Face recognition based on PCA image reconstruction and LDA

Face recognition has become a research hotspot in the field of pattern recognition and artificial intelligence. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) are two traditional methods in pattern recognition. In this paper, we propose a novel method based on PCA image reconstruction and LDA for face recognition. First, the inner-classes covariance matrix for feature extraction is used as generating matrix and then eigenvectors from each person is obtained, then we obtain the reconstructed images. Moreover, the residual images are computed by subtracting reconstructed images from original face images. Furthermore, the residual images are applied by LDA to obtain the coefficient matrices. Finally, the features are utilized to train and test SVMs for face recognition. The simulation experiments illustrate the effectivity of this method on the ORL face database.     

基于核独立成分分析的人脸识别

研究一种基于核独立成分分析的人脸识别方法。利用支持向量机的核函数思想,将原始人脸图像向量映射到高维特征空间,然后在高维特征空间中进行独立成分分析(ICA),提取非线性独立成分作为特征向量进行分类识别。实验结果表明该方法要比常规的基于ICA和PCA的人脸识别算法的识别率要高。     

A novel virtual samples-based sparse representation method for face recognition

A limited training set usually limits the performance of face recognition in practice. Even sparse representation-based methods which outperform in face recognition cannot avoid such situation. In order to effectively improve recognition accuracy of sparse representation-based methods on a limited training set, a novel virtual samples-based sparse representation (VSSR) method for face recognition is proposed in this paper. In the proposed method, virtual training samples are constructed to enrich the size and diversity of a training set and a sparse representation-based method is used to classify test samples. Extensive experiments on different face databases confirm that VSSR is robust to illumination variations and works better than many representative representation-based face recognition methods.     

基于多尺度特征提取与多元回归分析的人脸识别

为提高人脸识别的正确率,提出了一种改进的特征提取及分类算法。首先采用Contour-let变换对人脸图像进行多尺度分解,然后由低频子带和各尺度各方向的高频子带得到人脸的特征值,并将它们组合成多尺度特征向量,再应用多元回归分析方法进行人脸识别。由于多尺度特征向量不仅反映了整幅图像的全局特征,还反映了图像各种尺度下的边缘、纹理等奇异特征,因此具有更多的鉴别信息;多元回归分析则充分考虑了同一总体的各样本间的强线性关系。在ORL人脸库上的实验显示人脸识别率达97．78％,优于其他的方法。     

基于子空间分析的人脸识别方法研究

人脸识别技术是模式识别和机器视觉领域的一个重要研究方向,在众多人脸识别的算法中,基于子空间分析的特征提取方法以其稳定可靠的识别效果成为了人脸识别中特征提取的主流方法之一。本文对目前应用较多的子空间分析方法进行了研究,具体介绍了线性子空间分析方法：主成分分析（PCA）、线性鉴别分析（LDA）、独立主成分分析（ICA）、快速主成分分析（FastICA）等及非线性子空间分析方法：基于核的PCA （KPCA）等的基本思想及其在人脸识别中的研究进展,包括一些新的研究成果。此外,还应用orl及Yale B人脸库对几个基础的子空间方法进行了验证实验。实验结果表明,在几个子空间分析方法中,FastICA算法取得了最高的识别率。最后结合实验结果对各算法的优缺点进行了分析总结。     

Optimizing Few-Shot Learning Based on Variational Autoencoders

Despite the importance of few-shot learning, the lack of labeled training data in the real world makes it extremely challenging for existing machine learning methods because this limited dataset does not well represent the data variance. In this research, we suggest employing a generative approach using variational autoencoders (VAEs), which can be used specifically to optimize few-shot learning tasks by generating new samples with more intra-class variations on the Labeled Faces in the Wild (LFW) dataset. The purpose of our research is to increase the size of the training dataset using various methods to improve the accuracy and robustness of the few-shot face recognition. Specifically, we employ the VAE generator to increase the size of the training dataset, including the basic and the novel sets while utilizing transfer learning as the backend. Based on extensive experimental research, we analyze various data augmentation methods to observe how each method affects the accuracy of face recognition. The face generation method based on VAEs with perceptual loss can effectively improve the recognition accuracy rate to 96.47% using both the base and the novel sets.     

