用高亮度LED和线阵CCD在线自动测量溶液浓度

根据溶液浓度和折射率的对应关系及几何光学原理,利用CCD传感器的光电转换、信号存储、信号转移和信号读出等功能,可实现对溶液浓度的在线自动检测。为了提高测量精度,对测量系统的各组成部分进行了优化设计。通过对水和蔗糖溶液的多次测量,证明系统具有较好的重复性,稳定性和方便性,具有测量精度高,在线自动检测,非接触测量等特点。     

基于支持度变换和top-hat分解的双色中波红外图像融合

为了解决用多尺度top-hat分解法融合双色中波红外图像时经常存在对比度提升有限、边缘区域失真较重的问题,提出了基于支持度变换和top-hat分解相结合的融合方法。先用支持度变换法将双色中波图像分解为低频图像和支持度图像序列;再从最后一层低频图像中用多尺度top-hat分解法提取各自的亮信息和暗信息;用灰度值取大法分别融合亮信息和暗信息;通过灰度值归一化和高斯滤波分别增强亮、暗信息融合图像;然后融合两低频图像和亮、暗信息增强图像;将融合图像作为新的低频图像和用灰度值取大法融合得到的支持度融合图像序列进行支持度逆变换,得到最终融合图像。该方法的实验结果同采用单一的支持度变换法融合和多尺度top-hat分解法融合相比,融合图像的对比度提升了11.69%,失真度降低了63.42%,局部粗糙度提高了38.12%。说明提出的从低频图像提取亮暗信息,并经过分别融合、增强,再与低频图像进行融合,能有效破解红外融合图像对比度提升和边缘区域失真度降低之间的矛盾,为提高图像融合质量提供了新方法。     

微光像增强器近贴距离在线测试方法研究

鉴于近贴距离尤其第一近贴距离是影响分辨力最重要的因素,提出一种新的微光像增强器近贴距离在线测试方法。应用平行平板电容器原理,通过测量阴极面和微通道板输入面之间的电容值来测量第一近贴距离。利用多组电容值和第一近贴距拟合出二者的函数关系式,通过精度分析,对函数关系式进行了修订及验证,测量最大偏差11.9%,满足精度要求。借助在线监控测试第一近贴距离,使压封过程处于受控状态,以便实现近贴距离的精密调控,达到提高微光像增强器分辨力的目的。该方法可推广到其他小间距的在线监控测试。     

基于透射光谱的水体含沙量在线监测技术研究

水体含沙量监测一直是水文观测及水中建设施工的重要观测内容,实时有效地监测水体含沙量具有重要实际价值。传统人工测量方法效率低下,无法实时监测,基于超声波等仪器监测方法虽可实现水体含沙量的实时测量,但在安全性、稳定性和测量范围上各有缺点。而基于光谱法进行物质含量监测的技术具有快速、无损、精确高效等优点,近年来被广泛应用于各领域,为水体含沙量在线监测技术提供新的思路与方法。但直接透射光谱法易受光源的不稳定和外界的杂散光的干扰,产生光谱噪声,同时由于仪器设备的光强饱和度,其测量量程存在限制。基于此,重点研究直接透射光谱噪声处理和多段标定技术,设计了一种基于透射光谱的水体含沙量快速大量程在线监测系统。首先基于朗伯-比尔基本定律理论分析水体含沙量与透射光强度之间的关系,然后利用比色皿支架实验室搭建了水体含沙量监测试验系统,配制不同含沙比例的标准溶液,进行强度-含沙量实际相关度标定测试。为克服光谱噪声影响,采用小波阈值去噪算法对原始透射光谱进行预处理,使用sym7小波基,极小极大阈值选择规则和7次小波分解次数,消除光谱噪声;设置不同积分时长,采用多段标定的方式实现了从4%到22%含沙量的大量程测量,并在算法中实现标定函数与测量量程自动匹配。结果表明标定曲线R平方值均在0.99以上,线性度良好,与理论相符合。最后对设计的水体含沙量在线监测系统进行实际精度测试,结果表明在大量程测量范围的测量误差均控制在0.4%以下,全量程误差均值为0.173%,误差标准差为0.115%,可满足工程实际需求。因此提出一种大量程的水体含沙量在线监测系统,并试验验证了系统测量准确度,可以用于水体含沙量实时在线监测。     

