AN EFFICIENT AND CONVENIENT METHOD FOR THE REARRANGEMENT OF PEROXIDE COMPOUNDS

An alternative and convenient procedure for transformation of peroxides to hydroxy ketones by potassium carbonate is described.     

Determination of calcium oxide in calcined phosphate ores

It has been shown that an existing procedure to differentiate calcium oxide from the carbonate and silicate of calcium can be used in the presence of the phosphate, fluoride and sulphate of calcium, and of the carbonate and oxide of magnesium. It is based on the reaction in aqueous solution of calcium oxide with sucrose to form calcium saccharate, and subsequent titration with oxalic acid solution. The method has application for a direct chemical determination of calcium oxide in phosphate rock where calcination of accompanying carbonate is necessary in beneficiation processes.     

Preparation of apolar glass capillary columns by the barium carbonate procedure

As an extension of previous reports, the barium carbonate procedure has been optimized in detail for the preparation of apolar columns. The aim was to produce optimum overall column characteristics, and to maintain them unchanged under the prolonged influence of the highest possible temperature. The main parameters under optimization were glass variety, leaching of glass surface with aqueous HCl, and amount of barium carbonate deposited, while deactivation and coating were kept constant. The basic column characteristics were adsorption properties and thermostability of deactivation, acid/base behaviour and separation efficiency. They were determined by a new, quantitative testing procedure. Intense leaching was able to eliminate almost totally the differences between glass varieties and to create a well-defined glass surface. While untreated glass, leached glass, and barium carbonate treated glass showed specific weak points in the respective column quality, the combination of leaching and barium carbonate treatment yielded the highest and most stable quality. Some technical modifications of the preparation procedure are described, including deactivation in the gas phase, and use of pentane as a solvent for static coating.     

Hydrogenative Depolymerization of End-of-Life Polycarbonates by an Iron Pincer Complex

Chemical recycling processes can contribute to a resource-efficient plastic economy. Herein, a procedure for the iron-catalyzed hydrogenation of the carbonate function of end-of-life polycarbonates under simultaneous depolymerization is presented. The use of a straightforward iron pincer complex leads to high rate of depolymerization of poly(bisphenol A carbonate) and poly(propylene carbonate) yielding the monomers bisphenol A and 1,2-propanediol, respectively, as products under mild reaction conditions. Furthermore, the iron complex was able to depolymerize polycarbonates containing goods and mixture of plastics containing polycarbonates.     

Determination of carbonate alkalinity and apparent dissociation constants in a multiprotolytic system

A method for analysing the carbonate system in a multicomponent solultion is presented, which does not need knowledge of the total composition of the system. It is based on two titrations with acid, starting at the same pH, one of the original solution and the other after removal of carbonate species as carbon dioxide and restoration of the pH to the value for the original solution by addition of carbonate-free base. The differential titration curve, obtained by subtracting one titration curve from the other, is associated with the carbonate system. A procedure is proposed for calculating from the differential titration curve the apparent first and second dissociation constants of carbonic acid, total CO(2) and the carbonate alkalinity at the original pH of the solution.     

An efficient palladium-catalyzed synthesis of benzils from aryl bromides: vinylene carbonate as a synthetic equivalent of glyoxal

An expedient synthetic procedure of benzil derivatives from aryl bromides was developed using vinylene carbonate as a glyoxal equivalent in a palladium-catalyzed reaction. The reaction involved a sequential diarylation of vinylene carbonate to form 4,5-diaryl-1,3-dioxol-2-one, ring-opening to benzoin derivative, and an oxidation process.     

Determination of riboflavin in pharmaceutical products by automatic discrete-sample analysis

A procedure for the determination of iron, copper, nickel, cobalt, manganese and chromium down to 0.01 μg g^-1 in sodium calcium silicate glass, sodium borosilicate glass, sodium carbonate and calcium carbonate is described. The analytical procedure depends on the separation at pH 6 of the metal diethyldithiocarbamates into isobutyl methyl ketone, and their determination by flameless atomic absorption spectrometry, with a Massmann-type graphite furnace. The limiting factors on the detection limits attainable are discussed and related to the purity of the acids used for sample solution, sample contamination during chemical separation and the sensitivity of the analytical technique.     