Kernel-aligned multi-view canonical correlation analysis for image recognition

Existing kernel-based correlation analysis methods mainly adopt a single kernel in each view. However, only a single kernel is usually insufficient to characterize nonlinear distribution information of a view. To solve the problem, we transform each original feature vector into a 2-dimensional feature matrix by means of kernel alignment, and then propose a novel kernel-aligned multi-view canonical correlation analysis (KAMCCA) method on the basis of the feature matrices. Our proposed method can simultaneously employ multiple kernels to better capture the nonlinear distribution information of each view, so that correlation features learned by KAMCCA can have well discriminating power in real-world image recognition. Extensive experiments are designed on five real-world image datasets, including NIR face images, thermal face images, visible face images, handwritten digit images, and object images. Promising experimental results on the datasets have manifested the effectiveness of our proposed method.     

Within-component and between-component discriminant analysis for color face recognition

How to efficiently utilize the color image information and extract effective features is the key of color face recognition. In this paper, we first analyze the similarities between facial color component image samples and their influence on color face recognition. Then we propose a novel color face recognition approach named within-component and between-component discriminant analysis (WBDA), which realizes discriminant analysis not only within each color component but also between different components. Experimental results on the face recognition grand challenge (FRGC) version 2 database demonstrate that the proposed approach outperforms several representative color face recognition methods.     

Nonparametric subspace analysis fused to 2DPCA for face recognition

Two-dimensional principal component analysis (2DPCA) is one of the representative techniques for image representation and recognition. However, keen storage requirements and computational complexity consist in 2DPCA. Meanwhile, the performance of 2DPCA is delicate in illumination variations. Nonparametric subspace analysis (NSA) is a subspace learning method that can reduce dimensionality and identify local information for discrimination, so that it can make 2DPCA perform well in illumination. Motivated by above facts, 2DPCA fused with NSA is implemented for face recognition, which can reduce dimensions of the 2DPCA feature vectors and enhance the contribution of principal components to face recognition. Experiments carried out on ORL, Yale B, and FERET facial databases show that valid recognition rates can be achieved by the proposed method compared to 2DPCA, 2DPCA plus PCA, LDA methods and demonstrate promising abilities against illumination variations.     

A novel local PCA-based method for detecting activation signals in fMRI.

A novel local principal component analysis (LPCA) technique is presented for activation signal detection in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) without explicit knowledge about the shape of the model activation signal. Unlike the traditional PCA methods, our LPCA algorithm is based on a measure of separation between two clusters formed by the signal segments in active periods and inactive periods, which is computed in an eigen-subspace. In addition, we only applied PCA to the temporal sequence of each individual voxel instead of applying PCA to the fMRI data set. In our algorithm, we first applied a linear regression procedure to alleviate the baseline drift artifact. Then, the baseline-corrected temporal signals were partitioned into active and inactive segments according to the paradigm used for the fMRI data acquisition. Principal components were computed from all these segments for each voxel by PCA. By projecting the segments of each voxel onto a linear subspace formed by the corresponding most dominant principal components, two separate clusters were formed from active and inactive segments. An activation measure was defined based on the degree of separation between these two clusters in the projection space. We show experimental results on the activation signal detection from various sets of fMRI data with different types of stimulation by using the proposed LPCA algorithm and the standard t-test method for comparison. Our experiments indicate that the LPCA algorithm in general provides substantial signal-to-noise ratio improvement over the t-test method.     

