Comparative study of composition and biological activities of SDE prepared essential oils from flowers and fruits of two Hypericum species from central Iran

Essential oil (EO) compositions of flowers and fruits of Hypericum perforatum L. and Hypericum scabrum L. growing wild in Kashan, central Iran, were determined by simultaneous steam distillation-solvent extraction method and analysed using GC-MS technique. Analysis revealed 28 identified compounds for H. perforatum, with two main components being α-pinene (25.36%) and α-amorphene (12.12%). Thirty-five compounds were identified in H. scabrum L. representing 98.60% of the oil with α-pinene (70.21%) and p-mentha-1,5-dien-8-ol (2.89%) as main components. Some new compounds were found in significant quantities which were not found in other chemotypes. The antioxidant activities of the EOs evaluated for the first time in this study using β-carotene bleaching and DPPH assays seemed to be attributed directly to α-pinene contents in them. Antibacterial activities of both mentioned EOs were higher than that of their main constituent, α-pinene, against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli.     

α-蒎烯的光氧化反应研究

α-蒎烯和氧能在基态条件下形成CCT复合物,在与CCT复合物吸收相应波长的光辐照下,有利于促进蒎烯的光氧化反应。在氧化反应中,存在着明显的溶剂极性的影响,极性愈大,反应的速度愈快。这一切都说明电荷转移在反应中起着重要的作用。此外,正由于存在着基态的CCT复合物,因此α-蒎烯的氧化反应也能在暗的条件下进行。根据蒎烯光氧化和暗氧化反应产物的分析,可以肯定蒎烯在本工作实验条件下的氧化反应是通过自由基机理而进行的。     

Cationic polymerization of β-pinene,styrene and α-methylstyrene

Molecular weight distributions determined by gel permeation chromatography demonstrate that α-methylstyrene copolymerizes with both β-pinene and styrene, forming both bi- and terpolymers. The composition of precipitated polymer versus crude polymer, as determined by nuclear magnetic resonance, suggests that β-pinene and styrene also copolymerize. Extraction of the latter bipolymer of β-pinene and styrene with acetone gives only a small amount of insoluble β-pinene homopolymer, confirming that β-pinene and styrene copolymerize in m-xylene. GPC analysis shows that each copolymer contains some homopolymer. A comparison of M _n with molecular weight calculated from NMR analysis, assuming chain transfer to solvent, indicates that chain transfer is the predominant method of forming dead polymer. The carbonium ions of the growing chain tend to transfer to solvent with increasing ease in the order β-pinene, styrene, and α-methylstyrene.     

α-蒎烯大气化学反应的研究进展

概述了国内外有关α-蒎烯的大气化学反应的研究进展．主要介绍了α-蒎烯与OH自由基、O3分子、NO3自由基的气相反应的机理及其产物以及形成二次有机气溶胶（SOA）的研究现状,还对α-蒎烯未来的研究动向等进行了阐述．     

Accelerated solid-phase dynamic extraction for the analysis of biogenic volatile organic compounds in air

In this study, accelerated solid phase dynamic extraction (ASPDE) technique was used to identify biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) emitted from Norway spruce (Picea abies). Compounds that were determined in tree samples are: tricycylene, α-pinene, camphene, β-pinene, myrcene, 3-carene, p-cymene, limonene, cineole, α-phellandrene, α-terpinene, γ-terpinene and terpinolene. ASPDE showed a potential for the analysis of environmental samples as well as for field applications. This technique was further studied by using a gaseous mixture of BVOCs (sabinene, α-pinene, β-pinene, limonene, linalool, and (Z)-hexenyl acetate) and exhibited a good repeatability during all the experiments in the range of 2.5% (α-pinene) and 14.6% (linalool). However, during the analysis of samples it was observed that desorption at high temperature (230°C) can lead to the formation of artifacts, which were not observed at the desorption temperature of 100°C. Further experimental investigations revealed that monoterpenes appeared as unanticipated compounds during desorption of ASPDE samples; these compounds were degradation products of linalool.     

