高烯丙醇和高烯丙胺的电化学合成研究进展

电化学技术已经在有机合成得到广泛重视,本文简要概述了利用羰基和亚胺的电化学烯丙基化反应合成高烯丙醇和高烯丙胺的方法. 该方法已经得到了比较瞩目的进展,特别是在水相中的电化学烯丙基化反应,充分体现了绿色化学的特点。在提高电流效率和区域选择性,利用手性催化剂进行手性合成等方面还期待更多的关注和发展.     

水相中磷钼酸催化三组分合成烯丙基胺

以磷钼酸作为催化剂，芳香醛、胺和三丁基烯丙基锡三组分在水作为溶剂，室温下高产率的得到相应的烯丙基胺。     

Asymmetric Synthesis of Homoallylic Amines and Functionalized Pyrrolidines via Direct Amino-Crotylation of In Situ Generated Imines

The asymmetric synthesis of functionalized homoallylic amines and silyl functionalized pyrrolidines through the Lewis acid promoted condensation of chiral (E)-crotylsilanes with sulfonyl imines and in situ generated N-acyl imines is described. We had anticipated that this bond construction could be used in the asymmetric synthesis of the N-terminal amino acid subunit of the nikkomycins. Aryl sulfonyl imines condense with chiral silane reagents in the presence of BF₃·OEt₂ to form homoallylic arylsulfonyl amines with useful levels of syn selectivity. For cases involving aryl N-acyl imines we have learned that the temperature controls the course of the reaction. For instance, at temperatures of −78°C or below the major product is the pyrrolidine, while at higher temperatures (−30 to −20°C) the homoallylic amine is produced. For the cases studied, the [3+2]-annulation is limited to aryl imine derivatives, as alkyl- and branched- imines failed to produce the pyrrolidine derivatives: higher reaction temperatures promote the conversion of the annulation product to the homoallylic amines. In double stereodifferentiating reactions with in situ generated imines, good levels of selectivity were achieved in the formation of secondary amines bearing syn–anti and syn–syn stereochemical triads.     

Diastereoselective Three Component Reaction of N‐Glyoxyloyl Camphorpyrazolidinone,Amine and Allyltributylstannane: Facile Synthesis of Homoallylic Amines

Diastereoselective allylation of imine derived from N‐glyoxyloyl camphorpyrazolidinone and amines was treated with allyltributylstannane in the presence of triflic acid. The corresponding optically enriched homoallylic amines were obtained in reasonable to high material yields and with practical levels of stereoselectivity in 10 min at ambient temperature.     

Zirconyl Chloride (= Dichlorooxozirconium) as an Efficient Catalyst for One‐Pot Multicomponent Synthesis of Homoallylic Amines

Zirconyl chloride (ZrOCl₂) catalyzes efficiently the one‐pot three component reactions of aldehydes, amines, and allyltributylstannane at room temperature to furnish the corresponding homoallylic amines in short reaction times and in excellent yields.     

A Regio‐ and Stereodivergent Synthesis of Homoallylic Amines by a One‐Pot Cooperative‐Catalysis‐Based Allylic Alkylation/Hofmann Rearrangement Strategy

Herein, we report a modular synthetic route to linear and branched homoallylic amines that operates through a sequential one‐pot Lewis base/transition‐metal catalyzed allylic alkylation/Hofmann rearrangement strategy. This protocol is operationally trivial, proceeds from simple and easily prepared substrates and catalysts, and enables all aspects of regio‐ and stereoselectivity to be controlled through a conserved experimental protocol. Overall, the high levels of enantio‐, regio‐, and diastereoselectivity obtained, in concert with the ability to access orthogonally protected or free amines, render this a straightforward and effective approach for the preparation of useful enantioenriched homoallylic amines. We have also demonstrated the utility of the products in the context of pharmaceutical synthesis.     

Potassium Dodecatungsto Cobaltate Trihydrate: A New Heterogeneous Catalyst for the Synthesis of Homoallylic Alcohols and Amines

A simple and efficient procedure has been developed for one-pot synthesis of homoallylic alcohols and amines in good to excellent yields using a variety of aldehydes, amines, and allyltributylstannane in the presence of a catalytic amount of potassium dodecatungsto cobaltate trihydrate (K₅CoW₁₂O₄₀ · 3H₂O) as a heterogeneous catalyst at room temperature. The catalyst exhibited remarkable reusability.     

Polyketide Building Blocks via Diastereoselective Nitrile Oxide Cycloadditions with Homoallylic Alcohols and Monoprotected Homoallylic Diols

A modular approach to Δ²‐isoxazolines, latent aldol adducts and polyketide building blocks, is reported. The magnesium‐mediated, hydroxyl‐directed method allows for the diastereoselective access to a wide variety of masked β‐hydroxy ketones, starting from readily available aliphatic and aromatic oximes, homoallylic alcohols and monoprotected homoallylic diols. The utility of the prepared Δ²‐isoxazolines as polyketide building blocks is demonstrated by their ready conversion into the corresponding β‐hydroxy ketones. The anti‐diastereoselectivity of the reaction was established by derivatization, NOE studies and comparison of known compounds. A rationale for the observed diastereoselectivity is proposed.     

水相中铟促进下支链高烯丙基醇的合成

通过铟促进下醛与2-苯基-4-溴-2-丁烯在水相中经烯丙基化反应合成一系列的支链高烯丙基醇, 产率较高, 反应条件温和.     

Synthesis of homoallylic amines via the palladium-catalyzed decarboxylative coupling of amino acid derivatives

Protected homoallylic amines are synthesized by the decarboxylative coupling of alpha-amino acid derivatives. The catalytic C-C bond-forming reaction relies on the bioinspired decarboxylative metalation of alpha-amino acids to produce alpha-amino anion equivalents. The alpha-amino anion equivalents are intercepted by pi-allyl palladium electrophiles to produce substituted homoallylic amines.     

