信息隐藏算法。将载体图像的中等亮度区域设为不可用区域,不在该区域隐藏信息,同时选择在载体图像小波变换的高频系数细节子图隐藏信息,并优先选择在对角高频系数细节子图中隐藏。计算局部子块的方差值作为隐藏信息的嵌入系数,并通过计算高频子图的噪声敏感模型ωθ(i,j)决定隐藏信息的位置。充分考虑了人眼的各种视觉掩蔽效应,使得隐藏信息后的结果图像相比隐藏之前没有出现明显的降质。实验结果表明该方法能够有效提高信息隐藏的不可知性,达到了很好的隐藏效果,同时能够有效地抗击噪声、裁剪和压缩等攻击影响,具有很好的鲁棒性,在信息安全领域有较好的应用前景。     

基于HVS的小波变换数字图像水印算法

为实现图像水印在数据认证、访问控制和版权保护等领域发挥作用,提出一种人眼视觉感知特性的小波变换数字图像水印算法。首先对二值图像水印进行Arnold变换,并采用行堆叠的方法,转换成一维序列,然后根据密钥生成的高斯序列中值的正负来确定水印信息嵌入时是采用那种调制方式,最后对原始图像进行3级DWT分解,在小波图像的第二层中频子带中,结合人眼视觉特性将水印正向或负向调制叠加在宿主图像大于JND 值的小波系数上。实验结果表明:该算法能抵抗JPEG压缩、加噪、剪切等多种攻击,具有良好的透明性,鲁棒性和安全性。     

Color image encryption based on interference and virtual optics

We propose two approaches to encrypt color images based on interference and virtual optics. In the first method, a color image is first decomposed into three independent channels, i.e., red, green and blue. Each channel of the input image is encrypted into two random phase-only masks based on interference. In the second method, a color image is first converted into an image matrix and a color map, and only the image matrix is encrypted into random-phase masks based on interference. After the phase masks are retrieved, a concept based on virtual optics is further applied to enhance the security level. Numerical simulations are demonstrated to show the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed methods.     

M-Mode Color Doppler Ultrasonic Imaging of Vertical Tongue Movement During Articulatory Movement

To observe and estimate the movement of the tongue, ultrasonic investigation is the most harmless real-time monitoring procedure for analyzing articulatory movements. Color Doppler ultrasonic imaging is special in that it can only sample a moving target, and it can indicate the velocity and direction of the target by color and brightness in real time. This study assessed and demonstrated the validity of M-mode color Doppler ultrasonic imaging to observe the movements of the tongue during syllable repetition tasks performed by normal subjects and dysarthric patients, those affected by amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, cerebellar ataxia, Parkinsonism, and polymyopathy. When the transducer was set below the jaw, upward movement was indicated by a blue signal and downward movement was indicated by a red one on the screen of the ultrasound machine. We also measured the velocity of the tongue by contrast scale classified by 15 degrees. Thus, we could observe vertical tongue movement by a color-coded pattern after quantitative analysis. The Doppler signal patterns of normal subjects were verified by simultaneous video x-ray fluorography recordings. The findings for dysarthric patients corresponded well with previously reported features analyzed by other methods. Therefore, color Doppler ultrasonic imaging of the tongue is a useful procedure to researchers for clinical speech and voice studies.     

High-efficiency color separation method based on fractional Talbot effect for color liquid crystal display

Based on the fractional Talbot effect of Talbot grating, a new method with high light efficiency for color separation in color liquid crystal displays (LCDs) is proposed. The light efficiency of 85% and 89% are obtained by three- and four-step Talbot gratings, respectively, which are rather higher than that of using color filter, the traditional color separation method in color LCDs. This method has large tolerance to the position error of the color separation plane, the wavelength changes of red, green and blue colors, and the step height errors of the gratings.