R404A和R507A在双级制冷系统中的应用分析

对R404A、R507A、R22和R502在一次节流中间不完全冷却双级压缩制冷系统中的运行性能进行模拟,并对结果进行分析比较。结果表明:R404A和R507A的各项性能比较接近,R404A的压缩机耗功比R507A高2.86%;低压压缩机排气温度比R507A高0.58%,高压压缩机排气温度比R507A高2.65%;COP比R507A高0.01;中间温度比R507A低6.14%。     

不同储藏年份小麦和红豆的红外光谱研究

粮食的陈化鉴定对于食品安全、种子的老化鉴别对于粮食生产安全具有重要意义。本文利用傅里叶变换红外光谱法研究了不同储藏时间的小麦与红豆,结果显示,同一种不同年份产的样品光谱相似,但在吸收强度比方面都存在着差异,随着贮藏时间的增加,两种粮食的红外光谱表现出一些变化规律,对于小麦,吸收强度比A1653/A1023,A1538/A1023,A1080/A1023,A1155/A1023,A1538/A1653随贮藏时间增加而增加;对于红豆,A2928/A3400、A1648/A3400,A1543/A1648,A1401/A1648,A1055/A1648随着贮藏时间的增加而呈下降趋势。这些比值的变化说明两种粮食在贮藏过程中,蛋白质、多糖结构发生了变化。红外光谱方法在粮食陈化鉴定方面具有方便、快速的优点。     

Efficient calculation of energy spectra using path integrals

A newly developed method for systematically improving the convergence of path integrals for transition amplitudes [A. Bogojević, A. Balaž, A. Belić, Phys. Rev. Lett. 94 (2005) 180403, A. Bogojević, A. Balaž, A. Belić, Phys. Rev. B 72 (2005) 064302, A. Bogojević, A. Balaž, A. Belić, Phys. Lett. A 344 (2005) 84] and expectation values [J. Grujić, A. Bogojević, A. Balaž, Phys. Lett. A 360 (2006) 217] is here applied to the efficient calculation of energy spectra. We show how the derived hierarchies of effective actions lead to substantial speedup of the standard path integral Monte Carlo evaluation of energy levels. The general results and the ensuing increase in efficiency of several orders of magnitude are shown using explicit Monte Carlo simulations of several distinct models.     

Dependence of adenine isolation efficiency on the chain length evidenced using paramagnetic particles and voltammetry measurements

The main aim of this work was to study the dependence of oligoadenine isolation efficiency on the chain length by using paramagnetic particles covered by homo-deoxythymidines ((dT)25) with subsequent detection by adsorptive transfer technique coupled with square wave voltammetry. For this purpose, the oligonucleotides of the length A5, A10, A15, A20, A25, A30, A35, A40 and poly(A) in various concentrations were chosen. We determined that the isolation efficiency defined as “isolated oligonucleotide concentration”/“given oligonucleotide concentration” was about 55% on average. Sequence A25 demonstrated the best binding onto microparticles surface.     

Baryon number transfer in hadron + nucleus and nucleus + nucleus collisions: a link between elementary and complex interactions

The baryon number transfer is studied in elementary and complex hadronic interactions at the CERN experiment NA49 at the SPS, at 158 AGeV beam energy (√s=17.2 GeV) A two-component picture is proposed, which builds up the net proton distribution from a target and a projectile component. Using pion beam, the projectile component is experimentally determined for p + p and p + A interactions. A similar stopping behaviour of the projectile component is found for p + A and A + A interactions. Based on these observations, the baryon transfer is assumed to provide a common scale of inelasticity in p + p, p + A and A + A interactions. A model-independent way is proposed to predict the pion multiplicity in A + A.     

