Molecular transformations of unsaturated thiacrown ethers

Unsaturated thiacrown ethers with 15, 18, and 21 members were oxidized to sulfoxides by the reaction with m-CPBA. The reaction with t-BuOCl at -20 degrees C also afforded sulfoxides, whereas the reaction at room temperature yielded cis-trans isomerized compounds. The cis-trans isomerized compound was also obtained by the photochemical reaction or by the reaction with NCS and NCP. Meanwhile, the reaction with NBS and NBP provided an acetal via 1,2-bridged bromonium intermediate.     

Mechanistic Study on the Ozone‐Mercury Reaction and the Effect of Water and Water Dimer Molecules

The thermodynamics and mechanism of the reaction of elemental mercury with ozone has been studied computationally. The effect of water and water dimer molecules on the reaction has also been investigated. For dry reaction, we obtained two pathways and geometry optimization, atoms in molecules analysis and vibrational frequencies of all component of reaction have been used for confirming of reaction mechanism. Thermodynamic variable of reaction has been calculated. For the reaction in the presence of the water, our studies focus on ozone‐mercury complex reaction with water and water dimer and obtained the mechanism of reactions. Comparison of wet and dry reaction shows the energy profile of reaction decreases with water molecule correspond to experimental prediction. Calculated thermodynamic variable of all reaction shows the Gibbs free energy of reaction decreases with the number of water molecule.     

Kinetics of Reaction of Bromo-epoxy Resin with Oleic Acid catalyzed by Dimethyl benzyl amine

The kinetics of reaction of bromo-epoxy resin with oleic acid in the presence of dimethylbenzylamine catalyst was studied. The reaction is a zero order reaction with respect to oleic acid, first order with respect to epoxy group and 0. 74 order with respect to dimethylbenzylamine. The reaction rate constants at various temperatures and activation energy were determined. The mechanism of this reaction was discussed. Keywords Tetrabromobisphenol-A, Bromo-epoxy resin, Oleic acid kinetics, Reaction mechanism     

Highly efficient synthesis of linear pyrrole oligomers by twofold Heck reactions

The twofold Heck reaction of the vinylpyrroles 3a and 3b with the iodobenzenes 4a-c led to the linear pyrrole oligomers 5, 6, and 7. The synthesis of both symmetrical and unsymmetrical oligomers, such as 10a and 10b, was also accomplished by a Heck reaction of 8 and 9 and by a Heck reaction of 3a and 11 followed by a Wittig reaction and a second Heck reaction with 8. The pentacyclic oligomers 14 and 19 were prepared by a twofold Heck reaction of 13 with 4 and by a twofold Heck reaction of 15 with 16 followed by a Wittig reaction and a twofold Heck reaction with 8.     

硝基烷基膦酸酯碳负离子烷基化反应区域选择性研究

α-或β-硝基烷基膦酸酯双负离子与卤代烷反应, 生成碳-烷基化产物, 反应区域选择性取决于硝基膦酸酯的结构, 讨论了可能的反应机理。     

低热固相反应的反应机理研究(Ⅰ)——冷融熔机理和冷溶熔机理的模型

本文提出了低热固相反应的冷融熔机理和冷溶熔机理,其中冷融熔机理主要针对于不含结晶水的反应体系,冷溶熔机理主要针对于含结晶水的反应体系,并对低热固相反应动力学提出冷融熔/冷溶熔、扩散、反应、成核、生长的五步机理。两种机理都避开了分子在固相晶格中的扩散,从而对低热固相反应的扩散问题进行了有效的解释,并给出了低热固相反应的热力学和动力学判据。     

Synthesis of imidazo-1,4-oxazinone derivatives and investigation of reaction mechanism

In this study, nine different C-2 aroyl imidazole derivatives were synthesized in a one pot reaction with two steps, and the reduction reactions of these derivatives with NaBH₄ were carried out under mild conditions. Substitution reaction of obtained imidazo methanol derivatives with chloroacetylchloride reagent and ring reaction of substitution products were investigated. It was determined that 1,4-imidazoxazinone derivative was obtained as a result of the cyclization reaction. The intermediate products obtained during the cyclization reaction were isolated, and the path of the reaction under different conditions was discussed.     

