Thermal, mechanical, electrical, linear and nonlinear optical properties of a nonlinear optical l-ornithine monohydrochloride single crystal

Optically transparent semiorganic nonlinear optical bulk single crystal of l-ornithine monohydrochloride (LOMHCL) of dimension 11×3×2 mm³ has been grown from its aqueous solution by slow solvent evaporation technique. The grown crystal was characterized by powder X-ray diffraction to confirm the crystal structure. Investigation has been carried out to assign the vibrational frequencies of the grown crystals by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy technique. Thermal behavior of the grown crystals was studied by thermogravimetric analysis. The second harmonic generation (SHG) efficiency of LOMHCL was determined by Kurtz and Perry powder technique. The optical absorption study confirms the suitability of the crystal for device applications. The mechanical properties of the grown crystals have been studied using Vickers microhardness tester. Dielectric and photoconductivity studies are also carried out for the grown samples.     

Effect of urea and thiourea on nonlinear optical hippuric acid crystals

Pure, urea and thiourea doped hippuric acid (HA) single crystals have been grown in acetone using slow evaporation technique at a constant temperature, with the vision to improve the properties of the crystals. The crystal systems and the unit cell parameters of the grown crystals were identified from single crystal X-ray diffraction. The crystalline nature of the grown crystals was confirmed by powder X-ray diffraction and the diffraction peaks were indexed. The variations in composition due to the addition of dopants were identified by CHNS analysis. FT-IR studies reveal the presence of different vibrational bands. The optical characteristics were assessed by UV–vis analysis and it indicates the transmission in the visible region. TGA and DSC studies indicate the thermal behavior of pure and doped crystals. The Second Harmonic Generation (SHG) has been tested using Kurtz Powder Technique for the pure and doped crystals. It is found that the thiourea doped hippuric acid crystals have SHG efficiency of 2.08 times higher than that of potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP) single crystal. The dielectric studies were carried out, and the variations of dielectric constant and dielectric loss with temperature have been studied.     

Studies on the growth aspects and characterization of sodium para-nitro phenolate single crystals for nonlinear optical applications

Using slow evaporation solution growth technique, single crystals of sodium para nitro phenolate have been grown from the solutions prepared from three different molecular ratios of para-nitro phenol and sodium hydroxide. Structural analyses were carried out by powder X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectrum to conform the grown crystals. Thermal stability of the grown crystals was studied by thermogravimetric (TG) and differential thermal analyses (DTA). UV–vis spectral analysis has been carried out to find the cut off wavelength of the grown crystals. Variations in the cut off wavelengths have been observed. Nonlinear optical property has been confirmed by Kurtz powder technique. The observed optical properties have confirmed that the molar concentration of para nitro phenol influenced significantly on the linear and nonlinear optical properties.     

Studies on growth,structural, optical and mechanical properties of xylenol orange dye admixtured l-arginine phosphate single crystal

Bulk single crystals of pure and xylenol orange (XO) admixtured l-arginine phosphate (LAP) were grown by slow cooling technique. The cell parameters and crystallinity of pure and dye admixtured LAP crystals were confirmed by single crystal and powder X-ray diffraction analyses. HRXRD analysis reveals the presence of xylenol orange dye in interstitial site of LAP crystal lattice and it confirms the crystalline perfection of grown crystals. The functional groups of grown crystals were confirmed by FTIR spectral analysis. UV–vis transmission studies show the characteristic absorption of xylenol orange admixtured LAP crystal. Vickers’ microhardness and laser damage threshold studies were carried out on these crystals. Kurtz and Perry powder test was conducted to measure the second harmonic generation efficiency of pure and dye admixtured LAP crystals.     

Investigation on the bulk crystal growth,crystalline perfection,refractive index and piezoelectric properties of borate single crystals for piezoelectric and electro-optic applications

Low solubility potassium pentaborate tetrahydrate (KB5), ammonium pentaborate tetrahydrate (AB5) and mixed (KAB5) single crystals have been grown by the Sankaranarayanan-Ramasamy (SR) method. The crystal structures and space groups have been confirmed by powder XRD analysis. The direction of the grown crystal was confirmed by the back reflection X-ray Laue pattern. The crystalline perfection (CP) of the crystals have been evaluated using HRXRD studies. The transmittance spectra of the grown crystals were recorded by UV–Vis-NIR transmission studies showing that all the crystals have 90% transmittance in the entire visible region and found that the crystals' cut off wavelengths were below 200 nm. The optical studies such as refractive index (RI) and birefringence interferometry (BI) were reported. The RI for five different wavelengths of KB5, AB5 and KAB5 crystals were analyzed using the prism coupling method (PCM). Electromechanical behavior of the grown crystals was observed using piezoelectric coefficient (d₃₃) measurement. Vickers Microhardness (VMH) measurement carried out at 30 °C shows increased hardness as the load increases.     

