小儿癫痫与血清锌、铜关系探讨

探讨小儿癫痫与血清锌、铜的关系．结果表明：癫痫患儿与正常儿童比较，血清锌无显著性差异.血清铜有非常显著性差异癫痫类型中大发作及癫痫并智力低下儿童，缺锌明显.与正常儿童比较有显著性差异．提示治疗癫痫大发作及并智力低下患儿，在抗癫痫治疗同时,补充含锌制剂.     

复发口疮治疗前后血清SOD,MDA等改变研究

选取了３５例ＲＡＵ患者与３０例正常对照，作锌、铁制剂辅助中草药雷公藤、丹参片治疗前后血清ＳＯＤ、ＭＤＡ的改变，实验组与对照组有显著性差异（Ｐ〈０．０１），治疗前后对比又有显著性差异（Ｐ〈０．０１）。而ＰＥＧ－ＣＩＣ的改变，实验组比对照组有显著性增高（Ｐ〈０．０１），治疗前后对比又有显著性差异（Ｐ〈０．０１）。     

2283例儿童发锌测定结果分析

于1995年5至6月，对本地区城乡部分幼儿园儿童进行发锌测定，共测定2283人。缺锌率57．8％，与1992年对比，有着显著性差异，结果表明，儿童缺锌与城乡差别无关。与年龄有一定的关系。但男女之间有显著性的差异，并有上升的趋向。     

脑血管疾病与慢支肺气肿或并感染患者的头发微量元素测定与讨论

对４６例脑血管疾病、５３例慢支肺气肿或并感染患者进行了头发微量元素的测定及讨论。每组病例铜的含量均低于广州地区正常值，且有高度显著性差异（Ｐ〈０．０１），但脑疾患、肺疾患组铜含量相比较无显著性差异（Ｐ〉０．０５），未看出铜与不同病种的特异性关系。锌含量每组均数都低于广州地区正常值，但只有女性有显著性差异（脑病组Ｐ〈０．０１，肺病组０．０１〈Ｐ〈０．０５），而女性脑病组与肺病组间无显著性差异（Ｐ〉０     

8种花岗岩金属元素含量测定及比较研究

报道了８种花岗岩的金属元素含量，并比较了不同品种花岗岩的金属元素含量的差异，结果发现它们分别呈现非常显著性差异，显著性差异和无显著性差异。花岗岩中铅的含量很高，镉的含量也较高，故使用时应加以注意。     

慢性肺心病患者血清Cu,Zn及Cu/Zn比值的分析研究

分析了65例慢性肺心病患者血清Cu,Zn的含量及Cu/Zn比值，并与健康对照组比较。结果显示，慢性肺心病患者组血清Zn的含量与健康对照组比较有高度显著性差异（P＜0．01），Cu的含是有显著性差异（P＜0．05），Cu/Zn比值有显著性差异（P＜0．05）。提示慢性肺心病与微量元素Cu、Zn元素的含量变化有一定的关系，为研究元素医学与治疗慢性肺心病提供了必要的依据。     

支气管灌洗液中铜锌含量及铜／锌比值的观察

用原子吸收光谱法检测了肺癌患者灌洗液中铜、锌含量及铜／锌比值。结果表明：中央型肺癌组与肺部良性疾病组比较均有极显著差异；与周围型比较，铜、铜／锌具有显著性差异；而周围型肺癌组与良性组比较，除铜／锌比值有显著性差异，Ｃｕ、Ｚｎ均无统计学意义差异。     

过敏性哮喘患者血清中镉铅铍含量的探讨

３４例过敏性哮喘患者血清中镉，铅，铍的含量与对照组比较，研究结果揭示：（１）铍的含量明显升高，差异有高度显著性，Ｐ〈０．０１；（２）镉和铅的含量明显下降，差异有高度显著性，Ｐ〈０．０１。     

胃癌病人发微量元素测定及其临床意义

对４３例胃癌病人测定了发中Ｚｎ、Ｃｕ、Ｆｅ、Ｍｎ、Ｃａ、Ｍｇ六种元素，结果：胃癌组发中Ｃｕ、Ｆｅｘ±ＳＤ值较健康对照组升高，Ｐ＜０．０５，有显著性差异．Ｚｎ、Ｃａ、Ｍｇｘ±ＳＤ值较健康组降低，Ｐ＜０．０５、＜０．０１、＜０．０１，差异有显著性和高度显著性．ＭＵｘ±ＳＤ值与健康对照组近似，Ｐ＞０．０５，差异无显著性．胃癌组Ｚｎ／Ｃｕ比值较健康对照组降低，Ｐ＜０．０１，差异高度显著性；胃癌组Ｚｎ／Ｆｅ比值与健康组近似，Ｐ＞０．０５，差异无显著性．Ｆｅ升高，Ｍｎ、Ｚｎ降低是胃癌的危险因素，Ｍｎ有抗癌抑癌作用，Ｆｅ、具有强烈催化自由基及过氧化反应的能力．发中微量元素测定可作为临床胃癌病人辅助诊断参考．     