Investigation of reaction products of sulphuric acid with ilmenite

The reaction of sulphuric acid with titanium raw materials runs violently with simultaneous emission of gases. Such run of reaction creates danger of explosion. This process is very complicated from the reason of complexity of reactions and variety of compounds in reaction mixture. To determine safe conditions of reaction with high efficiency, it is necessary to investigate phase composition products of reaction. Products of reaction were investigated by using X-ray diffraction. However reaction products show high amorphy and this is the reason of difficulties to determine all phases. For this reason also was used additional method — ‘drop’ calorimeter. This method is used for determination of average specific heat of liquid or solid samples. In this case, this method was used for verification of phase composition of products of reaction. On the basis of investigation the phase composition of reaction product is following: titanyl sulfate, iron(III) sulfate, monohydrated iron(II) sulfate, magnesium sulfate and unreacted remainders of ilmenite and magnesium silicate.     

HCN + OH→CN + H2O反应理论研究

The reaction path of the reaction HCN + OH→ CN + H2O was traced with Fukui's theory of intrinsic reaction coordinate by using ab initio MO method (at UMP4/6-31G** level) with gradient technique. On this basis, the dynamics properties along the reaction path was investigated by reaction path Hamiltonian theory. The rate constants of this reaction at different temperatures were calculated by conventional and variational transition state theory with tunneling correction. The theoretically calculated rate constants are in good agreement with experimental results, this shows that the title reaction is an one step, direct reaction.     

苯甲醛肟与炔丙醇偶极环加成反应的理论研究

用密度泛函理论(DFT)方法在B3LYP/6-31G*水平上研究了苯甲醛肟与炔丙醇加成反应的微观机制和热力学、动力学行为. 结果表明, 在苯甲醛肟与炔丙醇加成反应过程中, 8个可能反应通道的过渡态中均形成非平面五元环结构, 其中苯甲醛肟的Z、E构型特征得到了部分保留, 但主要部分的键长、键角均发生了变化, 电荷也进行了重新分布. 苯甲醛肟以羟基型参与反应的4个反应通道均为吸热反应和热力学非自发过程, 它们均具有较高的反应势垒、较慢的反应速率和较小的平衡常数; 而以离子型参与反应的四个反应通道均为放热反应和热力学自发过程, 它们的反应势垒较低, 反应速度较快, 平衡常数也较大, 故苯甲醛肟应主要以离子型参与反应. 炔丙醇的两种取向对应着加成反应的两种产物, 反应达到平衡后, 3-羟甲基二氢异噁唑为主要产物.     