Synthesis,growth, optical properties of a new metalic crystal

The present fascinating field of research is synthesize, grow, and characterize NLO crystals. Optically good quality single crystals of Potassium Thiourea Carbonate (PTC) crystals have been grown by a slow evaporation method. The grown crystals were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), FTIR, UV–vis, micro hardness, impedence analysis. FTIR studies confirm the functional groups present in the grown crystal. The UV–vis spectrum showed the transmitting ability of the crystals in the visible region. Vickers micro hardness is showed the hardness of the material. The impedence of the crystal for various frequencies is also reported.     

Thermal, optical, mechanical and dielectric properties of nonlinear optical crystal 4-methoxy benzaldehyde-N-methyl 4-stilbazolium tosylate

We have grown organic nonlinear optical 4-methoxy benzaldehyde-N-methyl-4-stilbazolium tosylate (MBST) crystals by slow evaporation technique. The grown crystals were analyzed by powder XRD, FTIR, NMR, UV, Thermal, mechanical and dielectric measurements. Lattice parameters and crystallinity of the crystal is confirmed by the XRD studies. The FTIR and NMR studies give the details about the various functional groups present. In order to study the optical quality of the crystal, the UV-vis absorption spectrum was recorded and cut-off wavelength was determined. Melting point of the crystal is found from the differential scanning calorimetry. The powder SHG studies were done with the Kurtz powder technique and the NLO efficiency is 17.2 times greater than that of urea. The surface of the grown crystal was analyzed with etching. Laser damage threshold studies have been carried out for the crystal using a Q-switched Nd:YAG laser of 10 ns pulses.     

Crystal growth, thermal and optical studies of nonlinear optical material: Glycine potassium sulphate

A new nonlinear optical material glycine potassium sulphate (GPS) has been synthesized and optical quality crystals were grown from aqueous solution. This material has positive temperature coefficient revealed from the solubility studies. The grown crystals were characterized by employing several techniques such as single crystal and powder X-ray diffraction, thermo gravimetric analysis, FTIR and UV-vis-NIR spectra. The etching studies have been done on the (1 0 0) plane of the grown crystal. Preliminary measurements to find second harmonic generation efficiency of GPS has been carried out.     

Studies on optical,mechanical, dielectric properties of bisthiourea nickel bromide NLO single crystal

Bisthiourea nickel bromide (BTNB) single crystal has been grown by solution growth technique at room temperature. The crystal structure and lattice parameters were determined for the grown crystal by single crystal X-ray diffraction studies. Optical constants like band gap, refractive index, reflectance, extinction coefficient and electric susceptibility were determined from UV–vis-NIR spectrum. Nonlinear optical property was discussed to confirm the SHG efficiency of the grown crystal. The mechanical strength of the grown crystal was analyzed using Vickers microhardness tester. The dielectric constant and dielectric loss of bisthiourea nickel bromide are measured in the frequency range of 50 Hz to 5 MHz at different temperatures. The ac conductivity studies were carried out on bisthiourea nickel bromide crystals. In order to investigate the growth mechanism and surface features, etching studies are carried out for the crystal. Photoconductivity studies were carried out on bisthiourea nickel bromide crystals.     

Growth and characterization of bis(thiourea) zinc carbonate (BTZC) a new nonlinear optical material by solution growth slow evaporation technique

A new semi-organic nonlinear optical bis(thiourea) zinc carbonate (BTZC) material has been synthesized. BTZC single crystals were grown from aqueous solution by slow evaporation method. The grown crystals were characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction (XRD), powder XRD, FTIR, UV–visible, thermal, and second harmonic generation (SHG) analysis. Single crystal XRD study has been carried out to identify the lattice parameters. FTIR studies confirm the functional groups present in the grown crystal. Optical transmission studies have confirmed that the grown crystal is highly transparent. Thermo gravimetric and differential thermal analyses reveal the good thermal stability of the material. The SHG conversion efficiency of BTZC was determined using Kurtz powder technique and found 1.3 times more than that of KDP.     