On-line Measurement of Solids Concentration or the Mean Particle Size in a Saturated Slurry Containing Background Particles Using a Turbidity Method

An on-line double-sensor turbidimeter for estimating the solids concentration or the mean particle size in a saturated slurry system in the presence of foreign insoluble particles is proposed. The correlation representing the operation of the double-sensor turbidimeter for on-line implementation is also developed. The technique relies on measuring the transmittance of an infrared light beam through the suspension, once in the presence of soluble particles and a second time when the soluble particles have completely dissolved. The device can be easily implemented on a crystallization system for monitoring and control applications. The maximum errors for solids concentration and mean particle size measurements were 13% and 7%, respectively.     

Investigating laser rapid manufacturing for Inconel-625 components

This paper presents an investigation of laser rapid manufacturing (LRM) for Inconel-625 components. LRM is an upcoming rapid manufacturing technology, it is similar to laser cladding at process level with different end applications. In general, laser-cladding technique is used to deposit materials on the substrate either to improve the surface properties or to refurbish the worn out parts, while LRM is capable of near-net shaping the components by layer-by-layer deposition of the material directly from CAD model. In the present study, a high-power continuous wave (CW) CO₂ laser system, integrated with a co-axial powder-feeding system and a three-axis workstation were used. The effect of processing parameters during LRM of Inconel-625 was studied and the optimum set of parameters for the maximum deposition rate was established employing Orthogonal L9 array of Taguchi technique. Results indicated that the powder feed rate and the scan speed contributed about 56% and 26%, respectively to the deposition rate, while the influence of laser power was limited to 10% only. Fabricated components were subjected to non-destructive testing (like—ultrasonic testing, dye-penetrant testing), tensile testing, impact testing, metallographic examinations and micro-hardness measurement. The test results revealed defect-free material deposition with improved mechanical strength without sacrificing the ductility.     

超声波多次回波反射法测量油料密度技术研究*

该文通过同时测量油料的声阻抗和声速来测量油料的密度。通过对超声波在不锈钢壁内的多次反射回波信号作快速傅里叶变换,取各次回波信号中心频率下的幅值在对数坐标系下作数据拟合,由拟合曲线斜率并结合多次反射理论求得油料的声阻抗;测量由聚苯乙烯壁面反射回来的二次回波信号计算油料的声速。实验中将温度控制在20?C,测量了8种油料的声阻抗和声速,进而求出8种油料的密度。实验结果表明8种油料密度测量结果的最大误差为1.2%。该方法适合油料密度在线、快速、准确测量。     

Cr(VI) adsorption mechanism on rice husk ash burned at low temperature by method of IR spectra

Boehm titration method was used to analyze functional groups on cell surface of rice husk ash burned at low temperature in the present paper. Effects of initial pH value and temperature on Cr(VI) adsorption were studied, adsorption capacity was tested with the help of kinetic models and adsorption isotherms, instruments of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) were used to check characteristics and adsorption mechanism of Cr(VI). The results indicated that optimal removing rate was achieved at initial pH value 5, and pH values of aqueous solution changed little be fore and after adsorption process. The adsorbent of rice husk ash could remove Cr(VI) effectively, and the maximum removing rate could be 95% with Cr(VI) concentration 20 mg x L(-1) and achieve 1-2 level of state standard(GB8978-1996). The adsorption process fits pseudo-second-order kinetic model and Langmuir isotherm better, the maximum adsorption capacity of Cr(VI) was 3.2776 mg x g(-1). Results of FTIR showed that amide II band, Si--O--Si, O--Si--O were important for Cr(VI) removal. SEM micrographs revealed that series of needle-shaped precipitation appeared on cell surface, and inorganic precipitation mechanism and redox mechanism might work in the test. As a kind of low cost adsorbent, rice husk ash can be applied to remove heavy metals in environment with great potential.     