血清中Mo、Se、Mn、Cu、Zn与食管癌的关系探讨

通过对１８例食管癌患者以及８０例对照组血清中Ｍｏ、Ｓｅ、Ｍｎ、Ｃｕ、Ｚｎ的测定分析，发现食管瘤患者血硒含量明显低于对照组，二者之间有极显著性差异（Ｐ＜０．０１）。而血铜、铜／锌比值食管癌组明显高于对照组，差异有显著性（Ｐ＜０．０５）。Ｍｏ、Ｍｎ、Ｚｎ元素的含量在二组之间无显著性差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）．提示血清硒铜与食管癌有关。     

肾病综合症、过敏性紫癜患儿血清原中铅含量研究

采用原子吸收光谱法，测定了肾病综合症、过敏性紫癜患儿血清和尿中铅含量，均高于近期国内外报道允许正常值，给临床治疗和诊断提供了一个新的研究途径。     

微波消解双硫腙水相增溶分光光度法测定尿中铅

研究了在Tween－20增溶下，双硫腙水相直接光度法测定的系列条件，同时，用微波消解样品，不经分离富集，直接应用于尿中铅的测定，结果满意。最大吸收波长λ＝480nm，ε480＝1．24×105·L·mol－1·cm－1     

Microanalyzer for biomonitoring lead (Pb) in blood and urine

Biomonitoring of lead (Pb) in blood and urine enables quantitative evaluation of human occupational and environmental exposures to Pb. State-of-the-art ICP–MS instruments can only analyze metals in laboratories, resulting in lengthy turnaround times, and they are expensive. In response to the growing need for a metal analyzer capable of on-site, real-time monitoring of trace toxic metals in individuals, we developed a portable microanalyzer based on flow-injection/stripping voltammetry (ASV), and validated the system using rat blood and urine spiked with known amounts of Pb. Fouling of electrodes by proteins often prevents the effective use of electrochemical sensors in biological matrices. Minimization of such fouling was accomplished with suitable sample pretreatment and by establishing turbulent flow of blood and urine containing Pb onto the electrode inside the microanalyzer, which resulted in no apparent electrode fouling even when the samples contained 50% urine or 10% blood by volume. No matrix effect was observed for the voltammetric Pb signals, even when the samples contained 10% blood or 10% urine. The microanalyzer offered linear concentration ranges relevant to Pb exposure levels in humans (0–20 ppb in 10% blood samples, 0–50 ppb in 50% urine samples). The device showed excellent sensitivity and reproducibility; Pb detection limits were 0.44 ppb and 0.46 ppb, and % R.S.D. was 4.9 and 2.4 in 50% urine and 10% blood samples, respectively. It gave similar Pb concentrations in blood and urine to those measured by ICP–MS. It offered high throughput (3 min per sample) and economical use of samples (60 μL per measurement) as well as low reagent consumption (1 μg of Hg per measurement), thus minimizing environmental concerns associated with mercury use. Since it is miniaturized, the microanalyzer is portable and field-deployable. Thus, it shows much promise as the next-generation analyzer for the biomonitoring of toxic metals.     

Direct detection of Pb in urine and Cd, Pb, Cu, and Ag in natural waters using electrochemical sensors immobilized with DMSA functionalized magnetic nanoparticles

Urine is universally recognized as one of the best non-invasive matrices for biomonitoring exposure to a broad range of xenobiotics, including toxic metals. Detection of metal ions in urine has been problematic due to the protein competition and electrode fouling. For direct, simple, and field-deployable monitoring of urinary Pb, electrochemical sensors employing superparamagnetic iron oxide (Fe3O4) nanoparticles with a surface functionalization of dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) has been developed. The metal detection involves rapid collection of dispersed metal-bound nanoparticles from a sample solution at a magnetic or electromagnetic electrode, followed by the stripping voltammetry of the metal in acidic medium. The sensors were evaluated as a function of solution pH, the binding affinity of Pb to DMSA-Fe3O4, the ratio of nanoparticles per sample volume, preconcentration time, and Pb concentrations. The effect of binding competitions between the DMSA-Fe3O4 and urine constituents for Pb on the sensor responses was studied. After 90 s of preconcentration in samples containing 25 vol.% of rat urine and 0.1 g L(-1) of DMSA-Fe3O4, the sensor could detect background level of Pb (0.5 ppb) and yielded linear responses from 0 to 50 ppb of Pb, excellent reproducibility (%RSD of 5.3 for seven measurements of 30 ppb Pb), and Pb concentrations comparable to those measured by ICP-MS. The sensor could also simultaneously detect background levels (<1 ppb) of Cd, Pb, Cu, and Ag in river and seawater.     