Homoallylic <Emphasis Type="Italic">o</Emphasis>-halobenzylamines: asymmetric diversity-oriented synthesis of benzo-fused cyclic amines

The presence of a halogen atom in the proximity of a homoallylic amine, obtained by asymmetric addition of allylzinc bromide to the corresponding tert-butyl sulfinimine, makes them versatile building blocks suitable to participate in several palladium-catalyzed processes, such as the intramolecular Heck reaction or the Sonogashira cross-coupling. The thus obtained ortho-alkynyl derivatives display two unsaturated functional groups which may be further modified by means of the intramolecular Pauson–Khand reaction or the ring-closing enyne metathesis. In this way, a variety of benzo-fused amines can be obtained in 2–3 steps from readily available starting materials.     

Anchimeric assistance in electron-impact reactions: Homoallylic systems

A combination of a kinetic approach, thermochemical approach and atomic labeling techniques has been employed to demonstrate that several series of allylic and homoallylic bromides undergo Br· expulsion with the aid of remote π-electron density.     

Ir/Phase‐Transfer‐Catalysis Cooperatively Catalyzed Asymmetric Cascade Allylation/2‐aza‐Cope Rearrangement: An Efficient Route to Homoallylic Amines from Aldimine Esters†

Summaryof main observation and conclusion Herein,we developed an Ir/phase-transfer-catalysiscooperatively catalyzed asymmetric cascade allyla-tion/2-aza-Cope rearrangement of aldimine esters to prepare synthetically important homoallylic amines in good yields with excellent enantioselectivi-ties.Compared with the bimetallic catalytic system to realize this transformation,the current cooperative Ir/tetrabutyl ammonium bromide catalytic system provides an alternative but more practical approach,which not only simplify the manipulation process but also increase the cost efficiency.     

Gallium metal mediated allylation of carbonyl compounds and imines under solvent-free conditions

Gallium metal is effective in mediating the allylation of various carbonyl compounds and imines under solvent-free conditions, with the application of sonic energy, affording the corresponding homoallylic alcohols and amines. The imines themselves were also prepared under solventless conditions in high yield, thereby establishing a two-step solvent-free synthesis of homoallylic amines. In comparison, indium metal produced a mixture of the desired homoallylic secondary amine and the bis-allylated species via an iminium ion intermediate.     

Sn‐mediated one‐pot four‐component allylation of aldimines

A convenient and facile method for the synthesis of homoallylic amines was disclosed. The one‐pot reaction of aldehydes, aromatic amines and allylic bromide with tin powder at room temperature could afford the homoallylic amines in good to excellent yield without any promoter or additive. The method is highly efficient and environmentally benign with low cost and concise manipulation. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Asymmetric synthesis of homoallylic amines bearing adjacent stereogenic centers by addition of substituted allylic zinc reagents to N-tert-butanesulfinylimines

A highly diastereoselective addition of substituted racemic allylic zinc reagents to chiral N- tert-butanesulfinylimines resulting in the formation of homoallylic amines is reported. This method is quite general and also efficient for the preparation of enantiomerically pure homoallylic amines bearing quaternary centers and also adjacent quaternary centers.     

烯丙位和高烯丙位酰胺基环烯烃环氧化的非对映选择性

五到七元环的烯丙位酰胺基环烯烃在有机溶剂中环氧化均得到很好的顺式立体选择性. 但对于高烯丙位酰胺基取代的环戊烯环氧化的非对映选择性则取决于具体的酰胺基: 4-乙酰胺基环戊烯得到与烯丙位系列类似的很好的顺式选择性, 但是4-苯甲酰胺基环戊烯环氧化的选择性变差. 对于高烯丙位环己烯系列, 4-乙酰胺基环己烯得到的是相应的顺式环氧化物, 而4-苯甲酰胺基环己烯环氧化除了得到顺式环氧产物以外, 还得到可能由反式环氧化物分子内环化生成的另一化合物: 外型-2-氧杂-3-苯基-4-氮杂双环[3.3.1]壬-3-烯-8-醇. 量子化学计算及其衍生物的环氧化结果支持这一结论. 该类高度顺式非对映选择性的酰胺基取代环烯烃的环氧化可用于具有特定立体结构的类似物的合成.     

Synthesis of homoallylic amines and acylhydrazides by tin powder‐promoted multicomponent one‐pot allylation reactions

An efficient process for the synthesis of homoallylic amines and N′‐homoallylic hydrazides is developed from the one‐pot reaction of carbonyl compounds, amines or N‐acylhydrazines, allyllic bromide and tin powder using water as solvent. N‐Acylhydrazines are found to be more reactive than amines in these processes. They can react not only with aldehydes but also with ketones to give the corresponding N′‐homoallylic hydrazides. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Asymmetric synthesis of C-aliphatic homoallylic amines and biologically important cyclohexenylamine analogues

An efficient method for the asymmetric synthesis of C-aliphatic homoallylic amines with up to 94% yield and 80% de is reported. Ring-closing metathesis of several chiral homoallylic amines using the second-generation Grubbs catalyst provided easy access to a wide variety of cyclohexenylamines.     

Brønsted Acid-Catalyzed General Petasis Allylation and Isoprenylation of Unactivated Ketones

Brønsted acid-catalyzed general Petasis allylation and isoprenylation of unactivated ketones were developed by using o-hydroxyaniline and the corresponding pinacolyl boronic esters. This robust methodology provided access to a broad variety of quaternary homoallylic amines and dienyl amines in high yields, proved to be applicable to a gram-scale synthesis, and allowed the synthesis of a potentially bioactive quaternary homoallylic aminodiol.