A Riemann-Hilbert Approach to the Chen-Lee-Liu Equation on the Half Line

In this paper, the Fokas unified method is used to analyze the initial-boundary value for the Chen- Lee-Liu equation

$i{\partial _t}u + {\partial_{xx}u - i |u{|^2}{\partial _x}u = 0}$

on the half line (?∞, 0] with decaying initial value. Assuming that the solution u(x, t) exists, we show that it can be represented in terms of the solution of a matrix Riemann-Hilbert problem formulated in the plane of the complex spectral parameter λ. The jump matrix has explicit (x, t) dependence and is given in terms of the spectral functions {a(λ), b(λ)} and {A(λ), B(λ)}, which are obtained from the initial data u₀(x) = u(x, 0) and the boundary data g₀(t) = u(0, t), g₁(t) = u_x(0, t), respectively. The spectral functions are not independent, but satisfy a so-called global relation.

     

Eigenvalue problems for second-order nonlinear dynamic equations on time scales

This paper is concerned with the existence and nonexistence of positive solutions of the second-order nonlinear dynamic equation uΔΔ(t)+λa(t)f(u(σ(t)))=0, t∈[0,1], satisfying either the conjugate boundary conditions u(0)=u(σ(1))=0 or the right focal boundary conditions u(0)=uΔ(σ(1))=0, where a and f are positive. We show that there exists a λ^∗>0 such that the above boundary value problem has at least two, one and no positive solutions for 0<λ<λ^∗, λ=λ^∗ and λ>λ^∗, respectively. Furthermore, by using the semiorder method on cones of the Banach space, we establish an existence and uniqueness criterion for positive solution of the problem. In particular, such a positive solution uλ(t) of the problem depends continuously on the parameter λ, i.e., uλ(t) is nondecreasing in λ, limλ→⁰⁺‖uλ‖=0 and limλ→+∞‖uλ‖=+∞.     

Positive solutions of the nonlinear fourth-order beam equation with three parameters

This paper is concerned with the existence and nonexistence of positive solutions of the nonlinear fourth-order beam equation u(4)(t)+ηu^″(t)−ζu(t)=λf(t,u(t)), 0<t<1, u(0)=u(1)=u^″(0)=u^″(1)=0, where is continuous and ζ, η and λ are parameters. We show that there exists a such that the above boundary value problem (BVP) has at least two, one and no positive solutions for 0<λ<λ^*, λ=λ^* and λ>λ^*, respectively. Furthermore, by using the semiorder method on cones of Banach space, we establish a uniqueness criterion for positive solution of the BVP. In particular such a positive solution uλ(t) of the BVP depends continuously on the parameter λ, i.e., uλ(t) is nondecreasing in λ, limλ→⁰⁺‖uλ(t)‖=0 and limλ→+∞‖uλ(t)‖=+∞ for any t∈[0,1].     

Darboux transformations of Jacobi matrices and Padé approximation

Let J be a monic Jacobi matrix associated with the Cauchy transform F of a probability measure. We construct a pair of the lower and upper triangular block matrices L and U such that J=LU and the matrix J_C=UL is a monic generalized Jacobi matrix associated with the function F_C(λ)=λF(λ)+1. It turns out that the Christoffel transformation J_C of a bounded monic Jacobi matrix J can be unbounded. This phenomenon is shown to be related to the effect of accumulating at ∞ of the poles of the Padé approximants of the function F_C although F_C is holomorphic at ∞. The case of the UL-factorization of J is considered as well.     

A note on the optimal temporal decay estimates of solutions to the Cahn-Hilliard equation

This paper is concerned with the optimal temporal decay estimates on the solutions of the Cauchy problem of the Cahn-Hilliard equation. It is shown in Liu, Wang and Zhao (2007) [11] that such a Cauchy problem admits a unique global smooth solution u(t,x) provided that the smooth nonlinear function φ(u) satisfies a local growth condition. Furthermore if φ(u) satisfies a somewhat stronger local growth condition, the optimal temporal decay estimates on u(t,x) are also obtained in Liu, Wang and Zhao (2007) [11]. Thus a natural question is how to deduce the optimal temporal decay estimates on u(t,x) only under the local growth condition which is sufficient to guarantee the global solvability of the corresponding Cauchy problem and the main purpose of this paper is devoted to this problem. Our analysis is motivated by the technique developed recently in Ukai, Yang and Zhao (2006) [15] with a slight modification.     

