Siloxy Alkynes in Annulation Reactions

Siloxy alkynes are a family of versatile species in organic synthesis. This account reviews the annulation reactions of siloxy alkynes for the synthesis of a variety of carbo‐ and heterocyclic products. With various dipolarophiles or dipolarophile‐like reaction partners, siloxy alkynes are capable of forming small (three‐ to six‐membered) rings. Recently, we have expanded the scope to the synthesis of medium‐ and large‐ring lactones, enabled by the design of new amphoteric molecules as well as a new ring‐expansion strategy. These annulation reactions provide not only practically useful syntheses of cyclic molecules, but also important understanding of the fundamental reactivity of siloxy alkynes.     

Preparation of Polyfunctionalized Aromatic Nitriles from Aryl Oxazolines

A selective ortho,ortho’-functionalization of readily available aryl oxazolines by two successive magnesiations with sBu₂Mg in toluene followed by trapping reactions with electrophiles, such as (hetero)aryl iodides or bromides, iodine, tosyl cyanide, ethyl cyanoformate or allylic bromides (39 examples, 62–99 % yield) is reported. Treatment of these aryl oxazolines with excess oxalyl chloride and catalytic amounts of DMF (50 °C, 4 h) provided the corresponding nitriles (36 examples, 73–99 % yield). Conversions of these nitriles to valuable heterocycles are reported, and a tentative mechanism is proposed.     

亲核叔膦促进的联烯酸酯环加成反应研究进展

20世纪90年代中期,陆熙炎教授报道了亲核叔膦促进的联烯酸酯与缺电子烯烃和亚胺环加成反应.二十年来,作为高效构建功能化碳环及杂环化合物方法,叔膦促进的联烯酸酯环加成反应的发展和应用受到化学家的广泛关注.多样性的亲核叔膦和不同结构联烯酸酯的引入,可呈现多种类型的环加成反应.特别是手性叔膦的应用,高选择性地实现了对该类反应的不对称催化,为一些天然产物和药物模块的全合成开辟了新途径.此外,醛酮化合物也被运用到此类反应中,构建了多种有用的含氧杂环.本篇综述包括六部分:第一部分是引言,概括介绍陆氏反应;第二至五部分分别阐述了亲核叔膦促进联烯酸酯与缺电子烯烃、亚胺、醛酮以及特定亲核试剂的各种环加成反应;最后一部分是总结与展望.     

Rhodium‐Catalyzed Transnitrilation of Aryl Boronic Acids with Dimethylmalononitrile

An efficient transnitrilation of aryl boronic acids with dimethylmalononitrile (DMMN) is described. This rhodium‐catalyzed electrophilic cyanation presents a novel approach to prepare aryl nitriles by using a carbon‐bound cyanating reagent which undergoes cross‐coupling with the aryl boronic acid. The reaction expands the degree of functional‐group compatibility exhibited by the transnitrilation of aryl Grignard and aryllithium reagents. A variety of aryl boronic acid derivatives and dialkylmalononitriles were amenable to the transnitrilation.     

Spotlight on Photoinduced Aryl Migration Reactions

Rearrangement reactions are certainly one of the most useful approaches towards complex structures in organic chemistry. With efficient conditions, it is indeed possible to convert simple substrates into highly functionalized products. Moreover, combining this approach with an attractive initiation process, such as visible-light catalysis, makes these reactions particularly powerful. Recently, tremendous improvements have been made, owing to a better understanding of photoredox mechanisms. In this review, recent progress on visible-light aryl migration reactions is discussed, focusing especially on Smiles rearrangement and related reactions.     

Pd-Catalyzed [3+2]-Dehydrogenative Annulation Reactions

The significance of cross dehydrogenative couplings has increased considerably in recent years. This article revisits the [3+2] C−C/N−C, C−C/O−C and C−C/C−C annulation strategy, recently reported by our group, according to a Pd(II) catalyzed dehydrogenative variant. Our original report relied on Pd(0) catalysis, using α,β-unsaturated-γ-oxy carbonyls as bis-electrophiles and resonance-stabilized acetamides or 3-oxoglutarates as C/N and O/C or C/C bis-nucleophiles, respectively. In this more modern and straightforward Pd(II)-catalyzed dehydrogenative approach, β,γ-unsaturated carbonyl derivatives replace α,β-unsaturated-γ-oxy carbonyls as bis-electrophiles. Our study includes experimental optimization and showcases the synthetic versatility in the formation of diverse heterocyclic structures, such as bicyclic lactams, furo-cycloalkanones and bicycloalkane-diones. Furthermore, a mechanism is proposed to elucidate the underlying processes involved in these reactions.     

Chemoselective Chromium(II)‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling Reactions of Dichlorinated Heteroaromatics with Functionalized Aryl Grignard Reagents

Chromium(II) chloride catalyzes the chemoselective cross‐coupling reaction of dichloropyridines with a range of functionalized (hetero)aromatic Grignard reagents at room temperature. Functional groups, such as esters and acetals, are well tolerated in this transformation. Previously challenging substrates, quinolines and isoquinolines, participate in the selective Cr‐catalyzed cross‐coupling in cyclopentyl methyl ether (CPME) as the solvent. The effective purging of Cr salts is demonstrated by using various solid supports.     

