Aminobisphosphonate Polymers via RAFT and a Multicomponent Kabachnik–Fields Reaction

Polyacrylamides containing pendant aminobisphosphonate groups are synthesized via reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization and a multicomponent postpolymerization functionalization reaction. A Moedritzer–Irani reaction installs the phosphonic acid groups on well‐defined, RAFT‐generated polymers bearing a pendant amine. An alternate route to the same materials is developed utilizing a three‐component Kabachnik–Fields reaction and subsequent dealkylation. Kinetics of the RAFT polymerization of the polymer precursor are studied. Successful functionalization is demonstrated by NMR and FTIR spectroscopy and elemental analysis of the final polymers.

     

A new 9,10-dihydrophenanthrene from Dendrobium moniliforme

A new 9,10-dihydrophenanthrene,1,5-dihydroxy-3,4,7-trimethoxy-9,10-dihydrophenanthrene (1) was isolated and identified from the whole plants of Dendrobium moniliforme, as well as 24 known compounds including hircinol (2), (2R^*,3S^*)-3-hydroxymethyl-9-methoxy-2-(4′-hydroxy-3′,5′-dimethoxyphenyl)-2,3,6,7-tetrahydro-phenanthro[4,3-b]furan-5,11-diol (3), diospyrosin (4), aloifol I (5), moscatilin (6), 3,4′-dihydroxy-3′,4,5-trimethoxybibenzyl (7), gigantol (8), 3,3′-dihydroxy-4,5-dimethoxybibenzyl (9), longicornuol A (10), N-trans-cinnamoyltyramine (11), paprazine (12), N-trans-feruloyl 3′-O-methyldopamine (13), moupinamide (14), dihydroconiferyl dihydro-p-coumarate (15), dihydrosinapyl dihydro-p-coumarate (16), 3-isopropyl-5-acetoxycyclohexene-2-one-1 (17), p-hydroxybenzaldehyde (18), vanillin (19), p-hydroxyphenylpropionic acid (20), vanillic acid (21), protocatechuic acid (22), (+)-syringaresinol (23), β-sitosterol (24) and daucosterol (25). Compounds 3, 4, 13, 16, 17 and 20 were isolated from the Dendrobium genus for the first time, and compounds 2, 5, 7, 9–12, 14, 15, 18, 21 and 22 were originally obtained from D. moniliforme.     

Selective Benzoylation of 1-(β-D-Xylopyranosyl)-3,5-dimethylpyrazole

Abstract

Selective benzoylation of l-(β-d-xylopyranosyl)-3,5-dimethylpyrazole (1) has been performed to give 2,3,4-tri- (2), 3,4-di- (3), 2,4-di- (4), 3- (5) and 4-benzoate (6). The O-acetyl derivatives of compounds 3 and 4 (7, 8), di-O-acetyl of 5 and 6 (9, 10) and O-methanesulphonyl of 3 and 4 (11, 12) have been obtained. The relative reactivity of the hydroxyl groups of 1 was HO-4 ≥ HO-3 ? HO-2. The analysis of ¹ H NMR and ¹³C NMR spectra of 1-12 is presented.     

Polymerizations of methyl methacrylate and rac-lactide by zinc(II) precatalyst containing N-substituted 2-iminomethylpyridine and 2-iminomethylquinoline