Generalized periodic solutions of quasilinear equations

We study a boundary-value periodic problem for the quasilinear equationu _ff ?u _xx =F[u,u _f u _x ],u(0,t) =u (π,t),u (x, t + π/q) =u(x, t), 0 ≤x ≤π,t ∈ ?,q ∈ ?. We establish conditions under which the theorem on the uniqueness of a smooth solution is true.     

On a nonlinear degenerate parabolic equation in infiltration or evaporation through a porous medium

We prove the uniqueness (as well as the existence and regularity) of solutions of the Cauchy problem and of the first and mixed boundary value problems for the equation u_t = φ(u)_xx + b(u)_x. (E) φ and b are assumed to belong to a large class of functions, including, in particular, cases φ(u) = u^m, b(u) = u^λ, m ⩾ 1 and λ > 0.     

Complete quenching for singular parabolic problems

We prove finite time extinction of the solution of the equation ut−Δu+χ{u>0}(u−β−λf(u))=0 in Ω×(0,∞) with boundary data u(x,t)=0 on ∂Ω×(0,∞) and initial condition u(x,0)=u₀(x) in Ω, where Ω⊂RN is a bounded smooth domain, 0<β<1 and λ>0 is a parameter. For every small enough λ>0 there exists a time t₀>0 such that the solution is identically equal to zero.     

Examples of equations of Navier-Stokes type not strongly solvable in the large

In the space of functions with values in Hilbert space, we consider the Cauchy problem u′ _t + Au + B(u, u) = f(t), u(0) = 0, 0 ≤ t ≤ T. We construct examples of a self-adjoint operator A ≥ E and a bilinear transformation B satisfying the condition 〈B(u, v), v〉 = 0 such that the Cauchy problem is not strongly solvable.     

Existence and multiplicity of solutions for fourth-order boundary value problems with parameters

In this paper we study the existence and multiplicity of the solutions for the fourth-order boundary value problem (BVP) u(4)(t)+ηu^″(t)−ζu(t)=λf(t,u(t)), 0<t<1, u(0)=u(1)=u^″(0)=u^″(1)=0, where is continuous, ζ,η∈R and λ∈R⁺ are parameters. By means of the idea of the decomposition of operators shown by Chen [W.Y. Chen, A decomposition problem for operators, Xuebao of Dongbei Renmin University 1 (1957) 95-98], see also [M. Krasnosel'skii, Topological Methods in the Theory of Nonlinear Integral Equations, Gostehizdat, Moscow, 1956], and the critical point theory, we obtain that if the pair (η,ζ) is on the curve ζ=−η²/4 satisfying η<2π², then the above BVP has at least one, two, three, and infinitely many solutions for λ being in different interval, respectively.     

Positive and sign-changing solutions for fourth-order BVPs with parameters

This paper is concerned with the existence and multiplicity of positive and sign-changing solutions of the fourth-order boundary value problem u ⁽⁴⁾(t)=λ f(t,u(t),u ^′′(t)), 0<t<1,?u(0)?=?u(1)=u ^′′(0)=u ^′′(1)?=0, where f:[0,1]×?→? is continuous, λ∈? is a parameter. By using the fixed-point index theory of differential operators, it is proved that the above boundary value problem has positive, negative and sign-changing solutions for λ being different intervals. As an example, the boundary value problem u ⁽⁴⁾(t)+?η u ^′′(t)??ζu(t)=?λ f(t,u(t)), ?0<t<1,?u(0)=?u(1)=?u ^′′(0)=?u ^′′(1)=0 is also considered and some obtained results are the complement of the known results.     

On the generalized Burgers equation

The present paper is concerned with the initial boundary value problem for the generalized Burgers equation u _t + g(t, u)u _x + f(t, u) = εu _xx which arises in many applications. We formulate a condition guaranteeing the a priori estimate of max |u _x | independent of ε and t and give an example demonstrating the optimality of this condition. Based on this estimate we prove the global existence of a unique classical solution of the problem and investigate the behavior of this solution for ε → 0 and t → + ∞. The Cauchy problem for this equation is considered as well.     

Locally Lipschitz solutions of a single conservation law in several space variables

We consider the Cauchy problem for a single conservation law in several space variables. Letting u(x, t) denote the solution with initial data u₀, we state necessary and sufficient conditions on u₀ so that u(x, t) is locally Lipschitz continuous in the half space {t > 0}. These conditions allow for the preservation of smoothness of u₀ as well as for the smooth resolution of discontinuities in u₀. One consequence of our result is that u(x, t) cannot be locally Lipschitz unless u₀ has locally bounded variation. Another is that solutions which are bounded and locally Lipschitz continuous in {t > 0} automatically have boundary values u₀ at t = 0 in the sense that u(·, t) → u₀ in L_loc¹. Finally, we give an elementary proof that locally Lipschitz solutions satisfy Kruzkov's uniqueness condition.     