Effect of calcium and carbonate concentrations on cationic membrane fouling during electrodialysis

Fouling, which is the accumulation of undesired solid materials at the phase interfaces of permselective membranes, is one of the major problems in electrodialysis. The aim of the present work was to investigate the effect on the fouling of cation-exchange membranes of the composition in calcium and carbonate of a model solution to be treated by electrodialysis. No fouling was observed at 400 and 800 mg/L of CaCl(2) in the absence of carbonate, while at only 400 mg/L CaCl(2) with carbonate, a deposit was observed. This difference could be explained by the buffering capacity of the carbonate, which affects the treatment duration with and without sodium carbonate. Since the duration was longer with carbonate, more calcium ions were able to migrate across the CMX-S membrane, which explained the higher deposit on its surface. Furthermore, whether there was carbonate in the solution treated by electrodialysis or not, the deposit on the surface of the cationic membrane was calcium hydroxide. However, this fouling formed during conventional ED was easily cleaned by an acid procedure.     

Green Synthetic Method for 1,5‐Disubstituted Carbohydrazones

A green synthetic method for 1,5‐disubstituted carbohydrazones is described. The reaction of dimethyl carbonate with hydrazine hydrate first gave carbohydrazide, which further reacted with various aromatic aldehydes or aliphatic ketones under solvent‐free conditions to efficiently afford 1,5‐disubstituted carbohydrazone. This protocol has the advantages of using nontoxic dimethyl carbonate as starting material, no use of organic solvents, short reaction time, high yield, and simple workup procedure.     

Synthesis of carbonate-containing high temperature poly(arylene-siloxanylenes)

A method for the first synthesis of high molecular weight carbonate-containing siloxanylene polymers was successfully developed. The procedure covered the preparation and polymerization of pure carbonate-containing bis-silanols which included bis(4-hydroxydimethylsilylphenyl)-carbonate, bis[4-(1-hydroxy-1,1,3,3-tetramethyldisiloxanyl)-phenyl] carbonate, and their meta analogs. Because conventional siloxane polymerization methods, such as the heterocondensation of bis-silanols with diaminosilanes or homocondensation reactions catalyzed by alkali reagents, decomposed carbonate linkages, a new polymerization technique that involved the use of phosgene was used. The procedure was both facile and effective in the polymerization of other arylene bis-silanols.     

Microwave-assisted convenient synthesis of N-arylpyrrolidines in water

An efficient and clean synthesis of N-arylpyrrolidines from arylamines and 1,4-dimesyloxybutane was developed using microwave irradiation in an aqueous potassium carbonate medium without any catalyst.The procedure is rapid,simple and convenient.     

Mild regeneration of the carboxylic group of amino acid alkyl esters by aqueous methanolic sodium hydrogen carbonate via 5-oxazolidinones

A simple racemization-free procedure allows the regeneration of the carboxylic acid group of amino acid alkyl esters by way of an intermediate 5-oxazolidinone which is hydrolyzed by treatment with sodium hydrogen carbonate in aqueous methanol.     

A facile access to chiral 4-isopropyl-, 4-benzyl-, and 4-phenyloxazolidine-2-thione

A highly practical procedure for preparing the chiral oxazolidine-2-thione auxiliaries using carbon disulfide and the corresponding chiral amino alcohols as the starting materials in the presence of potassium carbonate and hydrogen peroxide is presented.     

226RA analysis in sea and river water by adsorption on specific adsorbers

A method to analyse 226Ra in sea water Ra in sea water was investigated. The chemical procedure is based on adsorption of radium and barium, used as a carrier, on the specific adsorber PRTD at pH 9.5. The main interference is due to magnesium. The magnesium concentration is depleted by precipitating barium (carrier) and radium with calcium carbonate at pH 8 before the adsorption step. The proposed chemical procedure is simple and easily performed. The overall chemical yield is evaluated on the basis of the 133Ba spike. The sensitivity of the method is related to the volume of sea water. Under the experimental conditions used, 5 L of sea water, the limit was 1 226Ra mBq/L of water. The method may be also applied to the analysis of radium in river water, by omitting the carbonate precipitation.     