温控特性的酸功能化离子液体合成及其在α-蒎烯水合反应中的应用

制备和表征了具有温控相转移特性的酸功能化离子液体1-(3-磺酸)-丙基-3-聚乙二醇咪唑磷酸二氢盐[PEOIM-SO3H]H2PO4,并用于催化α-蒎烯水合反应.结果表明,该离子液体具有较好的温控相转移和酸催化性能,在n(α-蒎烯)∶n(氯乙酸)∶n(水)=1∶1∶5、α-蒎烯0.06mol、离子液体3.0mmol、8...     

Zeolite-catalyzed three-phase hydration of α-pinene

In this paper, the kinetics, the product distributions and the corresponding reactions of some products of zeolite-catalyzed hydration of α-pinene have been studied. The results indicate: 1. α-Pinene is hydrated mainly to borneol, but isomerizations always accompany the hydration and camphene and limonene are the main olefines formed. 2. The disappearance of α-pinene follows the first-order kinetics, of which the rate constants, the activation energy as well as the activation entropies have been calculated. 3. A probable mechanism has been proposed, in which the hydration of α-pinene through two equilibrating adsorbed intermediates, which, via three pathways, lead to derivatives of fenchane, bornane and p-menthane respectively. The distributions of the three pathways have been examined and appear to be determined by the stability of the adsorbed intermediates themselves     

合成芳樟醇的研究进展

本文综述了合成芳樟醇的路线及关键反应的研究进展．包括乙炔－丙酮法、异戊二烯法、β－蒎烯法与α－蒎烯法．重点综述α－蒎烯法，即：蒎烯氢化、蒎烷氧化、蒎烷氢过氧化物还原与蒎烷醇的热解。     

Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of Anthemis altissima L. var. altissima

The essential oil obtained from the flowering parts of Anthemis altissima L. var. altissima was analysed by gas chromatography and gas chromatography mass spectroscopy. In this study, 34 compounds representing 98.76% of the essential oil were identified. The main components were α-terpineol (26.42%), β-pinene (9.23%), cis-chrysanthenyl acetate (6.30%), globulol (5.36%), n-tricosane (4.41%), terpinen-4-ol (4.08%) and 1,8 cineole (3.84%). Antibacterial activities of the essential oil and its two major components (α-terpineol and β-pinene) were determined using microdilution method against both Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus epidermidis) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae) bacteria. The essential oil showed a broad-spectrum antibacterial activity (MICs ranged from 3.13 to 6.25?μL?mL(-1)). It was found that α-terpineol with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of the range 0.87-1.56?μL?mL(-1) was a more potent antibacterial agent than β-pinene with MIC values of the range 1.56-6.25?μL?mL(-1). All of them, the essential oil, β-pinene and α-terpineol, were more effective against Gram-positive bacteria than Gram-negative ones.     

The SOA formation model combined with semiempirical quantum chemistry for predicting UV-Vis absorption of secondary organic aerosols

A new model for predicting the UV-visible absorption spectra of secondary organic aerosols (SOA) has been developed. The model consists of two primary parts: a SOA formation model and a semiempirical quantum chemistry method. The mass of SOA is predicted using the PHRCSOA (Partitioning Heterogeneous Reaction Consortium Secondary Organic Aerosol) model developed by Cao and Jang [Environ. Sci. Technol., 2010, 44, 727]. The chemical composition is estimated using a combination of the kinetic model (MCM) and the PHRCSOA model. The absorption spectrum is obtained by taking the sum of the spectrum of each SOA product calculated using a semiempirical NDDO (Neglect of Diatomic Differential Overlap)-based method. SOA was generated from the photochemical reaction of toluene or α-pinene at different NO(x) levels (low NO(x): 24-26 ppm, middle NO(x): 49 ppb, high NO(x): 104-105 ppb) using a 2 m(3) indoor Teflon film chamber. The model simulation reasonably agrees with the measured absorption spectra of α-pinene SOA but underestimates toluene SOA under high and middle NO(x) conditions. The absorption spectrum of toluene SOA is moderately enhanced with increasing NO(x) concentrations, while that of α-pinene SOA is not affected. Both measured and calculated UV-visible spectra show that the light absorption of toluene SOA is much stronger than that of α-pinene SOA.     

