Finite element analysis of gradient z-coil induced eddy currents in a permanent MRI magnet

In permanent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) systems, pulsed gradient fields induce strong eddy currents in the conducting structures of the magnet body. The gradient field for image encoding is perturbed by these eddy currents leading to MR image distortions. This paper presents a comprehensive finite element (FE) analysis of the eddy current generation in the magnet conductors. In the proposed FE model, the hysteretic characteristics of ferromagnetic materials are considered and a scalar Preisach hysteresis model is employed. The developed FE model was applied to study gradient z-coil induced eddy currents in a 0.5 T permanent MRI device. The simulation results demonstrate that the approach could be effectively used to investigate eddy current problems involving ferromagnetic materials. With the knowledge gained from this eddy current model, our next step is to design a passive magnet structure and active gradient coils to reduce the eddy current effects.     

超导磁约束系统中超导磁体涡流损耗的研究

在超导磁约束系统中,超导磁体与射频场、磁场、声场、电场等复合场的兼容耦合是系统稳定运行的关键。探讨了在13.56 MHz频率下的Shoji型天线产生的高频电磁波对超导磁体的影响,高频电磁波会在超导磁体表面产生涡流损耗,进而产生功率损耗并生成热量,导致超导磁体失超。为避免失超现象的发生,在超导磁体室温孔内采用金属屏蔽层进行防护。利用COMSOL软件对整个电磁-射频非线性耦合场进行建模仿真分析,完成了屏蔽层结构的优化选择。基于计算结果,分析讨论了屏蔽层厚度和高度变化对超导磁体上涡流损耗功率的变化影响。通过对超导磁体涡流损耗功率随屏蔽层参数变化进行拟合,最终得到了优化后的屏蔽层参数。     

Effect of the ac field on a single-molecule magnet bridged between conducting leads

We study quantum spin-rotation effects for a single-molecule magnet bridged between two conducting leads in the ac and dc magnetic fields. The Landau-Zener dynamics induced by the magnetic field generates mechanical torque, making the molecule to oscillate. This mechanical motion of the molecule exhibits unique features that can be detected by measuring the electronic tunneling current through the molecule.     

高温超导SMES磁体能量损耗的分析

通过实验和仿真对35kJ/7kW传导冷却高温超导SMES磁体稳态运行和动态功率交换时的能量损耗进行了分析,讨论了功率交换时磁体各个主要部件能量损耗分布的特点,最后根据分析结论指出了现阶段降低传导冷却高温超导SMES储能磁体损耗的优化设计方向。     

制冷机冷却的超导磁体在励磁时的稳定性分析

制冷机冷却的超导磁体是超导磁体技术的发展方向.在磁体励磁时,可能会因为交流损耗和稳恒漏热的共同作用而导致磁体温度上升到电流分流温度,进一步导致失超.因而励磁时的制冷机冷却的超导磁体的稳定性尤为重要.基于磁体内的漏热分析和励磁时交流损耗的计算,数值模拟了励磁时磁体的温度分布,研究了在制冷机冷却方式下超导磁体的稳定方面的问题.     

固态Marx发生器的过流保护研究

具有快速上升沿、低开关损耗的SiC MOSFET已逐渐在固态高压脉冲电源中使用。针对固态Marx发生器中的常见短路故障,分析了SiC MOSFET的过流损坏机制,提出了一种新型的带过流保护的驱动系统。该驱动系统不仅实现了宽驱动信号同步输出,同时能够在整个SiC MOSFET导通期间提供过电流钳制效果。驱动系统中的保护电路利用SiC MOSFET门极电压与漏极电流的关系,通过单个采样电阻和一对反向串联的稳压管将SiC MOSFET门极电压拉低的方式来限制过电流。实验结果表明:当开关管的导通电流较小时,虽然门极电压会有轻微下降,但是SiC MOSFET的导通阻抗仍然很低;而在过电流故障发生时,门极电压会被快速拉低,开关管的导通阻抗急剧上升,从而迅速将导通电流钳制在安全范围内。     

被动补偿脉冲发电机涡流损耗的解析计算

在假设转子导电筒中涡流面电流与定子无槽电枢绕组面电流相同、相位相反的条件下,条件麦克斯韦方程组,通过分析被动补偿脉冲发电机导电筒中涡流分布,导出了被动补偿脉冲发电机导电筒涡流损耗的解析表达式,并计算了涡流损耗对25MW样机运行的影响。     

超导涡流制动装置液氦容器设计及分析

液氦容器是浸泡式超导涡流制动装置稳定运行不可或缺的部件, 其漏热损耗和结构强度关系着内部超导磁体能否安全稳定的工作. 针对超导涡流制动装置的液氦容器的各类漏热进行了分析计算, 详细讨论了超导线圈励磁过程中对不同壁厚的液氦容器产生的涡流损耗, 并采用 Ansys 有限元分析软件对不同壁厚液氦容器的强度进行了计算, 结合漏热及强度计算结果获得了最优的液氦容器壁厚参数. 结果表明4 mm 壁厚下的液氦容器总漏热在励磁速度为90 A/s 时可达1 .87 W, 液氦容器在各类综合力作用下的最大应力为393 MPa, 最大变形为2.2 mm,可满足所选材料的漏热及强度需求, 为超导涡流制动器装置总体设计提供了有力保证.     