Synthesis,optical, thermal and second harmonic generation studies of pure,urea and thiourea doped organic l-tartaric acid–nicotinamide (LTN) crystals

Nonlinear optical pure, urea and thiourea doped LTN crystals have been successfully grown from aqueous solution using slow evaporation technique. XRD analysis has been carried out to determine the lattice parameters of the pure and doped LTN crystals. The grown crystals were characterized by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential thermal analysis (DTA), energy dispersive x-ray analysis (EDX) analysis and UV–vis–NIR spectroscopy. The fundamental modes of pure and doped crystals have been qualitatively assigned by FTIR analysis. The hardness of the grown crystals has been assessed and the results show the minor variation in the hardness value for the pure and doped LTN samples. Furthermore, second harmonic generation (SHG) measurements conducted indicate that the efficiency of thiourea doped LTN is 4.2 times greater than that of the KDP crystals and is suitable for frequency conversion applications.     

Spectral,Optical and Mechanical studies on pure and thiourea doped ammonium di-hydrogen phosphate NLO single crystals

Pure and thiourea substituted single crystals of ammonium di-hydrogen phosphate have been grown from aqueous solution by isothermal solvent evaporation technique. Doped crystal exhibits prominent changes in physical and chemical properties. Single crystal XRD analyses of the samples are carried out and the results are compared. FTIR and UV–vis–NIR spectral analyses have been employed to identify the presence of various functional groups and the UV cut-off range in the grown crystals. Density measurements have been made and Photoconductivity studies revealed the negative photo conducting nature. Hardness measurement shows that the mechanical strength of the doped crystal is high when compared to pure ammonium di-hydrogen phosphate. The dielectric response of the samples has been studied in the frequency range 100 Hz–5 MHz at room temperature and the results are discussed.     

Studies on the growth,structural, optical,SHG and thermal properties of γ-glycine single crystal: An organic nonlinear optical crystal

Single crystals of the organic nonlinear optical material γ-glycine have been grown in the presence of Zinc sulphate by slow evaporation technique at ambient temperature for the first time. Bulk growth of γ-glycine single crystals was grown by Top-seeded solution growth method. The γ-phase of glycine was confirmed by powder X-ray diffraction and the FTIR analysis. Elemental analysis CHN was performed to confirm the non-inclusion of zinc sulphate species into the solution. Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry study (ICP-OES) was employed to quantify the concentration of Zinc element in the grown γ-glycine single crystals. The optical transmission was ascertained from UV–Vis–NIR spectrum. The optical band gap was estimated for γ-glycine single crystal using UV–Vis–NIR study. Differential scanning calorimetry analysis was employed to explore information about thermal stability, phase transition and melting point of the grown crystal. The second harmonic generation relative efficiency was measured by Kurtz and Perry powder technique.     

Investigation on the growth,optical and thermal studies of a novel organic nonlinear optical crystal: l-Threonine diformate (LTDF)

l-Threonine diformate (LTDF), a novel organic nonlinear optical crystal has been synthesized and grown by slow evaporation technique. The grown crystals were subjected to single crystal and powder X-ray diffraction studies. Functional groups present in the material were identified by FT IR spectral analysis. Absorption spectrum shows that the crystal is found to be transparent in the visible region. Thermal analysis was performed to study the thermal stability of the crystal. The SHG efficiency of the grown crystal was confirmed by Kurtz–Perry powder technique.     

Synthesis-spectroscopic,optical and thermal properties of l-alanine ammonium chloride – A semiorganic crystal

Good quality single crystals of semiorganic nonlinear optical material l-alanine ammonium chloride was grown by slow evaporation technique. The grown crystals were characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction to determine the unit cell parameters. The FTIR spectra were recorded to identify the various functional groups present in the compound. The optical quality of the grown crystal was analyzed by the UV–vis transmission studies. Thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis reveal the good thermal stability of the material. The grown crystals have also been subjected to nonlinear optical property studies.     