红外光谱法研究低温焚烧稻壳灰对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附机理

采用Boehm滴定法量化了低温焚烧稻壳灰表面官能团,考察了溶液初始pH值和温度对吸附效能的影响,借助动力学方程和吸附等温线,研究了稻壳灰对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附性能,利用红外图谱、扫描电镜表征了稻壳灰的表面形貌和吸附机理。结果表明：在pH值为5时,稻壳灰对Cr(Ⅵ)取得最优去除效果,吸附前后溶液pH值变化很小。稻壳灰对Cr(Ⅵ)有较强的去除能力,对于20 mg·L-1的Cr(Ⅵ)溶液,最高去除率能达到95%左右,达到《污水综合排放标准GB8978—1996》1～2级标准。吸附过程能更好地符合准二级反应动力学方程和Langmuir等温线方程,饱和吸附容量可达3.277 6 mg·g-1。红外光谱表明酰胺Ⅱ带、Si—O—Si、O—Si—O等在Cr(Ⅵ)吸附过程中可能有重要贡献。扫描电镜图片表明吸附Cr(Ⅵ)后,稻壳灰表面分布有众多的光亮沉积物,有条带状或不规则点斑出现,推测无机微沉淀和氧化还原机理在吸附过程中起重要作用。稻壳灰是一种价格低廉、有应用潜力的高效吸附剂,可以用于水体重金属污染的治理修复。     

Increasing stability and transport efficiency of supported liquid membranes through a novel ultrasound-assisted preparation method. Its application to cobalt(II) removal

A novel ultrasound assisted method for preparing supported liquid membranes is described in this paper. The stability and efficiency of the supported liquid membrane obtained was tested by removing cobalt(II) from aqueous solutions through a facilitated countertransport mechanism using CYANEX 272 as carrier and protons as counterions. The results are compared with those obtained using supported liquid membranes prepared by soaking the polymeric material in the organic solution of the carrier at atmospheric pressure and under vacuum, both for 24 h. Higher transport efficiency (>5%), flux (～18%), permeability (～20%) and stability (>6% in the second run and ～10% in the third run) were obtained by the supported liquid membrane prepared using the ultrasound assisted method. These findings can be explained by the effects of cavitation and acoustical streaming – which result from the ultrasound passing through the organic solution of the extractant – on the porous structure of the polymer support and on the pore filling.     

柔性ITO衬底电化学沉积制备Cu/Cu2O薄膜

研究了使用电化学沉积法于碱性条件下在柔性ITO衬底上制备Cu/Cu₂O薄膜的方法。循环伏安曲线表明Cu₂O与Cu的阴极峰分别位于-500 mV(vs Ag/AgCl)和-800 mV(vs Ag/AgCl)附近。利用循环伏安法考察了生长温度和电解液pH值等对Cu₂O与Cu阴极峰电位的影响,阴极峰随生长温度的升高以及pH值的降低而略向阳极移动,沉积电流也随之相应增大。与弱酸性条件相比,上述两个阴极峰随pH值升高而移动的程度明显减小,这可能与碱性条件下C₃H₆O电离程度增大以及C₃H₆O根作为配体的过量程度有关。通过X射线衍射光谱和扫描电子显微镜的表征证实,在所研究的生长温度区间和pH值内可利用电化学沉积法在柔性ITO衬底上制备Cu/Cu₂O纳米混晶薄膜。在相同的生长温度和pH条件下,电化学沉积电位对样品表面形貌和晶体性质具有较大影响。     

Fusion of infrared polarization and intensity images using support value transform and fuzzy combination rules