The reaction of [ZnCl₂] with N-cyclopentyl-1-(quinolin-2-yl)methanimine (L_A), N-cyclohexyl-1-(quinolin-2-yl)methanimine (L_B), N-cyclohexyl-1-(pyridin-2-yl)methanimine (L_C), 2,6-diethyl-N-(pyridin-2-ylmethylene)aniline (L_D), N-cyclopentyl-1-(pyridin-2-yl)methanimine (L_E), and N-phenyl-(pyridin-2-yl)methanimine (L_F) in ethanol produced the bidentate [(NN′)ZnCl₂] complexes, [L_AZnCl₂], [L_BZnCl₂], [L_CZnCl₂], [L_DZnCl₂], [L_EZnCl₂] and [L_FZnCl₂], respectively. The molecular structures revealed that the zinc in [L_nZnCl₂] (L_n = L_A ? L_D) showed a distorted tetrahedral geometry involving two nitrogens of N,N’-bidentate ligands and two chloride ligands. Most of these initiators were effective for polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) and polymerization of rac-lactide (rac-LA). [L_CZnCl₂] (with N-cyclohexyl substituted at imine-pyridine moiety) exhibited the highest catalytic activity for MMA polymerization in the presence of modified methylaluminoxane (MMAO) with an activity of 3.33 × 10⁴ g PMMA/mol·Zn·h at 60 °C, giving moderate syndiotactic poly methyl methacrylate (PMMA) with high molecular weight (9.62 × 10⁵ g/mol). The dimethyl derivatives [L_nZnMe₂] (L_n = L_A ? L_F), generated in situ, polymerized rac-LA with moderate activity and yielded a polylactide (PLA) with good number-average molecular weights and narrower polydispersity indices (PDIs). [L_AZnMe₂] effectively initiates the ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of rac-LA to attain heterotactic PLA (P_r = 0.91).     

Anti-inflammatory activities of the chemical constituents isolated from Trametes versicolor

Twenty-seven compounds including nine triterpenoids (1–9), eight sterols (10–17), two ribonucleotides (18, 19), four phenols (20–23), three glycosides (24–26), and one furan (27) were isolated from the fruiting bodies of Trametes versicolor (L.) Lloyd. This study is the first confirmation of the presence of the 11 compounds (3, 5, 6, 8, 18, 20, 21, 23–25, and 27) isolated from the Polyporaceae family, with six of these (2 and 12–16) from the genus Trametes. Compounds 3, 4, 10, 11, 16 and 17 were found to significantly inhibit the production of NO, TNF-α and IL-6 in a dose-dependent manner.     

NOVEL N,S-SUBSTITUTED DIENES BY THE REACTION OF 2-NITROTHIOSUBSTITUTED HALODIENES AND PRIMARY AMINES

Mono(thio)substituted 1a–c gave compounds 3a–c and 5a with o-toluidin (2) and m-toluidin (4) in ether. Compounds 9a–c and 11a, b were obtained from the reaction of compounds 1a–c with p-fluorophenylamine (8) and p-fluorobenzylamine (10). Compounds 7a and 15c were obtained from the reaction of 1a and 1c with p-phenylendiamine (6) and o-phenylendiamine (14). Compound 13c was synthesized from the reaction of compound 1c with benzidine (2).     

Tetrahydroprotoberberine alkaloids from <Emphasis Type="Italic">Corydalis saxicola</Emphasis>

Thirteen tetrahydroprotoberberines, 2,9,10-thrihydroxy-3-methoxytetrahydroprotoberberine (1), cavidine (2), thalictrifoline (3), mesotetrahydrocorysamine (4), stylopine (5), sinactine (6), apocavidine (7), cheilanthifoline (8), 13-β-hydroxystylopine (9), tetrahydropalmatine (10), tetrahydropalmatrubine (11), isocorypalmine (12), and scoulerine (13) have been isolated from the herb of Corydalis. Saxicola Bunting. Of these alkaloids, 2,9,10-thrihydroxy-3-methoxytetrahydroprotoberberine (1) was a new base. The alkaloids mesotetrahydrocorysamine (4), stylopine (5), sinactine (6), apocavidine (7), cheilanthifoline (8), 13-β-hydroxystylopine (9), tetrahydropalmatine (10), tetrahydropalmatrubine (11), isocorypalmine (12), and scoulerine (13), although previously known, were isolated for the first time from Corydalis saxicola Bunting. Published in Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii, No. 2, pp. 143–144, March–April, 2007.     