Direct Annulation between Aryl Iodides and Epoxides through Palladium/Norbornene Cooperative Catalysis

Herein we report a direct annulation between aryl iodides and epoxides through palladium/norbornene (Pd/NBE) cooperative catalysis. An iso‐propyl ester substituted NBE was found to be most efficient to suppress the formation of multiple‐NBE‐insertion byproducts and affords the desired 2,3‐dihydrobenzofuran derivatives in 44–99 % yields. The reaction is scalable and tolerates a range of functional groups. Asymmetric synthesis is realized using an enantiopure epoxide. Application of this method into a concise synthesis of insecticide fufenozide is demonstrated.     

微乳介质中卤代芳烃Ullmann偶联反应

微乳介质中卤代芳烃Ullmann偶联反应;偶联反应;微乳;卤代芳烃     

A Simple System for Preparation of Protected Glycosidic Carbohydrate Nitriles from Corresponding Oximes

Abstract

Glycosidic nitriles of protected carbohydrates were prepared efficiently and rapidly from the corresponding oximes using thionyl chloride/benzotriazole combination as dehydrating system.     

Microwave Assisted,Solvent Free One Pot Synthesis of Nitriles from Aryl Aldehydes on Melamin Formaldehyde as Solid Support

Various aryl aldehydes underwent prompt one pot conversion into the corresponding nitriles in high yields by reacting with hydroxylamine hydrochloride supported on melamine formaldehyde under microwave irradiation in the presence of ammonium acetate as catalyst.     

alpha-(Arylthio)imidoyl Radicals: [3 + 2] Radical Annulation of Aryl Isothiocyanates with 2-Cyano-Substituted Aryl Radicals

A novel cascade radical reaction is described involving aryl isothiocyanates and 2-cyanoaryl radicals. The mechanism entails the formation of an alpha-(arylthio)imidoyl radical, a 5-exo-dig cyclization onto a cyano group, and a final 6-membered ring closure of an iminyl radical. The competitive 5-membered spiro-cyclization of the iminyl, leading to an isomeric product, was only observed in the case of a disubstituted aryl isothiocyanate. The whole process involves a rare example of [3 + 2] radical annulation and allows the one-pot synthesis of tetracondensed nitrogen heterocycles in good yields.     

Phenalenannulations: Three-Point Double Annulation Reactions that Convert Benzenes into Pyrenes

3-Point annulations, or phenalenannulations, transform a benzene ring directly into a substituted pyrene by “wrapping” two new cycles around the perimeter of the central ring at three consecutive carbon atoms. This efficient, modular, and general method for π-extension opens access to non-symmetric pyrenes and their expanded analogues. Potentially, this approach can convert any aromatic ring bearing a -CH₂Br or a -CHO group into a pyrene moiety. Depending upon the workup choices, the process can be directed towards either tin- or iodo-substituted product formation, giving complementary choices for further various cross-coupling reactions. The two-directional bis-double annulation adds two new polyaromatic extensions with a total of six new aromatic rings at a central core.     

Tunable Gold-catalyzed Reactions of Propargyl Alcohols and Aryl Nucleophiles

Gold-catalyzed transformations of 1,3-diarylpropargyl alcohols and various aryl nucleophiles were studied. Selective tunable synthetic methods were developed for 1,1,3-triarylallenes, diaryl-indenes and tetraaryl-allyl target products by C3 nucleophilic substitution and subsequent intra- or intermolecular hydroarylation, respectively. The reactions were scoped with regards to gold(I)/(III) catalysts, solvent, temperature, and electronic and steric effects of both the diarylpropargyl alcohol and the aryl nucleophiles. High yields of triaryl-allenes and diaryl-indenes by gold(III) catalysis were observed. Depending on the choice of aryl nucleophile and control of reaction temperature, different product ratios have been obtained. Alternatively, tetraaryl-allyl target products were formed by a sequential one-pot tandem process from appropriate propargyl substrates and two different aryl nucleophiles. Corresponding halo-arylation products (I and Br; up to 95 % 2-halo-diaryl-indenes) were obtained in a one-pot manner in the presence of the respective N-halosuccinimides (NIS, NBS).     

Iron-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling Reactions of Alkyl Grignards with Aryl Chlorobenzenesulfonates

Aryl sulfonate esters are versatile synthetic intermediates in organic chemistry as well as attractive architectures due to their bioactive properties. Herein, we report the synthesis of alkyl-substituted benzenesulfonate esters by iron-catalyzed C(sp²)–C(sp³) cross-coupling of Grignard reagents with aryl chlorides. The method operates using an environmentally benign and sustainable iron catalytic system, employing benign urea ligands. A broad range of chlorobenzenesulfonates as well as challenging alkyl organometallics containing β-hydrogens are compatible with these conditions, affording alkylated products in high to excellent yields. The study reveals that aryl sulfonate esters are the most reactive activating groups for iron-catalyzed alkylative C(sp²)–C(sp³) cross-coupling of aryl chlorides with Grignard reagents.     

羟基磷灰石负载锰催化溴苯的Suzuki反应

以羟基磷灰石(HAP)负载Mn作为催化剂(MnHAP)催化溴苯与苯硼酸的Suzuki交叉偶联反应.以氟离子交换羟基磷灰石的羟基(MnFAP)后,催化剂的活性显著提高,在优化的反应条件下能得到约70%的产率.进一步考察了溶剂和不同取代基的影响.结果表明,MnFAP作用下溶剂极性对反应有很大影响,当溶剂DMF/H2O比例为1/3时产率最高.对于不同取代基取代的溴代芳烃或苯硼酸,可以得到中等产率(18%~46%)的偶联产物.