基于PID算法的磁场闭环控制技术研究

已有的束流磁场控制方法大多采用开环的方式,即根据磁场需求直接设置磁铁电源输出的电流或电压值.但开环状态的磁场在现场噪声以及磁铁自身涡流效应的影响下,极容易发生偏移.针对此问题,设计了基于PID算法的磁场闭环控制系统.该系统以偏转磁铁为控制对象,使用霍尔传感器获取磁场值作为反馈,磁铁电源励磁电流的输出作为控制系统的输入量...     

涡电流电磁感应演示仪的设计

以一个新的角度--涡电流效应演示电磁感应现象.演示仪器引入气垫导轨,由悬挂的钕铁硼永磁铁与铝板小车在接近无外界阻力的状态下相互作用来演示动生电动势现象;由高频交流电磁铁加热铝板小车或点亮接有线圈的小灯泡演示感生电动势现象.     

涡流损耗对爆炸去磁脉冲发生器输出性能的影响

 为了提高爆炸去磁脉冲发生器的输出能量,设计了绝缘层截断涡流回路磁体结构,以减小冲击去磁过程中磁体内产生涡流造成的能量损耗。把圆柱形钕铁硼磁体切分成4块,在块与块之间增加聚脂绝缘层,再组合成一个圆柱形整体,形成截断涡流回路的磁体结构。采用Maxwell 3D电磁场有限元分析软件,对未切分和切分后的钕铁硼磁体进行了静磁场计算,分析了两种结构下的磁感应强度分布。对这两种磁体结构的脉冲发生器进行了爆炸实验,测量了脉冲发生器输出的感生电动势,分析了涡流损耗对发生器输出电流的影响。结果表明：磁体中截断涡流回路的脉冲功率发生器涡流损耗较小,能够输出更大的电能。     

The effect of domain wall motion on the nondiagonal impedance component in amorphous wires with circular magnetic anisotropy

The effect of the domain wall motion on the nondiagonal impedance component in amorphous ferromagnetic wires with circular anisotropy was theoretically studied. The frequency spectrum of the electromotive force (emf) induced in the pick-up coil wound around the wire is analyzed. For sufficiently small amplitudes of the ac current passing in the wire, the emf frequency equals doubled frequency of the current. For the ac current amplitudes exceeding certain threshold value, all even harmonics appear in the frequency spectrum of the signal. The emf strongly depends on the longitudinal component of the applied magnetic field at any value of the ac current amplitude. These results can be important for developing frequency transducers controlled by magnetic field.     

Current oscillation and chaotic dynamics in superlattices driven by crossed electric and magnetic fields

We have theoretically studied current oscillation and chaotic dynamics in doped GaAsAlAs superlattices driven by crossed electric and magnetic fields. When the superlattice system is driven by a dc voltage, a stationary or dynamic electric-field domain can be obtained. We carefully studied the electric-field-domain dynamics and current self-oscillation which both display different modes with the change of magnetic field. When an ac electric field is also applied to the superlattice, a typical nonlinear dynamic system is constructed with the ac amplitude, ac frequency, and magnetic field as the control parameters. Different nonlinear behaviors show up when we tune the control parameters.     

高温超导SMES磁体的失超检测研究

失超保护是保证磁体安全运行的重要措施,而失超检测是失超保护正常动作的前提。由于SMES磁体运行工况的特殊性,现有失超检测方法在失超信号提取上遇到电磁噪声干扰严重的问题。文中针对高温超导SMES的运行工况,对电桥检测法进行了改进,通过对电桥信号的滤波设计解决电磁噪声干扰,设计了一套适用于高温超导SMES磁体在交变电流情况下的失超检测系统,同时进行了高温超导磁体的失超检测实验。实验结果表明,此系统能快速、准确地检测失超信号,并输出保护动作信号。     

Eddy current simulation in thick cylinders of finite length induced by coils of arbitrary geometry