Secoiridoids and other chemotaxonomically relevant compounds in Pedicularis: phytochemical analysis and comparison of Pedicularis rostratocapitata Crantz and Pedicularis verticillata L. from Dolomites

We compared the respective metabolite patterns of two Pedicularis species from Dolomites. Seven phenylethanoid glycosides, i.e., verbascoside (1), echinacoside (2), angoroside A (3), cistantubuloside B1 (4), wiedemannioside C (5), campneoside II (11) and cistantubuloside C1 (12), together with several iridoid glucosides as aucubin (6), euphroside (7), monomelittoside (8), mussaenosidic acid (9) and 8-epiloganic acid (13) were identified. Pedicularis verticillata showed also the presence of greatly unexpected secoiridoids, ligustroside (14) and excelside B (15), very rare compounds in Lamiales. Both PhGs and iridoids are considered of taxonomical relevance in the Asteridae and their occurrence in Pedicularis was discussed. In particular, the exclusive presence of several compounds such as 8-epiloganic acid (13), campneoside II (11), cistantubuloside C1 (12), ligustroside (14) and excelside B (15) in Pedicularis rostratocapitata, and angoroside A (3), cistantubuloside B1 (4) and wiedemannioside C (5) in P. verticillata could be considered specific markers for the two botanical entities.     

Chemical constituents from Agrimonia pilosa Ledeb. and their chemotaxonomic significance

Phytochemical investigation of the ethanol extract from the whole plant of Agrimonia pilosa led to the isolation of 31 compounds, including 16 flavonoids (1–16), 5 triterpenes (17–21), 1 isocoumarin (22), 5 phenolic acids (23–27), 1 ceramide (28), 2 agrimols (29–30) and 1 fatty acid (31). Their structures were determined by various spectroscopic analyses. Compounds 5, 7 and 20 were firstly isolated from the genus Agrimonia, and compounds 6, 10–11, 15, 26, 28 and 31 were isolated from the family Rosaceae for the first time. Moreover, the chemotaxonomic significance of these compounds was summarised.     

SYNTHESIS OF NEW ANTHRACYCLINE DERIVATIVES CONTAINING PYRUVIC,ASPARTIC, OR N-ACETYLASPARTIC ACID MOLECULE

ABSTRACT

The new anthracycline analogues (2–10) as potential anticancer agents were synthesized from daunomycin (1a) and doxorubicin (1b). Compounds 2, 6, and 7 were prepared by the nucleophilic displacement type esterification of a 14-bromodaunomycin (1c) with a sodium pyruvate, aspartate, and N-acetylaspartic acid, respectively. Whereas compounds (3, 8) and (4, 9) were prepared by the reaction of daunomycin (1a) or doxorubicin (1b) with one equivalent of the corresponding acids in the presence of EDCI/PP, compounds (5, 10) were obtained from 1b by reaction with two equivalents of the corresponding acids in the same manner.     

A new sesquiterpene from Kalimeris integrifolia

A new sesquiterpene kalinturoside A (1), and 17 known compounds friedelan-3-ol (2), 24-ethyl-5a-cholesta-7, 22(E)-dien-3-one (3), friedelin (4), syringaresinol (5), α-spinasterol (6), ciwujiatone (7), syringic acid (8), scopoletin (9), apocynin (10), 1-(3-hydroxy-4, 5-dimethoxyphenyl)ethan-1-one (11), apigenin (12), 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (13), stigmasterol-3-O-β-d-glucopy-ranoside (14), bidenoside C (15), citrusin (16), irioresinol A (17) and syringaresinol-4-O-β-d-glucopyranoside (18) were isolated from the herbs of Kalimeris integrifolia. The structures of these compounds were elucidated using spectroscopic techniques such as NMR and MS. All of the compounds were isolated from this genus for the first time.     

