基于CRISPR-Cas12a与G-四链体构建免标记电化学生物传感器检测microRNA

CRISPR-Cas12a是一种功能强大且可编程的分子诊断技术。本文基于CRISPR-Cas12a的附属切割活性与G-四链体/氯化血红素（Hemin）复合物,设计了一个免标记电化学生物传感器,实现对miRNA的强特异性检测。靶标miRNA-21与双链DNA探针上的Toehold区域结合并发生链置换反应,置换出双链DNA探针中较短的DNA。置换下来的DNA可以有效地激活CRISPR-Cas12a的附属切割活性。随后,具有附属切割活性的Cas12a切割电极表面上形成G-四链体/Hemin的DNA序列,导致电流信号减弱。在最优条件下,电流信号强度变化与10～100 pmol/L范围内的miRNA-21浓度呈良好的线性关系,检出限为4.2 pmol/L。该电化学生物传感器能够实现对单个碱基突变的miRNA-21或其它miRNA序列特异性识别,并可用于人血清样本（10%）中miRNA-21的检测。     

基于酶辅助靶标循环的适体传感器灵敏检测中药中黄曲霉毒素B1

该文基于酶辅助靶标循环信号放大策略构建了用于黄曲霉毒素B1(AFB1)高灵敏检测的化学发光适体传感器。以G-四链体/氯化血红素DNA酶为信号分子设计了免标记的适体探针H1-S1和发夹探针H2。适体探针结合目标AFB1,在核酸外切酶I辅助下,触发靶标循环反应产生发夹H1。发夹H1与H2杂交,释放出完整的G-四链体序列,并进一步与氯化血红素结合形成G-四链体/氯化血红素DNA酶。DNA酶通过催化氧化鲁米诺-H2O2化学发光体系产生化学发光信号,实现AFB1的放大检测。在最优实验条件下,化学发光强度与AFB1质量浓度的对数在0.001~100 ng/mL范围内呈良好的线性关系,相关系数(r2)为0.9955,检出限为0.93 pg/mL,回收率为93.7%~107%。该适体传感器操作简单、灵敏度高、特异性好,在黄曲霉毒素污染检测方面具有良好的应用前景。     

双金属协同调控G-三链体/血红素比色传感探针的构筑及应用

该文首次将一条富含G碱基的DNA序列(5’-CTGGGAGGGAGGGA-3’)与血红素结合,形成的G-三链体/血红素复合物具有类过氧化氢酶活性,能够催化H₂O₂的氧化反应,使反应底物2,2′-联氮-双-3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸(ABTS)由无色变为绿色。通过对金属离子的筛选,发现K⁺和Sr²⁺同时存在能稳定G-三链体结构,基于此构筑了双金属协同调控的G-三链体/血红素比色传感探针,并将其用于H₂O₂的定量分析。在最佳实验条件下,溶液的吸光度与H₂O₂浓度在0.5～4.5 mmol/L范围内呈现良好的线性关系,检出限为0.07 mmol/L。将该方法用于牛奶中H₂O₂的检测,加标回收率为92.5%～103%,相对标准偏差为1.2%～5.4%。该探针具有碱基序列短、成本低廉、适用性强等诸多优势,为G-三链体功能化核酸探针的研究提供了新的思路。     

血红素/G-四链体DNA酶的活性增强研究及其在生物传感器中的应用进展

血红素/G-四链体DNA酶是一类具有类过氧化物酶活性的DNA分子,因其具有出色的活性、易修饰性和可编程性,被广泛应用于生物传感器等领域。 本文先是简要介绍了G-四链体的结构,再主要综述了增强血红素/G-四链体DNA酶活性的策略及基于血红素/G-四链体DNA酶的生物传感器在生物标志物、微生物与生物毒素以及金属离子检测中的应用,并展望了血红素/G-四链体DNA酶的未来发展趋势。     