真珠钙驱铅实验研究

研究了真珠钙驱铅效果，给亚急性中毒的大鼠服用后，可增加铅从尿中排量，降低骨中蓄积量，对防治铅中毒有一定作用。     

Rhodium as permanent modifier for atomization of lead from biological fluids using tungsten filament electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry

Rhodium (Rh) was investigated as a permanent modifier for the atomization of Pb from biological fluids in W-filament atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). Heating the W-filament with a Rh solution provided a protective coating for subsequent determinations of Pb in blood and urine matrices. The W-filament AAS instrumentation used was based on a prototype design that utilized self-reversal background correction scheme and peak area measurements. We found that Rh not only stabilized Pb during the pyrolysis step, but also facilitated the removal of carbonaceous residues during the cleaning step, requiring much less power than with phosphate modifier. Thus, the filament lifetime was greatly extended to over 300 firings. Periodic reconditioning with Rh was necessary every 30 firings or so. Conditioning the filament with Rh also permitted direct calibration using simple aqueous Pb standards. The method detection limit for blood Pb was approximately 1.5 μg dl⁻¹, similar to that reported previously. Potential interferences from concomitants such as Na, K, Ca and Mg were evaluated. Accuracy was verified using lead reference materials from the National Institute of Standards and Technology and the New York State Department of Health. Blood lead results below 40 μg dl⁻¹ were within ±1 μg dl⁻¹ of certified values, and within ±10% above 40 μg dl⁻¹; within-run precision was ±10% or better. Additional validation was reported using proficiency test materials and human blood specimens. All blood lead results were within the acceptable limits established by regulatory authorities in the US. When measuring Pb in urine, sensitivity was reduced and matrix-matched calibration became necessary. The method of detection limit was 27 μg l⁻¹ for urine Pb. Urine lead results were also validated using an acceptable range comparable to that established for blood lead by US regulatory agencies.     

昆明地区正常孕妇血清铅与初乳铅含量相关性的初步研究

为了解昆明地区孕妇血清铅和初乳铅的含量 ,同时尝试寻找降低人体铅含量的途径 ,对2 0 0 0年 2月至 2 0 0 1年 2月期间在昆明医学院第一附属医院产科住院分娩的 2 80例正常产妇进行血清和初乳铅含量的测定和分析。结果显示 ,血清铅含量 1 0 2 37± 3 4 1 1 μg/dL ,与初乳铅含量1 1 4 30± 3 1 74 μg/dL比较呈高度显著性正相关 (r =0 784 3,P <0 0 0 1 )。揭示乳汁铅含量水平受血清铅含量的影响 ,铅可通过血液进入乳汁 ,母亲通过授乳可将铅传递给新生儿     

Determination of Urinary Lead Levels in Normal Population by Graphite-Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry Using Palladium Chloride as the Matrix Modifier

ABSTRACT|A direct method with graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometry for determining low lead (Pb) levels in urine was described. The present method was based on wet-ashing digestion, 2-fold concentrated urine, and matrix modification with palladium chloride (PdCl²). The sensitivity (concentration at 0.0044 absorption units) of the proposed method is 0.18 ppb. Results were presented on the degree of accuracy and precision. Accuracy of the proposed method was checked by comparison with the values determined by the extracted method (conventional method). Precision of the proposed method was evaluated by within-run and between-run precision. Both of them were found to be satisfactory. Due to the high sensitivity, the proposed method could be applied to determine urinary Pb concentration in normal populations with no known Pb exposure.

Moreover, the method is simple, fast, and automatic.     

Cloud point extraction for the determination of lead and cadmium in urine by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry with multivariate optimization using Box–Behnken design

Cloud point extraction (CPE) is proposed as a pre-concentration procedure for the determination of Pb and Cd in undigested urine by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GF AAS). Aliquots of 0.5 mL urine were acidified with HCl and the chelating agent ammonium O,O-diethyl dithiophosphate (DDTP) was added along with the non-ionic surfactant Triton X-114 at the optimized concentrations. Phase separation was achieved by heating the mixture to 50 °C for 15 min. The surfactant-rich phase was analyzed by GF AAS, employing the optimized pyrolysis temperatures of 900 °C for Pb and 800 °C for Cd, using a graphite tube with a platform treated with 500 μg Ru as permanent modifier. The reagent concentrations for CPE (HCl, DDTP and Triton X-114) were optimized using a Box–Behnken design. The response surfaces and the optimum values were very similar for aqueous solutions and for the urine samples, demonstrating that aqueous standards submitted to CPE could be used for calibration. Detection limits of 40 and 2 ng L^− 1 for Pb and Cd, respectively, were obtained along with an enhancement factor of 16 for both analytes. Three control urine samples were analyzed using this approach, and good agreement was obtained at a 95% statistical confidence level between the certified and determined values. Five real samples have also been analyzed before and after spiking with Pb and Cd, resulting in recoveries ranging from 97 to 118%.     

治疗脑血管疾病中成药中钙铁铬铅含量的测定

采用原子吸收分光光度法测定了十种治疗脑血管疾病的中成药中钙铁铬铅的含量。结果表明,该类中成药中微量元素铁的含量较高,微量元素铅含量较低,该结果为探讨钙铁铬铁元素与治疗脑血管疾病的中成药药效关系提供了有用的数据。