基于自适应径向基神经网络的类星体光谱自动识别方法

通过对光谱的研究来识别和认证类星体是天文学研究中的重要方法。文章提出了一种对类星体光谱进行自动识别的自适应径向基神经网络(RBFN)方法。该方法包括以下几个步骤: (1)先将训练样本归一化,再利用PCA变换进行降维,获得样本特征向量; (2)设计出K均值聚类算法与梯度下降法相结合的径向基神经网络结构的基本模型,再用SSE(sum of squares error)误差函数进行判断,对RBFN隐含层的神经元进行自动调节,直至满足给定误差阈值; (3)用训练得到的参数对用于测试的样本中的类星体光谱进行识别。该方法不但克服了经典RBFN算法选择隐层神经元数目的困难,而且还提高了对类星体识别的稳定性和正确率。研究结果对于大型光谱巡天所产生的海量数据的自动处理具有重要意义。     

Object tracking based on two-dimensional PCA

In this paper, we present a novel object tracking method based on two-dimensional PCA. The low quality of images and the changes of the object appearance are very challenging for the object tracking. The representation of the training features is usually used to solve these challenges. Two-dimensional PCA (2DPCA) based on the image covariance matrix is constructed directly using the original image matrices. An appearance model is presented and its likelihood estimation has been established based on 2DPCA representation in this paper. Compared with the state-of-the-art methods, our method has higher reliability and real-time property. The performances of the proposed tracking method are quantitatively and qualitatively shown in experiments.     

Fingerprint image enhancement using data driven Directional Filter Bank

A new method based upon data driven tool, principal component analysis (PCA), for fingerprint enhancement is proposed in this paper. PCA is a very useful statistical technique that has found application in many different fields like image compression, face recognition and is commonly used for finding patterns in data of high dimension. In the proposed method, the input image is first decomposed into directional images using decimation free Directional Filter Bank (DDFB). Then these directional images are normalized. A data driven technique PCA is applied to these normalized directional fingerprint images, which gives the PCA filtered images. These are basically directional images. Then these directional images are reconstructed into one image which is the enhanced one. Simulation results are included illustrating the capability of the proposed method.     

A sparse representation method based on kernel and virtual samples for face recognition

To improve the classification accuracy of face recognition, a sparse representation method based on kernel and virtual samples is proposed in this paper. The proposed method has the following basic idea: first, it extends the training samples by copying the left side of the original training samples to the right side to form virtual training samples. Then the virtual training samples and the original training samples make up a new training set and we use a kernel-induced distance to determine M nearest neighbors of the test sample from the new training set. Second, it expresses the test sample as a linear combination of the selected M nearest training samples and finally exploits the determined linear combination to perform classification of the test sample. A large number of face recognition experiments on different face databases illustrate that the error ratios obtained by our method are always lower more or less than face recognition methods including the method mentioned in Xu and Zhu [21], the method proposed in Xu and Zhu [39], sparse representation method based on virtual samples (SRMVS), collaborative representation based classification with regularized least square (CRC_RLS), two-phase test sample sparse representation (TPTSSR), and the feature space-based representation method.     

Producing virtual face images for single sample face recognition

For single sample face recognition, there are limited training samples, so the traditional face recognition methods are not applicable to this problem. In this paper we propose to combine two methods to produce virtual face images for single sample face recognition. We firstly use a symmetry transform to produce symmetrical face images. We secondly use the linear combination of two samples to generate virtual samples. As a result, we convert the special single sample problem into a non-single sample problem. We then use the 2DPCA method to extract features from the samples and use the nearest neighbor classifier to perform classification. Experimental results show that the proposed method can effectively improve the recognition rate of single sample face recognition.     

Thermal 3D modeling system based on 3-view geometry

In this paper, we propose a novel thermal three-dimensional (3D) modeling system that includes 3D shape, visual, and thermal infrared information and solves a registration problem among these three types of information. The proposed system consists of a projector, a visual camera and, a thermal camera (PVT). To generate 3D shape information, we use a structured light technique, which consists of a visual camera and a projector. A thermal camera is added to the structured light system in order to provide thermal information. To solve the correspondence problem between the three sensors, we use three-view geometry. Finally, we obtain registered PVT data, which includes visual, thermal, and 3D shape information. Among various potential applications such as industrial measurements, biological experiments, military usage, and so on, we have adapted the proposed method to biometrics, particularly for face recognition. With the proposed method, we obtain multi-modal 3D face data that includes not only textural information but also data regarding head pose, 3D shape, and thermal information. Experimental results show that the performance of the proposed face recognition system is not limited by head pose variation which is a serious problem in face recognition.     