基于滚环扩增及串联G-四链体-血红素DNA酶的高灵敏“Turn-on”型Hg~(2+)传感器研究

以聚苯乙烯微球为载体,利用滚环放大技术,发展了一种以串联G-四链体-血红素DNA酶催化及T-Hg~(2+)-T特异识别为基础的"Turn-on"型Hg~(2+)高灵敏生物传感器,用于尿液样本中Hg~(2+)的高效检测。通过链霉亲和素和生物素的特异性结合,将富T生物素化Hg~(2+)捕获探针固定至微球表面,当Hg~(2+)存在时,通过形成T-Hg~(2+)-T结构将含有G-四链体互补序列的环化单链DNA序列捕获至微球表面,滚环扩增后在微球表面产生大量包含串联G-四链体的DNA序列。当氯化血红素(Hemin)插入G-四链体后,形成具有增强催化活性的G-四链体-hemin DNA酶,可催化ABTS和H_2O_2反应形成ABTS~(·+),在420 nm处具有最大吸收。考察了多种因素对检测体系的影响,在最优实验条件下,此方法对Hg~(2+)的线性检测范围为0.4~100 pmol/L,检出限为0.3pmol/L(S/N=3),回归方程为△A_(420 nm)=0.1+0.0019C_(Hg~(2+))(pmol/L)。当共存离子大量存在时,传感器对Hg~(2+)仍然具有高的选择性。应用于尿液样品中Hg~(2+)检测,加标回收率为94.0%~106.0%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为1.4%~2.6%。此方法具有良好的选择性、灵敏度及抗干扰能力,可用于复杂样品中Hg~(2+)的检测。     

无标记电化学生物传感平台用于癌胚抗原的检测

基于目标物诱导DNA杂交链式反应(HCR)及银纳米颗粒(Ag NPs)自组装过程构建了无标记型电化学生物传感平台,并将其应用于癌胚抗原(CEA)的检测.在目标物存在的情况下,适配体对CEA进行特异性识别并结合,释放出与之互补的触发DNA链(t DNA).该t DNA能够被金电极上的捕获探针(c DNA)捕获,并启动HCR过程,使得两条发夹DNA链被相继打开并串联成长的DNA双链结构,带正电的Ag NPs通过与该DNA结构之间的静电作用大量自组装到电极表面,并产生强的电化学信号.在优化的实验条件下,该电化学生物传感平台能够在0.5 ng·L~(-1)到50μg·L~(-1)的浓度范围内实现对CEA的良好响应.     

利用对G-四链体环部的构型调节进行传感器的设计

对鸟嘌呤碱基G重复序列之间连接环结构对G-四链体形成的影响进行了研究。发现在连接环较长,DNA链不易形成G-四链体的情况下,可以通过将环序列设计成双链结构的方式促进G-四链体的重新形成。这就为传感器的设计提供了一个新途径,即可以利用目标分子对环部双链的调节作用控制G-四链体DNA酶的活性。为证明这一点,在双链区域引入T-T碱基错配,破坏双链结构使DNA链不能形成G-四链体。Hg2+对T-T错配的稳定作用可以促进双链结构的形成,DNA链重新折叠成G-四链体,得到的G-四链体与氯化血红素(Hemin)结合后形成具有过氧化物酶活性的G-四链体DNA酶,据此构建了Hg2+传感器。利用此传感器可在10~700 nmol/L范围内实现Hg2+的定量检测,检出限为8.7 nmol/L。在此基础上,利用半胱氨酸可以将Hg2+从T-Hg2+-T碱基对上竞争下来的能力,设计了一种半胱氨酸的检测方法。此方法可以在20~600 nmol/L范围内实现半胱氨酸的定量检测,检出限为14 nmol/L。     

靶标介导DNA自组装及催化电流放大的microRNA电化学检测研究

该研究报道了一种靶标介导的DNA自组装及催化信号放大免标记电化学传感器定量检测microRNA－21的分析方法。根据靶标序列,设计一条末端标记巯基且具有茎环结构的捕获探针以及两条与捕获探针和靶标部分互补的DNA单链,通过金－硫键作用将捕获探针固定在金电极表面。当靶标（microRNA－21）存在时,自组装形成一种H结构的DNA复合结构;利用核酸链中磷酸骨架静电吸附电解液中的钌氨离子（［Ru（NH3）6］3+,RuHex）以及DNA电子传递作用产生电化学信号;当无靶标时,不能形成DNA复合结构,电化学信号较弱。进一步利用铁氰根离子（［Fe（CN）6］3-）能够氧化电化学还原产物（［Ru（NH3）6］2+）,产生电化学－化学偶联,从而实现催化电流信号放大。采用电化学阻抗谱确证DNA复合结构的形成,采用计时电量法考察捕获探针密度对电化学信号的影响,并优化探针浓度、比例以及自组装时间,采用差示脉冲伏安法进行定量分析。结果显示,在0.1 fmol/L ~ 0.1 nmol/L范围内,峰电流与microRNA－21浓度具有良好的线性关系,检出限为12.8 amol/L。方法能有效区分其他microRNA以及单碱基错配核酸序列,成功用于多种细胞中microRNA－21的定量检测。该电化学传感器具有灵敏度高、选择性好、线性范围宽等优点,无需繁琐的电化学探针标记以及费时费力的PCR扩增、滚环扩增、链置换反应等分析策略,简化了操作流程,提高了方法的实用性。     