Infrared polarization and intensity imagery provide complementary and discriminative information in image understanding and interpretation. In this paper, a novel fusion method is proposed by effectively merging the information with various combination rules. It makes use of both low-frequency and high-frequency images components from support value transform (SVT), and applies fuzzy logic in the combination process. Images (both infrared polarization and intensity images) to be fused are firstly decomposed into low-frequency component images and support value image sequences by the SVT. Then the low-frequency component images are combined using a fuzzy combination rule blending three sub-combination methods of (1) region feature maximum, (2) region feature weighting average, and (3) pixel value maximum; and the support value image sequences are merged using a fuzzy combination rule fusing two sub-combination methods of (1) pixel energy maximum and (2) region feature weighting. With the variables of two newly defined features, i.e. the low-frequency difference feature for low-frequency component images and the support-value difference feature for support value image sequences, trapezoidal membership functions are proposed and developed in tuning the fuzzy fusion process. Finally the fused image is obtained by inverse SVT operations. Experimental results of visual inspection and quantitative evaluation both indicate the superiority of the proposed method to its counterparts in image fusion of infrared polarization and intensity images.     

Laser marking of a laminated surface characterized by an optodynamic method

Marking plain surfaces using laser ablation is widely used in a serial production. However, during a laser marking of small laminated surfaces, a problem arises as a consequence of the gaps between the laminations; this tends to decrease the efficiency of the process. Therefore, a real-time measuring method that can be implemented in an industrial system for laser processing is required. In this contribution, we describe an optodynamic method for the on-line characterization of pulsed-laser marking of a laminated surface. The processing-laser beam generates an optodynamic response, i.e., the shock waves, which then spread into the surrounding gas. By using a laser-beam-deflection probe, the analysis of the obtained signals indirectly enables the real-time monitoring of the surface structure. Evaluation of the results obtained by our on-line measuring method is made by two techniques: non-destructive microscopy with extended depth of field and destructive cross-section measurements with optical microscopy. The performed experiments demonstrate that the established experimental system can simultaneously detect the changes in the laser-marking process. Furthermore, it can provide the position and the size of a gap as well as the orientation and the inclination of the samples.     

Nanocrystalline soft ferromagnetic Ni-Co-P thin film on Al alloy by low temperature electroless deposition

Soft ferromagnetic ternary Ni-Co-P films were deposited onto Al 6061 alloy from low temperature Ni-Co-P electroless plating bath. The effect of deposition parameters, such as time and pH, on the plating rate of the deposit were examined. The results showed that the plating rate is a function of pH bath and the highest coating thickness can be obtained at pH value from 8 to10. The surface morphology, phase structure and the magnetic properties of the prepared films have been investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) and vibrating magnetometer device (VMD), respectively. The deposit obtained at optimum conditions showed compact and smooth with nodular grains structure and exhibited high magnetic moments and low coercivety. Potentiodynamic polarization corrosion tests were used to study the general corrosion behavior of Al alloys, Ni-P and Ni-Co-P coatings in 3.5% NaCl solution. It was found that Ni-Co-P coated alloy demonstrated higher corrosion resistance than Ni-P coating containing same percent of P due to the Co addition. The Ni-Co-P coating with a combination of high corrosion resistance, high hardness and excellent magnetic properties would be expected to enlarge the applications of the aluminum alloys.     

潜在低秩表示框架下基于卷积神经网络结合引导滤波的红外与可见光图像融合

为提高融合图像的可视性,解决传统红外与可见光图像融合算法中存在的边缘特征缺失、细节模糊的问题,提出了一种潜在低秩表示框架下基于卷积神经网络结合引导滤波的红外与可见光图像融合算法。该算法首先利用潜在低秩表示对源图像进行分解,得到源图像的低秩分量和显著分量。其次,利用卷积神经网络根据源图像的特征信息,得到权值图。再次,通过引导滤波算法对权值图进行边缘锐化,然后再将优化后的权值图分别与源图像的低秩分量和显著分量融合,得到融合图像的低秩分量和显著分量。最后,将融合图像的低秩分量和显著分量叠加,得到最终的融合图像。实验结果表明,该算法在主观评价和客观指标上均优于传统的红外与可见光图像融合算法。     