异丁烯直接胺化合成叔丁胺反应的热力学研究

叔丁胺是一种重要的有机化工中间体,广泛应用于制备橡胶促进剂,医药,农药,着色剂等诸多下游产物.目前,叔丁胺主要的生产方法,如叔丁脲水解法,异丁烯-氢氰酸法(Ritter法),卤代烃胺化法等存在产品收率较低,涉及强酸/强碱的使用,对设备腐蚀和环境污染严重等问题.异丁烯直接胺化生产叔丁胺,原子利用率100%,是典型的绿色化学反应.20世纪末,BASF公司以β沸石为催化剂,率先实现了异丁烯胺化技术的工业应用.但是,其反应条件苛刻,压力达28 MPa,生产过程能耗大,对设备材质要求高.目前,关于异丁烯直接胺化的文献较少,且相关研究多在远离工业应用的常压条件下进行.同时,对于异丁烯直接胺化反应过程的热力学,特别是缓和反应条件下的热力学尚待进一步系统和深入地研究分析,以期指导低温低压条件下高性能胺化催化剂的研发和工艺条件优化.我们计算了473?573 K间,异丁烯胺化制备叔丁胺反应的ΔrH,ΔrG,Kp等热力学数据.在此基础上,分析了反应温度,压力和氨烯比(摩尔比)对异丁烯平衡转化率(叔丁胺选择性>99%,未予考虑)的影响.结果表明,异丁烯胺化是中等强度的放热反应,升高反应温度会急剧降低异丁烯的平衡转化率,如在5 MPa,氨烯比1的条件下,反应温度从473 K提高到573 K,异丁烯平衡转化率从40.6%降到6.9%.但从动力学角度而言,升温可提高胺化反应速率,因此在特定的反应条件下和催化剂上,必然存在最佳反应温度.提高反应压力和氨烯比有利于提高异丁烯的热力学平衡转化率.开发在低温和相对较低的压力下具有较高胺化活性的催化剂是提高该过程经济性和实用性的关键.在较缓和的反应条件下(523 K,5 MPa,氨烯比4及异丁烯空速0.5 h?1),考察了ZSM-5(R=50和R=412,R为硅铝比,下同),ZSM-11(R=48),MOR(R=10),SAPO-11(摩尔组成,1.6Al2O3:1.0SiO2:1.4P2O5)等不同拓扑结构分子筛以及氧化铝在异丁烯胺化反应中的性能.结果表明,空白试验中,无叔丁胺产物生成.在ZSM-11上的获得最高的异丁烯胺化转化率,为14.2%(达到平衡转化率的52.2%),在ZSM-5(R=50),ZSM-5(R=412)和MOR上,异丁烯转化率分别为13.9%,6.4%和2.9%,叔丁胺选择性均大于99.8%.而SAPO-11和氧化铝未呈现出胺化反应活性.关联氨气程序升温脱附,吡啶吸附红外表征结果及分子筛孔结构特点,表明分子筛胺化活性与其孔径及Br?nsted酸的酸量和酸强度密切相关.为了进一步验证实际反应体系中反应条件对异丁烯胺化反应过程的影响规律,我们在ZSM-11催化剂上,系统考察了反应温度,压力,氨烯比和异丁烯空速对催化剂胺化反应性能的影响及变化规律.结果表明,在其他条件不变的情况下,异丁烯转化率随着温度的升高呈现出先增大后减小的趋势.适当提高原料中氨烯比和反应压力,以及采用较低异丁烯空速有利于促进异丁烯的转化.上述规律与热力学计算结果呈现出较好的一致性.在ZSM-11催化剂上,异丁烯直接胺化反应的较佳反应条件为523 K,5 MPa,氨烯比4,异丁烯空速0.5 h?1.上述结果可为异丁烯直接胺化合成叔丁胺过程新型高效催化剂的研发和反应工艺条件优化提供参考和指导.     

固体聚合物电解质在肉桂醇电解氧化中的应用(II)——后续化学反应在电催化反应中的地位及其影响因素

对影响肉桂醇电极氧化的各种因素作了进一步的讨论. 实验结果表明固体聚合物电解质内水的含量、pH 以及浸入离子交换膜中的二价锰离子的浓度均对该电极反应的电位以及后续化学反应的速度有很大的影响, 在较高的温度下反应时, 有利手提高生成肉桂醛的电流效率.     

Interaction of dimethyl carbonate with anilines in the presence of potassium methylate: Kinetics and the role of the base

The kinetic patterns of the reaction between dimethyl carbonate and anilines in the presence of a potassium methylate as a catalyst were studied. The mechanism of aminolysis was clarified, which includes the detachment of the proton from the amino group of aniline and the subsequent attack of the resulting anion on the carbonyl group of dimethyl carbonate. It is shown that when the reaction occurs in the dimethyl carbonate-methanol 3:1 system, the process can be described as an irreversible first-order reaction in the aniline though the target reaction is complicated by side interaction between potassium methylate and dimethyl carbonate. The rate constants of the target reaction with substituted anilines and of the side reaction in the temperature range of 70-90°C were determined. It is shown that the influence of the substituent on the reaction rate is described by the Hammett equation, with the constant of the reaction series being positive and the best correlation being achieved for σ-scale. The results obtained are consistent with the proposed mechanism of the reaction and are explained by the facilitation of the aniline deprotonation with increasing acceptor properties of the substituent. Effective activation energies for the reaction of various anilines with dimethyl carbonate are found.     