基于磁纳米颗粒和分子间裂分G-四链体-血红素DNA酶的Ag+和半胱氨酸传感器研究

以磁纳米颗粒为固定DNA探针的固相载体,发展了一种基于分子间裂分G-四链体-血红素DNA酶的Ag＋和半胱氨酸传感器。当磁纳米颗粒表面DNA二聚体中富鸟嘌呤( G)序列与Ag＋结合时,Ag＋可有效地阻止碱基G之间Hoogsteen氢键的形成,破坏G-四链体结构。而半胱氨酸存在时,巯基与Ag＋之间相互作用,将Ag＋从碱基G上取代下来,促进G-四链体的重新形成,显示出类过氧化物酶的催化活性,催化2,2＇-连氮基-双-(3-乙基苯并二氢噻挫啉-6-磺酸(ABTS)-H2O2反应体系的显色反应。本方法可以直接通过磁分离从样品中将检测探针与复杂体系中的干扰组分分离,有效提高了灵敏度,降低了背景信号,实现了实际样品中Ag＋和半胱氨酸的快速、灵敏、特异的比色分析。在最优条件下,Ag＋的线性检测范围为0.5~100 nmol/L,检出限为0.2 nmol/L;对半胱氨酸的线性检测范围为0.1~80 nmol/L,检出限为0.04 nmol/L。     

DNA G-四链体识别探针研究进展

G-四链体是一种由富含鸟嘌呤核酸序列形成的独特的二级结构,广泛分布于真核生物基因组,如端粒DNA、r DNA和一系列基因中的启动子区域。G-四链体结构对很多重要的生理过程如基因的转录、复制、重组以及保持染色体的稳定性方面具有重要作用。G-四链体的特异、高灵敏检测将为进一步了解G-四链体结构在人类细胞基因组中的分布、功能和机制奠定基础,也可能为靶向G-四链体的肿瘤治疗方法提供新的思路。因而过去几十年人们一直致力于开发设计具有高选择性和高灵敏度的G-四链体识别探针,这些探针已经广泛应用于溶液中G-四链体的识别,而且具有良好的选择性。目前也有少数探针能够直接用于检测活体G-四链体结构。本文综述了一些常见的靶向G-四链体的小分子配体,以及它们在染色体和活体细胞G-四链体检测中的应用。笔者希冀本文能为设计识别G-四链体的高性能探针,进一步实现活细胞内G-四链体的检测提供借鉴。     

基于DNA四面体纳米结构探针的电化学生物传感器检测DNA甲基化

该文以DNA四面体纳米结构探针(TSP)为捕获探针,将辣根过氧化物酶标记的IgG抗体结合在纳米金颗粒表面(AuNPs-IgG-HRP)作为信号分子,构建了一种新型DNA甲基化电化学传感器。利用一步热变性法组装成TSP后,通过Au—S键固定在修饰纳米金颗粒的金电极表面,经过靶标DNA杂交、5-甲基胞嘧啶(5-mc)抗体及AuNPs-IgG-HRP结合后,用差分脉冲伏安法(DPV)进行检测。采用循环伏安法(CV)和电化学阻抗谱(EIS)对修饰电极的构建过程进行电化学表征。探究了杂交时间、5-mc抗体浓度、IgG-HRP加入体积、氢醌(HQ)和过氧化氢(H2O2)浓度对传感器的影响。在最佳条件下,该传感器对甲基化DNA的线性响应范围为1.0×10-15~1.0×10-10 mol/L,检出限(S/N=3)为4.4×10-16 mol/L。该传感器具有良好的选择性和稳定性,为DNA甲基化检测提供了新方法。     

DNA sensing on glassy carbon electrodes by using hemin as the electrochemical hybridization label