Liquid-phase oxidation of α-pinene with oxygen catalyzed by carbon-supported platinum metals

The liquid-phase oxidation of α-pinene with oxygen at 70–90°C is studied in the presence of Pd, Pt, Ru, Rh, and Ir supported on carbon. The conversion of α-pinene and the selectivity of formation of the main reaction products, namely, verbenol (1), verbenone (2), and α-pinene oxide (3), depends on the nature of the metal, on its oxidation state and extent of dispersion, and on the admixtures introduced into the system. In the presence of the Pt catalysts and promoting admixtures of tetrahexylammonium chloride (Hex₄NCl), the selectivity of formation of the most valuable oxidation products (1 + 2) reaches 50% at an α-pinene conversion of 20–30%. The fraction of resinlike oxidation products decreases in the presence of the catalysts. The results obtained are discussed in the framework of the radical mechanism of α-pinene oxidation.     

Asymmetric reductions of propargyl ketones : An effective approach to the synthesis of optically-active compounds

Propargyl ketones are readily reduced by the asymmetric reducing agent B-3-pinanyl-9- borabicyclo[3.3.1]-nonane (Alpine-borane). The reagent prepared from (+)-α-pinene and 9-BBN provides the R enantiomer while the S enantiomer can be obtained from (-)-α-pinene. Alternatively the S enantiomer can be prepared from the reagent derived from 9-BBN and the benzyl ether of nopol (6,6-dimethyl-bicyclo[3.11.]hept-2-ene-2-ethanol). The limiting factor in obtaining high enantiomeric induction is often the enantiomeric purity of the α-pinene. With 100% enantiomerically pure α-pinene, propargyl alcohols of essentially 100% ee can be obtained. A predictive rationalization of the transition state leading to this remarkable selection is presented. The acetylene unit of the propargyl alcohol provides a convenient handle for transformations to other useful, optically-active products. The use of propargyl alcohols for the synthesis of optically-active α- and β-substituted γ-lactones, and δ-lactones is illustrated     

The Constituents of the Leaves of Chamaecyparis Formosensis Matsum

Forty one terpenoidal compounds were isolated from the essential oil of Chamaecyparis formosensis Matsum. The dominant component is α-pinene. Other major components include β-pinene, 3-carene, α-terpineol, γ-muurolene, and kaurene.     

紫外光解强化生物滤塔去除疏水性α-蒎烯的传质及降解动力学分析

利用紫外光解（UV）作为预处理工艺来强化生物过滤塔（BF）和生物滴滤塔（BTF）对疏水性化合物α-蒎烯的去除,基于试验数据对滤塔内α-蒎烯的传质行为和微生物活性进行了模型和理论分析.Michaelis-Menten动力学分析表明,α-蒎烯在UV-BTF内的气相饱和常数为1.0gm-3,是其在BTF内的20倍,而α-蒎烯在BF内的气相饱和常数略大于UV-BF内相应数值.UV-BTF的理论临界进气浓度为555.22mgm-3,高于其他处理系统.微生物代谢活性和比耗氧速率分析表明,UV-BTF内的微生物世代时间明显缩短,α-蒎烯及其光解产物的最大比耗氧速率分别达到了1.16、0.34、0.41和0.25mgO2mg-1DWh-1,略高于其他处理系统中相应数值的150%-200%.以上模型拟合数据从理论上说明UV光解工艺能减轻α-蒎烯在BTF内的传质抑制效应,进而提高整体宏观去除能力;但是由于BF工艺的自身特性和累积臭氧的毒害效应,UV光解不适合作为BF的预处理工艺.     