基于NIR分析和模式识别技术的玉米种子识别系统

模式识别技术及数据挖掘方法已成为化学计量学的研究热点。近红外(NIR)光谱分析以其快速、简便、非破坏性等优势广泛应用于光谱信号的处理和分析模型的建立。文章基于五种不同的模式识别方法:局部线性嵌入(LLE),小波变换(WT),主成分分析(PCA),偏最小二乘(PLS)和支持向量机(SVM),利用NIR技术建立了玉米种子的模式识别系统,并将其应用于108玉米杂交种和母本178种子的近红外光谱样品。首先利用LLE,WT,PCA,PLS进行消噪或降维,然后运用SVM进行分类识别,而一模支持向量机(1-norm SVM)算法直接进行分类识别。三个不同NIR光谱范围的数值实验显示:PCA+SVM,LLE+SVM,PLS+SVM识别效果甚佳,而WT+SVM和1-norm SVM方法也有较高的分类精度。实验结果表明了本文提出方法的可行性和有效性,为利用近红外光谱和模式识别技术进行种子识别研究提供了理论依据和实用方法。     

基于非参数回归与Adaboost的恒星光谱自动分类方法

通过对恒星光谱进行分析可以研究银河系的演化与结构等科学问题,光谱分类是恒星光谱分析的基本任务之一。提出了一种结合非参数回归与Adaboost对恒星光谱进行MK分类的方法,将恒星按光谱型和光度型进行分类,并识别其光谱型的次型。恒星光谱的光谱型及其次型代表了恒星的表面有效温度,而光度型则代表了恒星的发光强度。在同一种光谱型下,光度型反映了谱线形状细节的变化,因此光度型的分类必须在光谱型分类基础上进行。本文把光谱型的分类问题转化为对类别的回归问题,采用非参数回归方法进行恒星光谱型和光谱次型的分类;基于Adaboost方法组合一组K近邻分类器进行光度型分类,Adaboost将一组弱分类器加权组合产生一个强分类器,提升光度型的识别率。实验验证了所提出分类方法的有效性,光谱次型识别的精度达到0.22,光度型的分类正确率达到84%以上。实验还对比了两种KNN方法与Adaboost方法的光度型分类,结果表明,利用KNN方法对光度型分类精度低,而基于弱分类器KNN的Adaboost方法将识别率大幅提升。     

基于NIR分析和模式识别技术的玉米种子识别系统

模式识别技术及数据挖掘方法已成为化学计量学的研究热点。近红外(NIR)光谱分析以其快速、简便、非破坏性等优势广泛应用于光谱信号的处理和分析模型的建立。基于五种不同的模式识别方法:局部线性嵌入(LLE),小波变换(WT),主成分分析(PCA),偏最小二乘(PLS)和支持向量机(SVM),利用NIR技术建立了玉米种子的模式识别系统,并将其应用于108玉米杂交种和母本178种子的近红外光谱样品。首先利用LLE,WT,PCA,PLS进行消噪或降维,然后运用SVM进行分类识别,而一模支持向量机(1-normSVM)算法直接进行分类识别。三个不同NIR光谱范围的数值实验显示:PCA+SVM,LLE+SVM和PLS+SVM识别效果甚佳,而WT+SVM和1-norm SVM方法也有较高的分类精度。实验结果表明了本文提出方法的可行性和有效性,为利用近红外光谱和模式识别技术进行种子识别研究提供了理论依据和实用方法。     

A novel method for recognizing face with partial occlusion via sparse representation

In this paper, we propose a novel method to recognize the partially occluded face images based on sparse representation. Generally, occlusions, such as glasses and scarf, fall on some random patch of image's pixels of test images, but which is known to be connected. In our method, all images are divided into several blocks and then an indicator based on linear regression technique is presented to determine whether a block is occluded. We utilize those uncontaminated blocks as the new feature of an image. Finally, the sparse representation-based classification (SRC) method serves as the classifier to recognize unknown faces. In the original work of SRC, the extended SRC (eSRC) scheme is presented to deal with occlusions, which has very heavy computational cost. The experimental results show that our method can achieve good recognition accuracy and has much lower computational cost than eSRC.