The electrochemical behavior of hemin, an iron complex of porphyrin, on binding to DNA at a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) and in solution, is described. Hemin, which interacts with covalently immobilized calf thymus DNA, was detected by use of a bare GCE, a double-stranded DNA-modified GCE (dsDNA-modified GCE), and a single-stranded DNA-modified GCE (ssDNA-modified GCE), in combination with differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). The structural conformation of DNA was determined from changes in the voltammetric signals acquired on reduction of hemin. As a result of its large steric structure and anionic substitution on its porphyrin plane, hemin intercalates between the base pairs of dsDNA. A scan-rate study for hemin and the dsDNA-hemin complex were also performed to determine the electrochemical behavior of the complex. The partition coefficient was obtained from the peak currents measured when different concentrations of hemin were in the presence of dsDNA. By observing the oxidation signals of guanine, damage to DNA after reaction with hemin at the GCE surface was also detected. The electrochemical detection of hybridization between the covalently immobilized probe and its target sequence was detected by use of hemin. These results demonstrate the use of DNA biosensors in conjunction with hemin for electrochemical detection of hybridization and damage to DNA.     

Ultrasensitive electrochemical supersandwich DNA biosensor using a glassy carbon electrode modified with gold particle-decorated sheets of graphene oxide

We describe a supersandwich type of electrochemical DNA biosensor based on the use of a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) modified with reduced graphene oxide (rGO) sheets that are decorated with gold nanoparticles (Au NPs). Thiolated capture DNA (probe DNA) was covalently linked to the Au NPs on the surface of the modified GCE via formation of Au-S bonds. In presence of target DNA, its 3′ terminus hybridizes with capture probe and the 5′ terminus hybridizes with signal probe labeled with Methylene Blue (MB). On increasing the concentration of target DNA, hybridization between signal probe and target DNA results in the formation of three different DNA sequences that form a supersandwich structure. The signal intensity of MB improves distinctly with increasing concentrations of target DNA in the sample solution. The assembling process on the surface of the electrode was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) was used to monitor the hybridization event by measuring the changes in the peak current for MB. Under optimal conditions, the peak currents in DPV for MB linearly increase with the logarithm of target DNA concentration in the range from 0.1 μM to1.0 fM, with a detection limit of 0.35 fM (at an signal/noise ratio of 3). This biosensor exhibits good selectivity, even over single-base mismatched target DNA.

聚多巴胺包埋G-四联体/血红素DNA酶制备过氧化氢生物传感器

利用多巴胺的氧化自聚实现对G-四联体/血红素DNA酶的包埋,成功构建了H2O2电化学生物传感器。DNA和血红素混合得到G-四联体/血红素复合物;DNA酶物理吸附在玻碳电极上后,将10μL 5 g/L多巴胺的磷酸盐缓冲液(pH 8.0)滴在表面,空气中的氧气氧化多巴胺形成聚多巴胺膜,实现DNA酶的固定。考察了不同DNA序列对传感器性能的影响,表明电化学与光学传感过程具有不同序列响应。此传感器对H2O2的检出限为2.2μmol/L;线性范围为0.01～1.5 mmol/L。本研究证实了利用聚多巴胺固定酶和用DNA酶代替天然酶构筑传感器的可行性。     

Sensitive electrochemical monitoring of nucleic acids coupling DNA nanostructures with hybridization chain reaction

Methods based on metal nanotags have been developed for metallobioassay of nucleic acids, but most involve complicated labeling or stripping procedures and are unsuitable for routine use. Herein, we report the proof-of-concept of a novel and label-free metallobioassay for ultrasensitive electronic determination of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-related gene fragments at an ultralow concentration based on target-triggered long-range self-assembled DNA nanostructures and DNA-based hybridization chain reaction (HCR). The signal is amplified by silver nanotags on the DNA duplex. The assay mainly consists of capture probe, detection probe, and two different DNA hairpins. In the presence of target DNA, the capture probe immobilized on the sensor sandwiches target DNA with the 3′ end of detection probe. Another exposed part of detection probe at the 5′ end opens two alternating DNA hairpins in turn, and propagates a chain reaction of hybridization events to form a nicked double-helix. Finally, numerous silver nanotags are immobilized onto the long-range DNA nanostructures, each of which produces a strong electronic signal within the applied potentials. Under optimal conditions, the target-triggered long-range DNA nanostructures present good electrochemical behaviors for the detection of HIV DNA at a concentration as low as 0.5 fM. Importantly, the outstanding sensitivity can make this approach a promising scheme for development of next-generation DNA sensors without the need of enzyme labeling or fluorophore labeling.     