The effect of harvest periods on the chemical compositions of essential oils of sage (Salvia aucheri L.) leaves

The essential oils of sage leaves (Salvia aucheri Bentham var. canescens Boiss. & Heldr.), growing wild in South Anatolia, were extracted by hydrodistillation and analysed by GC and GC-MS. The percentage yields of the essential oils from sage leaves harvested at different years were 1.0%, 1.3%, 1.3%, 1.0%, 1.4%, 1.5% and 1.2%, respectively. In this study, 1,8-cineole, camphre, camphene α-pinene and β-pinene were identified as the major components of sage leaves collected at different periods. The main constituents of sage oil collected over the years were 1,8-cineole (35.01-48.06%), camphre (13.58-23.92%), camphene (6.77-8.82%), α-pinene (5.79-8.54%) and β-pinene (4.32-6.28%).     

水促进的氯化钌催化α-蒎烯加氢反应

考察了水促进的RuCl3催化α-蒎烯加氢反应.结果表明,同传统催化剂或无水RuCl3相比,水对α-蒎烯加氢反应具有明显的促进作用,可显著提高蒎烷选择性及产物中蒎烷顺反比,且容易实现产物的分离及催化剂的循环使用.在RuCl3·3H2O用量1.8mg,α-蒎烯2.5g,m(H2O):m(a-蒎烯)=4:1下,160℃,5M...     

N,N-Dihalophosphoramides—XII: The addition of diethyl N,N-dichlorophosphoroamidate (dcpa) to α-pinene and norbornene

Addition of diethyl N,N-dichlorophosphoroamidate (DCPA) to α-pinene and norbornene has been described. The structures of main products were established by means of chemical degradation methods and NMR spectroscopy. In the case of DCPA addition to α-pinene the possible reaction pathway was proposed.     

Production of vibrationally excited OH in chemiluminescent reactions of ozone with monoterpenes

Emission from vibrationally excited OH molecules (Meinel bands) has been observed in chemiluminescent gas-phase reactions of ozone with myrcene, α-phellandrene, α-pinene, limonene and linallol. In addition emission from HCHO(¹A₂) and methylglyoxal(³A_u) has also been identified in reactions with myrcene, α-pinene and α-phellandrene.     

Thermal degradation of α-pinene using a Py–GC/MS

Mediterranean forest fires may be accelerated, partly due to biogenic volatile organic compounds produced by vegetation, mainly monoterpenes largely represented by α-pinene. To model the propagation of biomass combustion, it is necessary to study the flammability of the produced gas mixture, and thus, necessary to identify the emitted volatile compounds. However, thermal degradation of monoterpenes is rarely experimented above 300 °C, whereas forest fires reach higher temperatures. Thus, in this work, we experimented a 2-min pyrolysis of α-pinene at temperatures from 300 to 800 °C using a Py–GC/MS device. Less than 1% of pyrolysis products were detected at 300 and 400 °C. The pyrolysis products increased then from 14 compounds at 500 °C to 31 compounds at 800 °C. Degradation of α-pinene started with its isomerization at 500 °C. At 800 °C, alkenes detected increased as well as aromatics produced through the Diels–Alder mechanism. These results are consistent with the literature on thermal degradation of α- and β-pinene presented in our article.

     

Epoxidation of α-pinene with molecular oxygen catalyzed by poly(vinylbenzyl)acetylacetonate complexes of some metal ions

Poly(vinylbenzyl)acetylacetonate complex of cobalt is a very effective catalyst for the epoxidation of α-pinene under an atmospheric pressure of molecular oxygen at 25°C. With isobutyraldehyde as a reductant, the yield of the epoxidation of α-pinene amounts to 94.3% within 6 hr. The catalyst can be recycled at least eight times without apparent loss of activity.