Eddy currents are inevitably induced when time-varying magnetic field gradients interact with the metallic structures of a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanner. The secondary magnetic field produced by this induced current degrades the spatial and temporal performance of the primary field generated by the gradient coils. Although this undesired effect can be minimized by using actively and/or passively shielded gradient coils and current pre-emphasis techniques, a residual eddy current still remains in the MRI scanner structure. Accurate simulation of these eddy currents is important in the successful design of gradient coils and magnet cryostat vessels. Efficient methods for simulating eddy currents are currently restricted to cylindrical-symmetry. The approach presented in this paper divides thick conducting cylinders into thin layers (thinner than the skin depth) and expresses the current density on each as a Fourier series. The coupling between each mode of the Fourier series with every other is modeled with an inductive network method. In this way, the eddy currents induced in realistic cryostat surfaces by coils of arbitrary geometry can be simulated. The new method was validated by simulating a canonical problem and comparing the results against a commercially available software package. An accurate skin depth of 2.76 mm was calculated in 6 min with the new method. The currents induced by an actively shielded x-gradient coil were simulated assuming a finite length cylindrical cryostat consisting of three different conducting materials. Details of the temporal-spatial induced current diffusion process were simulated through all cryostat layers, which could not be efficiently simulated with any other method. With this data, all quantities that depend on the current density, such as the secondary magnetic field, are simply evaluated.     

Optimal design method for magnetization directions of a permanent magnet array

In many magnetic systems, the permanent magnet (PM) pattern has a great influence on their performance. This study proposes a systematic optimization method for designing discrete magnetization directions. While previous works have been mostly dependent on researchers’ intuition, the developed method is systematic and can be applied to a two-dimensional PM-type eddy current brake model. The effectiveness of the method is confirmed, where the design’s aim is to maximize the braking force on a moving conductor. The sensitivity analysis is accomplished by the adjoint variable method and the sequential linear programming is used as an optimizer. Several optimization results for various conditions through the proposed design method are compared to each other and the optimal magnet configuration for an eddy current brake is suggested.     

Vibration suppression of a cantilever beam using magnetically tuned-mass-damper

Eddy currents are induced by the movement of a conductor through a stationary magnetic field or a time varying magnetic field through a stationary conductor. These currents circulate in the conductive material and are dissipated, causing a repulsive force between the magnet and the conductor. These electromagnetic forces can be used to suppress the vibrations of a flexible structure. A tuned mass damper is a device mounted in structures to reduce the amplitude of mechanical vibrations and is one of the effective vibration suppression methods. In the present study, an improved concept of this tuned mass damper for the vibration suppression of structures is introduced. This concept consists of the classical tuned mass damper and an eddy current damping. The important advantages of this magnetically tuned mass damper are that it is relatively simple to apply, it does not require any electronic devices and external power, and it is effective on the vibration suppression. The proposed concept is designed for a cantilever beam and the analytical studies on the eddy current damping and its effects on the vibration suppression. To show the effectiveness of the proposed concept and verify the eddy current damping model, experiments on a cantilever beam are performed. It is found that the proposed concept could significantly increase the damping effect of the tuned mass damper even if not adequately tuned.     

Producing terahertz coherent synchrotron radiation at the Hefei Light Source

This paper theoretically proves that an electron storage ring can generate coherent radiation in the THz region using a quick kicker magnet and an AC sextupole magnet. When the vertical chromaticity is modulated by the AC sextupole magnet, the vertical beam collective motion excited by the kicker produces a wavy spatial structure after a number of longitudinal oscillation periods. The radiation spectral distribution was calculated from the wavy bunch parameters at the Hefei Light Source(HLS). When the electron energy is reduced to 400 Me V, extremely strong coherent synchrotron radiation(CSR) at 0.115 THz should be produced.     

Local eddy current measurements in pulsed fields

This work presents new eddy current measurements in pulsed fields. A commercial point pick-up coil is used to detect the induction signal along the radius of Cu and Al samples with cylindrical shape and diameters between 5 and 35 mm. Local eddy current measurements were performed on the surface of conducting materials due to the small dimensions of the coil. A simple electrical circuit, used as a model, is proposed to describe the local eddy current effect in pulsed fields. The proposed model allows to calculate the phase shift angle between the signal proportional to eddy currents and the applied external field in a pulsed field magnetometer.     

An autoparametric energy harvester

This paper presents a numerical study of an autoparametric system composed of two elements: a pendulum and an excited nonlinear oscillator. Owing to an inertial coupling between the two elements, different types of motion are possible, from periodic to chaotic. This study examines a linear induction of an energy harvester depending on the pendulum motion. The harvester consists of a cylindrical permanent magnet mounted on a rotor and of four windings fixed to the housing as a stator. When the pendulum is rotating or swinging, the converter is generating energy due to magnetic induction. In this paper, a method utilizing parametrical resonance for harvesting energy from low frequency vibrations is studied. The authors compare energy induced by different types of pendulum motion: swinging, rotation and chaotic dynamics. Additionally, voltage values for different parameters of excitation are estimated.