Impedimetric DNA‐Based Biosensor for Silver Ions Detection with Hemin/G‐Quadruplex Nanowire as Enhancer

A DNA‐based biosensor was reported for detection of silver ions (Ag⁺) by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) with [Fe(CN)₆]^4?/3? as redox probe and hybridization chain reaction (HCR) induced hemin/G‐quadruplex nanowire as enhanced label. In the present of target Ag⁺, Ag⁺ interacted with cytosine‐cytosine (C? C) mismatch to form the stable C? Ag⁺? C complex with the aim of immobilizing the primer DNA on electrode, which thus triggered the HCR to form inert hemin/G‐quadruplex nanowire with an amplified EIS signal. As a result, the DNA biosensor showed a high sensitivity with the concentration range spanning from 0.1 nM to 100 µM and a detection limit of 0.05 nM.     

新型"三明治"结构DNA电化学传感器对急性早幼粒细胞白血病相关融合基因的检测

基于急性早幼粒细胞白血病(APL)中PML/RARα融合基因的碱基序列,设计了新型的锁核酸(LNA)修饰寡核苷酸作为捕获探针和信号探针,研究出一种基于"三明治"传感模式的电化学生物传感器对PML/RARα融合相关基因进行检测.靶序列分别与捕获探针和信号探针杂交后形成"三明治"结构.将修饰电极置于含有底物3,3′,5,5′-四甲基联苯胺(TMB)和过氧化氢的测定溶液中,用计时电流法检测靶序列.结果表明,该传感器可定量识别和检测溶液中人工合成的短链APL PML/RARα融合基因片段.经过条件优化,杂交前后电流值与靶标链浓度在1.0×10~(-12) ～2.5×10~(-11) mol/L范围内呈良好的线性关系,检出限为8.5×10~(-13) mol/L.该方法简单、特异性好,有望用于实际样品的检测.     

Electrochemical Detection of DNA Hybridization Based on the Probe Labeled with Carbon‐Nanotubes Loaded with Silver Nanoparticles

A sensitive electrochemical method for the detection of DNA hybridization based on the probe labeled with multiwall carbon‐nanotubes (MWNTs) loaded with silver nanoparticles (Ag‐MWNTs) has been developed. MWNTs were electroless‐plated with a large number of silver nanoparticles to form Ag‐MWNTs. Probe single strand DNA (ss‐DNA) with a thiol group at the 3′‐terminal labeled with Ag‐MWNTs by self‐assembled monolayer (SAM) technique was employed as an electrochemical probe. Target ss‐DNA with a thiol group was immobilized on a gold electrode by SAM technique and then hybridized with the electrochemical probe. Binding events were monitored by differential pulse voltammetric (DPV) signal of silver nanoparticles. The signal difference permitted to distinguish the match of two perfectly complementary DNA strands from the near perfect match where just three base pairs were mismatched. There was a linear relation between the peak current at +120 mV (vs. SCE) and complementary target ss‐DNA concentration over the range from 3.1×10^?14 to 1.0×10^?11 mol/L with a detection limit of 10 fmol/L of complementary target ss‐DNA. The proposed method has been successfully applied to detection of the DNA sequence related to cystic fibrosis. This work demonstrated that the MWNTs loaded with silver nanoparticles offers a great promising approach for sensitive detection of DNA hybridization.     

A versatile label-free and signal-on electrochemical biosensing platform based on triplex-forming oligonucleotide probe

Nucleic acid and protein assays are very important in modern life sciences, and the recently developed triplex-forming oligonucleotide probes provide a unique means for biological analysis of different kinds of analytes. Herein, we report a label-free and signal-on electrochemical sensor for the detection of specific targets, which is based on the triple-helix structure formation between the hairpin molecular beacon and the capture probe through the intermolecular DNA hybridization induced by Watson-Crick and Hoogsteen base pairings. Upon the introduction of a specific target, the triple-helical stem region is dissembled to liberate the hemin aptamer, and a G-quadruplex− hemin complex can be formed in the presence of K⁺ and hemin on the electrode surface to give an electrochemical response, thus signaling the presence of the target. With the use of Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV-1) as a proof-of-principle analyte, we first demonstrated this approach by using a molecular beacon, which consists of a central section with the DNA sequence complementary to HIV-1, flanked by two arm segments. This newly designed protocol provides an ultrasensitive electrochemical detection of HIV-1 with a limit of detection down to 0.054 nM, and also exhibit good selectivity. Therefore, the as-proposed strategy holds a great potential for early diagnosis in gene-related diseases, and with further development, it could be used as a universal protocol for the detection of various DNA sequences and may be extended for the detection of aptamer-binding molecules.