广范pH试纸的荧光pH传感特性及应用

对广范pH试纸在pH值2.2~12.5范围内的荧光特性及基于试纸荧光的pH传感系统进行了探索。检测了不同pH缓冲液中浸渍过并晾干的pH试纸的光致发光,并分析了试纸荧光光谱的谱峰频移以及谱带重心频移。实验结果表明,pH试纸的荧光在实验pH区间的变化有明确的规律性,其中在弱酸碱性的pH值（4.0~9.0）范围内,谱带重心λ_B随pH值近似线性变化,相应的经验传感方程为λ_B=603.8-4.09pH。以pH为7对应的荧光谱带重心作参考,其相对灵敏度为0.71%/pH,实验系统的pH分辨力约为0.4。用该实验系统实际测试了稀的尿素水溶液及自来水的pH值,与商用电化学式pH计的结果一致,验证了实验方法及传感系统的通用性、实用性。该实验为pH检测提供了一种较比色读数更加精确客观、成本低廉、数据可靠、样品可保存可追溯的传感方法及测试系统。该系统还可以弥补广范pH试纸不能准确测试弱酸弱碱的不足。     

A visual sensing system for measuring parts deformation and misalignments in flexible parts assembly

Flexible parts compared with rigid parts can be deformed by contact force during assembly. For successful assembly, information about their deformation as well as possible misalignments between mating parts is essential. However, because of the nonlinear and complex relationship between parts deformation and reaction forces, it is difficult to acquire all the required information from the reaction forces alone. In this paper, we propose a visual sensing system for measuring parts deformation in any direction and misalignments in flexible parts assembly. This proposed system is composed of a camera and a series of mirrors, and it can overcome those self-occlusions in which a hole is occluded by mating parts. We present an algorithm that can measure parts deformation and misalignments. Simulation results show that the system is effective in measuring parts deformation and misalignments, thereby dramatically increasing the rate of success in assembly operations.     

光象散法测量溶液浓度的研究

本文报道一种用光象散技术测量溶液浓度的新方法。给出其理论解析、测量原理、系统构成与实验结果。从理论研究与初步实验结果表明,本方法用于自动测量溶液浓度有好的可行性与实用性,亦可作为在线监测。     

一种252Cf裂变中子源的中子、γ射线飞行时间谱测量新方法

 针对²⁵²Cf快中子、γ射线的飞行时间谱测量要求,提出并建立一种基于高速数据采集卡的新型测量系统。采用1 GHz高速A/D转换单元和现场可编程门阵列高速处理单元,进行脉冲时间序列的在线检测,时间精度为1 ns。使用相关函数法,通过PC机的数据处理、互相关函数计算和数值统计等实现中子、γ射线飞行时间谱的测量。实验结果表明,该系统可以获得²⁵²Cf自发裂变中子源的中子、γ射线飞行时间谱,与经典的飞行时间谱测量方法相比较,其图谱表达及数值结果有着很高的吻合度。     

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Polycrystalline silicon thin film formation from inductively coupled plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition system was studied. The dilution effect of H₂ on film deposition was discussed. The X-ray diffractometry, Raman spectra and scanning electron microscope measurement were carried out to analyze the influence of H₂ on the microstructures and the topography of polycrystalline silicon thin films. The optimum conditions for polycrystalline silicon thin films deposition were also discussed. The results indicated that polycrystalline silicon thin films with columnar structure crystals were fabricated on glass substrate. The deposition rate exhibited monotonic increase with Silane ratio R, a maximum deposition rate of 0.65nm⋅s^-1 was obtained. However, the crystal volume fraction of polycrystalline silicon thin films initially increased from 60.5% to 67.3%, and then slightly decreased with the increase of R. Therefore, the crystal has a maximum value of 67.3% at R=4.8%. The polycrystalline silicon thin films had a compact and well-arranged structure at this ratio. This structure can also increase carrier mobility and improve the efficiency of solar cells.