Growth and characterization of a pure and doped nonlinear optical l-histidine acetate single crystals

Single crystals of pure, Cu²⁺and Mg²⁺ doped l-histidine acetate (LHA) were grown successfully by slow evaporation technique. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies were carried out for the pure and doped grown crystals. Absorption of these grown crystals was analyzed using UV-vis-NIR studies, and it was found that these crystals possess minimum absorption from 200 nm to 1500 nm. The pure and doped crystals are characterized by Fourier transform Raman (FT-Raman), thermal and photoconductivity studies. Vickers microhardness tests were carried out for the pure and doped crystals and the mechanical strengths were found. The dielectric constant and the dielectric loss with frequency were also studied.     

Linear and nonlinear optical properties of N-(3-nitrophenyl) acetamide single crystals

Optically transparent nonlinear optical bulk single crystal of N-(3-nitrophenyl) acetamide (3NAA) of dimension 7 mm × 6 mm × 5 mm has been grown from its aqueous solution by slow solvent evaporation technique. The grown crystal was characterized by powder X-ray diffraction to confirm the crystal structure. Investigation has been carried out to assign the vibrational frequencies of the grown crystals by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and FT-NMR technique. Thermal behaviour of the grown crystals was studied by thermogravimetric analysis. The second harmonic generation efficiency of 3NAA was determined by Kurtz and Perry powder technique. The optical absorption study confirms the suitability of the crystal for device applications. The mechanical properties of the grown crystals have been studied using Vickers microhardness tester. Dielectric, microhardness and photoconductivity studies also carried out for the grown sample.     

Theoretical and experimental analysis on spectral,hyperpolarizability and dielectric properties of semi-organic nonlinear optical crystal: Potassium boromalate hydrate (PBH)

Semi-organic potassium boromalate hydrate KBC₈H₈O₁₀·H₂O (PBH) salt was synthesized by reflux method and grown as single crystals by slow evaporation technique. The single crystal X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infra red (FT-IR) and Fourier transform Raman spectral analyses were carried out to confirm the grown crystals. The factor group analysis was performed and the possible vibrational modes were predicted for PBH. The first order hyperpolarizability value calculated by quantum chemical calculations is well supported by the results obtained from Kurtz–Perry powder technique. The transparency in the entire blue, green and IR region makes it a valid candidate for the NLO applications. From the dielectric studies it is inferred that conductance predominates at low frequency region due to the exchange of electrical charges at crystal surface which results in the local displacement of electrons in the direction of the applied field.     

Measurement of nonlinear refractive index of pure and doped KTP crystals by Z-scan technique using cw He–Ne Laser

Single crystals of pure, Mo and W doped KTP crystals were grown by flux technique. The grown crystals were subjected to various characterization studies such as EDX, powder XRD, FTIR and UV analysis. The SHG efficiencies of the pure and doped KTP crystals were measured by Kurtz–Perry technique and it was found that the doped KTP crystals exhibit higher values of SHG. Nonlinear refractive indexes were measured on different growth planes of pure and doped crystals by Z-scan method using a cw (continuous wave) He–Ne laser at 632.8 nm. The measured values of nonlinear refraction of different planes were in the order of 10⁻¹² cm²/W.     

Growth aspects,spectral, thermal and hardness studies of rare earth cerium(III)nitrate doped zinc(tris) thiourea sulphate single crystals

Single crystals of pure and cerium(III)nitrate doped zinc(tris) thiourea sulphate (ZTS) were grown from aqueous solution by slow evaporation method. The cell parameters of the grown crystals were determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Powder X-ray diffraction patterns were recorded and indexed for the structural confirmation. The presence of functional group in the compound has been confirmed by FTIR analysis. UV–vis absorption spectrum has been recorded to determine the cut-off wavelength of the crystal. TGA/DTA studies show thermal stability of the grown crystals. SEM-EDX analysis revealed the incorporation of the impurity (Ce³⁺) into ZTS crystals. The microhardness study reveals that the hardness number (H_v) increases with load for all the grown crystals of this work. From the values of work hardening coefficients, it was concluded that pure and cerium nitrate doped ZTS crystals belong to the category of soft materials. The second harmonic generation of cerium(III)nitrate doped ZTS crystals was confirmed by Kurtz–Perry powder method using Nd:YAG laser.