Blowup stability of solutions of the nonlinear heat equation with a large life span

We study the Cauchy problem for the nonlinear heat equation u_t-?u=|u|^p-1u in R^N. The initial data is of the form u₀=λ?, where ?∈C₀(R^N) is fixed and λ>0. We first take 1<p<p_f, where p_f is the Fujita critical exponent, and ?∈C₀(R^N)∩L¹(R^N) with nonzero mean. We show that u(t) blows up for λ small, extending the H. Fujita blowup result for sign-changing solutions. Next, we consider 1<p<p_s, where p_s is the Sobolev critical exponent, and ?(x) decaying as |x|^-σ at infinity, where p<1+2/σ. We also prove that u(t) blows up when λ is small, extending a result of T. Lee and W. Ni. For both cases, the solution enjoys some stable blowup properties. For example, there is single point blowup even if ? is not radial.     

Regularization of a non-characteristic Cauchy problem for the heat equation

The non-characteristic Cauchy problem for the heat equation u_xx(x,t) = u₁(x,t), 0 ? x ? 1, ? ∞ < t < ∞, u(0,t) = φ(t), u_x(0, t) = ψ(t), ? ∞ < t < ∞ is regularizèd when approximate expressions for φ and ψ are given. Properties of the exact solution are used to obtain an explicit stability estimate.     

Eigenvalues and the One-Dimensional p-Laplacian

We consider the boundary value problem (?_p(u′))′ + λF(t, u) = 0, with p > 1, t ∈ (0, 1), u(0) = u(1) = 0, and with λ > 0. The value of λ is chosen so that the boundary value problem has a positive solution. In addition, we derive an explicit interval for λ such that, for any λ in this interval, the existence of a positive solution to the boundary value problem is guaranteed. In addition, the existence of two positive solutions for λ in an appropriate interval is also discussed.     

On Jacobi functions and multiplication theorems for integrals of Bessel functions

In this paper, the product of a Jacobi polynomial and function is shown to generate the Jacobi polynomial. This type of expansion was previously known for all the classical orthogonal polynomials except the Jacobi. The result is then used to obtain generalizations to Watson's [10] multiplication theorem involving integrals of Bessel functions. The integrals considered are of the form ∝^∞₀t^1?λJ_v(tx₁) J_μ(tx₂) J_σ(tx₃) J_τ(tx₄) dt.     

Cauchy problem for the multi-dimensional Boussinesq type equation

The paper studies the existence and non-existence of global weak solutions to the Cauchy problem for the multi-dimensional Boussinesq type equation utt−Δu+Δ²u=Δσ(u). It proves that the Cauchy problem admits a global weak solution under the assumptions that σ∈C(R), σ(s) is of polynomial growth order, say p (>1), either , s∈R, where β>0 is a constant, or the initial data belong to a potential well. And the weak solution is regularized and the strong solution is unique when the space dimension N=1. In contrast, any weak solution of the Cauchy problem blows up in finite time under certain conditions. And two examples are shown.     

On the Stabilization of a Solution of the Cauchy Problem for One Class of Integro-Differential Equations

We consider a solution of the Cauchy problem u(t, x), t > 0, x ∈ R ², for one class of integro-differential equations. These equations have the following specific feature: the matrix of the coefficients of higher derivatives is degenerate for all x. We establish conditions for the existence of the limit lim _t→∞ u(t, x) = v(x) and represent the solution of the Cauchy problem in explicit form in terms of the coefficients of the equation.__________Translated from Ukrains’kyi Matematychnyi Zhurnal, Vol. 56, No. 12, pp. 1699 – 1706, December, 2004.     

Error estimates for a projection-difference method for a linear differential-operator equation

We study a projection-difference method for approximately solving the Cauchy problem u′(t) + A(t)u(t) + K(t)u(t) = h(t), u(0) = 0 for a linear differential-operator equation in a Hilbert space, where A(t) is a self-adjoint operator and K(t) is an operator subordinate to A(t). Time discretization is based on a three-level difference scheme, and space discretization is carried out by the Galerkin method. Under certain smoothness conditions on the function h(t), we obtain estimates for the convergence rate of the approximate solutions to the exact solution.