Chemical constituents and biological activities from branches of Colubrina asiatica

Sixteen compounds were isolated from a Thai medicinal plant, Colubrina asiatica. The isolated compounds were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic methods (IR, 1D and 2D NMR) as six triterpene acids (1–6), five steroids (7–11), one benzoic acid derivative (12), two peptides (13 and 14), one sesquiterpenoid (15) and one jujubogenin (16). Compounds 3 and 10 showed antimalarial activity against Plasmodium falciparum. Compound 5 showed antimycobacterial activity. Moreover, compounds 3, 5, 6, 10 and 14 exhibited weak cytotoxicity against cancer cell lines. Compounds 1–15 have been isolated for the first time from this plant.     

UV-stability and UV-protective activity of alkaloids from the marine sponge Zyzzya fuliginosa

Alkaloids from the marine sponge Zyzzya fuliginosa damirones A (1) and B (2); makaluvamines H (3), C (4), G (5), and L (6); and zyzzyanones A (8) and B (9) were investigated for the ability to protect egg-cell membranes of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus nudus from UV-radiation. Damirones, zyzzyanones, and tricyclic makaluvamines C (4) and H (3) exhibited the greatest membrane-protective activity. It was shown that makaluvamines G (5) and L (6) were converted by UV-irradiation into damirones A (1), B (2), tricyclic makaluvamines H (3), C (4), and zyzzyanones A (8) and B (9), respectively. __________ Translated from Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii, No. 1, pp. 62–64, January–February, 2006.     

New cytotoxic constituents in the water-soluble fraction from Momordicae Semen

Abstract

Two new lignans mubezhisol (1) and mubezhisal (2), together with twenty six known compounds (3–28) were isolated from water-soluble fraction from the semens of Momordica cochinchinensis. In the subsequent action evaluation, four saponins (4, 6, 13, 27), six lignans (1, 2, 16, 17, 22, 23), and one naphthoquinone (24) exhibited the significant cytotoxicity. The results indicated that various saponins and lignans were mainly responsible for the antitumor activities of Momordicae Semen.     

REAKTIONEN DES PYRIDINIUM-FLUOR-DITHIOPHOSPHORSÄURE-BETAINS

Abstract

Pyridinium-fluor-dithiophosphorsäure-betain (1) reagiert mit Hydrazin unter Bildung von Pyridinium-hydrazin-bis(fluor-dithiophosphate) (3), mit Phenylhydrazin unter Bildung von Pyridinium-phenylhydrazido-fluordithiophosphat (5). 3 und 5 können mit Methyljodid in die entsprechenden S-Methylester 7 und 8 überführt werden. Die Umsetzung der Titelverbindung 1 mit H₂S führt zu Pyridinium-difluor-pentathiodiphosphat (9). Das primäre Hydrolyseprodukt von 1 ist nicht stabil. Mercaptane und 1 reagieren zu den Pyridiniumsalzen der Fluor-trithiophosphorsäure-monoester (10), die durch Umsetzung mit Methyljodid in die Fluor-trithiophosphorsäure-diester (12) umgewandelt werden können. Die Reaktion von Phenyl-t-butyl-phosphan mit 1 hat eine P–P-Verknüpfung zur Folge. Reaktionsprodukt ist Pyridinium-phenyl-t-butyl-phosphido-fluor-dithiophosphat (13).

Pyridinium-fluoro-dithiophosphoric betaine (1) reacts with hydrazine to give pyridinium hydrazine bis(fluoro-dithiophosphate) (3), with phenylhydrazine to give pyridinium phenylhydrazido fluoro-dithiophosphate (5). 3 and 5 can be converted into the corresponding S-methyl esters 7 and 8 by methyl iodide. Reaction of the title compound 1 with H₂S yields pyridinium difluoro pentathiodiphosphate (9). The primary hydrolysis product of 1 is not stable. Mercaptanes and 1 yield pyridinium salts of fluoro trithiophosphoric monoesters (10) which by reaction with methyl iodide can be converted into fluoro trithiophosphoric diesters (12). The reaction of phenyl t-butyl phosphane with 1 results in the formation of a P–P bond. Reaction product is pyridinium phenyl t-butyl phosphido fluoro dithiophosphate (13).     