两步沉淀法制备耐高温和优异还原性能CeO2材料

分别采用两种沉淀方法制备了CeO2:以传统的氨水为沉淀剂,在氨水沉淀法前引入碳铵沉淀步骤(两步沉淀法)。采用热重-差热(TG-DTA)、傅里叶变换红外(FTIR)、X光电子能谱(XPS)等手段对沉淀及其分解过程进行了研究。结果表明,在两步沉淀法中的第一步,碳酸物种为主要沉淀物种,而在第二步中被氢氧根取代。X射线衍射(XRD)和透射电子显微镜(TEM)结果表明,两步沉淀法生成的沉淀颗粒粒径更大。通过两步沉淀法制备的CeO2与氨水沉淀相比具有更好的抗高温老化性能和还原性能。经过900℃焙烧3 h后,仍然具有25 m2.g-1和0.11 cm3.g-1的比表面和孔容。     

Emission spectrochemical determination of chromium in organic acids

An emission spectrochemical procedure is described which directly determines the chromium concentration in organic materials in the p.p.m. range. The only preparation of the sample which is necessary is dilution with a graphite matrix which contains the internal standard element and the spectral buffer, lithium carbonate. The effect of sodium on spectral line intensities of cobalt and chromium is shown. The effectiveness of lithium carbonate as a spectral buffer is illustrated. The precision of the technique is estimated to be ± 11.8% and the accuracy estimated to be 10.9%.     

“Oxidative Deoximation with Bentonite-Supported Silver Carbonate”

An oxidative deblocking procedure of ketoximes using bentonitic clay supported silver carbonate, is proposed. Reaction yields are competitive with those methods previously reported, easy of set-up and work-up was encountered, some important characteristics of the clay are reported.     

Significant Heterogeneous Carbonate Salt Catalyzed Acetylation of Alcohols via a Transesterification Process with Carbonate Salt‐activated Alcohol 1H NMR Evidence

Heterogeneous carbonate salt catalyzed acetylation of alcohols via a transesterification process has been developed. Various esters are furnished up to 97% yield. Established procedure is simple and air‐tolerant with readily available reagents. Ethyl acetate and isobutyl acetate are used as not only acetylating agents, but also reaction solvents in transesterification. Aliphatic linear alcohols, allylic alcohols and benzyl alcohols show high reactivities in the presence of 1 or 5 mol% Cs₂CO₃ at 125°C. Cesium carbonate can be recycled by pumping liquid phase out of reactor after reaction. During four cycle runs for reaction of 2‐phenylethanol and ethyl acetate, high yields of phenethyl acetate are provided (>60% yield). Based on experiments and ¹H NMR investigation, bifunctional catalysis is proposed, alcohol activated by carbonate ion is confirmed, and higher activity of catalytic amount than stoichiometric cesium carbonate is interpreted.     

Catalytic Chain Transfer Copolymerization of Propylene Oxide and CO2 using Zinc Glutarate Catalyst

Oligo and poly(propylene ether carbonate)-polyols with molecular weights from 0.8 to over 50 kg/mol and with 60–92 mol % carbonate linkages were synthesized by chain transfer copolymerization of carbon dioxide (CO₂) and propylene oxide (PO) mediated by zinc glutarate. Online-monitoring of the polymerization revealed that the CTA controlled copolymerization has an induction time which is resulting from reversible catalyst deactivation by the CTA. Latter is neutralized after the first monomer additions. The outcome of the chain transfer reaction is a function of the carbonate content, i. e. CO₂ pressure, most likely on account of differences in mobility (diffusion) of the various polymers. Melt viscosities of poly(ether carbonate)diols with a carbonate content between 60 and 92 mol % are reported as function of the molecular weight, showing that the mobility is higher when the ether content is higher. The procedure of PO/CO₂ catalytic chain copolymerization allows tailoring the glass temperature and viscosity.     

固液相烃基化反应的研究 I.以碳酸钾为碱的丙二酸乙二酯和氰乙酸乙酯的烃基化反应

The alkylation of diethyl malonate and ethyl cyanoacetate using powdered potassium carbonate asa base in the absence of solvent and other catalyst is studied. The features of this method are: simple preparative procedure, reproducible yield and easy control of monoalkylation. The reaction mechanism is discussed briefly.