Investigation of thermal power of reaction of titanium slag with sulphuric acid

Enriched titanium raw materials with high titanium content called titanium slags are received by the electrothermal reduction of ilmenite. Titanium slags are most frequently used in the titanium dioxide industry. The reaction of titanium slags with sulphuric acid is strongly exothermic and creates danger of thermal explosion. Kinetics of this reaction depends on the parameters such as temperature of initiation, sulphuric acid concentration and dimension of particles of titanium slag. The reaction of titanium slag with sulphuric acid was investigated at non-isothermal conditions in a special construction calorimeter. The observed thermal power changes in the calorimeter (“calorimeter run”), are the basis for estimation of reaction kinetics. A proposed model describing the thermal power changes and taking into account the moment of initiation of reaction is presented. The calorimetric investigations showed, that reaction rate of titanium slags with sulphuric acid depends on initial temperature of reaction, size of particles of titanium raw material and sulphuric acid concentration.     

A new tandem reaction of benzyne: one-pot synthesis of aryl amines containing anthracene

[reaction: see text] The reaction of benzyne with N-substituted imidazoles affords a novel way to prepare arylamines containing anthracene under very mild conditions. This transformation is assumed to proceed via a tandem reaction involving a Diels-Alder reaction and an intermolecular nucleophilic coupling reaction.     

粒度对纳米体系化学反应热力学性质的影响

为了研究纳米粒子的粒度对化学反应热力学性质的影响规律, 以球形原子簇来模拟纳米金刚石颗粒, 用量子化学方法对粒度不同的金刚石纳米粒子与氧气反应的热力学性质进行了计算. 结果表明, 粒度对多相反应的标准摩尔反应焓△rH0m、标准摩尔反应熵△rS0m、标准摩尔反应吉布斯函数△rG0m和标准平衡常数K0均有明显的影响, 随着反应物粒径的减小, △rH0m、△rS0m和△rG0m均降低,而K0增大. 这些影响规律与实验结果基本一致.     

Kinetics of phenol oxidation with ozone in a thin layer on a solid surface

Ozone has been reacted with phenol in thin supported layers, and the dynamics of this reaction has been investigated. The stoichiometry of this reaction coincides with the stoichiometry of the same reaction in solution. Specific reaction rate (β) has been determined for various phenol conversions. The effective rate constant of the reaction, estimated by extrapolating β to zero reaction time, is significantly higher than the rate constant of the reaction in solution. The reaction between ozone and phenol is diffusion-controlled. The reaction products form a barrier layer, which protects the deeper phenol layers against ozone. The barrier layer is as thick as 8–15 phenol monolayers.     

Kinetics of complex formation of 2‐methoxyphenol with ferric ion and hexacyanoferric ion

Complexes containing one molecule of organic ligand have been formed in the reaction of 2 methoxyphenol with ferric ion or hexacyanoferric ion. Kinetic investigations showed that the reaction order with respect to ferric ion or hexacyanoferric ion is close to one. The reaction order with respect to 2‐methoxyphenol is 0.8 in the reaction with ferric ion and close to 0 in the reaction with hexacyanoferric ion. The reaction mechanism, based on kinetic investigations, involves the decomposition of the initial complex, formed with the pentacoordinated complex and water or cyanide ion. In a second stage of the reaction, the pentacoordinated complex adds 2‐methoxyphenol; and one molecule of initial ligand, water, or cyanide ion, comes off. Some ratios of rate constants of elementary reactions have been calculated. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 32: 184–191, 2000     

N溴代丁二酰亚胺氧化醇反应的热动力学研究

氧化反应是有机化学中的一种重要反应类型,也是有机化学、化学工程和生物学家们研究的重点之一.但因其机理复杂,至今未见到用热动力学理论探索氧化反应体系的报道. N溴代丁二酰亚胺(NBS)是良好的溴化试剂,在不同反应条件下,它既可和不饱和键发生加成反应,也可在水溶液中作为次溴酸的来源,还可作为有效的氧化剂和脱氢剂.Reich和Reichstein首先报道了用N溴代乙酰亚胺将仲醇缓慢氧化为酮,Fieser等人报道了NBS的氧化作用.本文用RD-1型热导式自动量热计研究了35℃下NBS氧化异丙醇及环己醇2个反应体系,计算了反应速率常数,对反应的动力学及其机理提出了较合理的解释.     

A new ketone synthesis by palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions of esters with organoboron compounds

[reaction: see text] The palladium-catalyzed coupling reaction of 2-pyridyl esters with organoboron compounds is described. The reaction is compatible with various functional groups and proceeds under mild reaction conditions. The coordination of the nitrogen atom to Pd is a key step for efficient reaction.