Chemical constituents from the flowers of Satsuma mandarin and their free radical scavenging and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities

Flowers of Citrus plants are used as mild sedatives and for the treatment of insomnia in traditional medicines. In Japan, tea made from the flowers of Satsuma mandarin is consumed as healthy drink. Hesperidin (1), hesperetin (2), rutin (3), quercetin (4), nicotiflorin (5), eriocitrin (6), narirutin (7), phenylethyl glucoside (8) and unshuoside A (9) were isolated from the MeOH extract of fresh flowers. Structure elucidation of these compounds was performed on the basis of NMR spectroscopic data. Among them, rutin (3), quercetin (4) and eriocitrin (6) showed potent free radical scavenging activity, whereas hesperetin (2) and quercetin (4) showed potent α-glucosidase inhibitory activity.     

New N,S-Derivatives of Nitrodienes from Thioallyl-and Thiodibromopropyl Nitrodienes

Compound 3 and 5a, b were obtained from the reaction of 1,3,4,4-tetrachloro-1-thioallyl-2-nitro-1,3-butadiene (1) with thiomorpholine (2) and piperazine derivatives 4a, b in dichloromethane. The reaction of compound 1 and bromine gave compound 6. Compounds 8 and 10 were obtained from the reaction of 6 with 1-(diphenylmethyl)piperazine (7) and piperidine (9) in dichloromethane. The derivative 13 was synthesized from the reaction of 4-bromo-1,1,3,4-tetrachloro-2-nitro-1,3-butadiene (11) and allylmercaptane (12). Compounds 15 and 16a, b were obtained from the reaction of 1-allyl-4-bromo-1,3,4-trichloro-2-nitro-1,3-butadiene (13) with morpholine (14) and the piperazine derivatives 16a, b, in dichloromethane, respectively.     

CHLOROSULFONATION OF 9-ARYLOCTAHYDROXANTHEN-1,8-DIONES

The 9-aryloctahydroxanthen-1,8-diones (3, 4– 24) were prepared by reaction of cyclohexan-1,3-dione (1) with selected arylaldehydes. The xanthendiones (4– 9, 11, 12, 18, 21, 22) were successfully reacted with chlorosulfonic acid, and the crude sulfonyl chlorides were converted into 15 sulfonamides (26– 40) for screening as potential pesticides. Attempted chlorosulfonation of the xanthendiones (13– 17) was unsuccessful. α-Methylcinnamaldehyde was reacted with cyclohexandione (1) to yield the corresponding xanthendione derivative (23). On the other hand, with o-methoxycinnamaldehyde an impure product formed and the p-methoxy isomer afforded the corresponding 2-arylpyran (25). The NMR spectral data of the compounds are briefly discussed.     

A new proline-containing flavonol glycoside from Caragana leucophloea Pojark

One new proline-containing flavonol glycoside, namely kaempferol-3-O-methyl-7-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-8-(1-methyleneproline)-4′-O-β-d-glucopyranoside (1), together with 15 known flavonoids, 3-O-methylkaempferol (2), 3-O-methylquercetin (3), quercetin (4), kaempferol (5), apigenin (6), rhamnazin (7), astragalin (8), alquds (9), quercitrin (10), rutin (11), isoquercitrin (12), apigetrin (13), myricitrin (14), hesperidin (15) and calycosin-7-O-β-d-glucopyranoside (16) were isolated from the aerial parts of Caragana leucophloea Pojark. (Leguminosae). Their structures were determined on the basis of spectroscopic analyses and by comparison with literature data. Compounds 2–4 revealed a strong antimicrobial activity with minimum inhibitory concentration values of 12.5–150 μg/mL and median inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) values of 7.42–76.61 μg/mL. Compounds 3, 4, 6–8, 10–12 and 14 showed strong antioxidant activity. Compounds 2–7 exhibited moderate antinematodal activity on Caenorhabditis elegans with IC₅₀ values of 40.51–68.05 μg/mL.