原子吸收光度计兼FIA光度法测定沉积物中铝

摘 要 自行研制了一套流动注射比色装置,应用到原子吸收分光光度计上,采用锐线光源的原子吸收分光光度计兼作流动注射分析法中可见光度计使用,研究了沉积物样品中微量铝测定的适宜条件,建立了一种全新的分析测试技术。一次进样同时可连续得到三峰两谷5个吸光度值（A₁, A₂, A₃, A₄, A₅）,均可用于定量分析,并对其理论和实验技术进行了讨论。采用加和技术（A=A₁+A₂+A₃+A₄+A₅）是提高FIA法分析灵敏度的一种有效途径,该方法的灵敏度较普通方法有显著提高,其精密度和线性关系也良好。实验表明,原子吸收分光光度计兼作可见光度计使用,扩大了原子吸收分光光度计的应用范围,操作简单,方法可靠,直接用于沉积物样品中微量铝含量的测定,结果令人满意。     

乳腺癌的傅里叶变换红外光谱成像研究

傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)成像技术可同时获得组织样本的空间分布信息和红外光谱信息。本文利用FTIR成像技术对离体原位乳腺组织样本进行原位研究,通过特征谱带吸光度比值(面积比值)图像结合FTIR光谱分析研究健康和癌变乳腺组织的差异。发现乳腺癌组织的特征带吸光度比值A1087/A1455、A1238/A1455、A1550/A1455、A1650/A1455相对于健康组织明显增大,A1160/A1087、A1740/A1550则减小。研究结果论证了乳腺组织癌变过程中大分子含量的变化规律,体现了FTIR成像技术在乳腺癌诊断方面的准确性、直观性和可行性,其有潜力成为基础研究和临床诊断的一种准确有效的技术手段。     

Absence of kinetic effects in reaction-diffusion processes in scale-free networks

We show that the chemical reactions of the model systems of A+A-->0 and A+B-->0 when performed on scale-free networks exhibit drastically different behavior as compared to the same reactions in normal spaces. The exponents characterizing the density evolution as a function of time are considerably higher than 1, implying that both reactions occur at a much faster rate. This is due to the fact that the discerning effects of the generation of a depletion zone (A+A) and the segregation of the reactants (A+B) do not occur at all as in normal spaces. Instead we observe the formation of clusters of A (A+A reaction) and of mixed A and B (A+B reaction) around the hubs of the network. Only at the limit of very sparse networks is the usual behavior recovered.     

Karyological analysis of five tooth-carps (Actinopterygii: Cyprinodontidae) from Iran

The karyotypes of five tooth-carps of Iran, Aphanius persicus, Aphanius sophiae, Aphanius dispar, and Aphanius sp. have been investigated by examining metaphase chromosomes spreads obtained from gill epithelial and kidney cells. The diploid chromosome numbers of all five species were 2n=48. The karyotypes consisted of 8 pairs of submetacentric and 16 pairs of subtelocentric chromosomes in A. persicus; 4 submetacentric and 20 subtelocentric in A. sophiae; 7 submetacentric and 17 subtelocentric in Aphanius ginaonis and 8 submetacentric and 16 subtelocentric in A. dispar. It was 16 metacentric, 1 submetacentric and 7 telocentric chromosome pairs in Aphanius sp. specimen. The arm numbers were 32, 28, 31 and 32 in A. persicus, A. sophiae, A. ginaonis and A. dispar, respectively. It was 41 in Aphanius sp. Sex chromosomes were cytologically indistinguishable in these tooth-carps. Cluster analysis revealed the closeness of A. sophiae and A. persicus. According to our data A. ginaonis is related to a group of A. sophiae+A. persicus+A. dispar.     

Accuracy of pitch matching for pure tones and for complex tones with overlapping or nonoverlapping harmonics.

The discrimination of the fundamental frequency (fo) of pairs of complex tones with no common harmonics is worse than the discrimination of fo for tones with all harmonics in common. These experiments were conducted to assess whether this effect is a result of pitch shifts between pairs of tones without common harmonics or whether it reflects influences of spectral differences (timbre) on the accuracy of pitch perception. In experiment 1, pitch matches were obtained between sounds drawn from the following types: (1) pure tones (P) with frequencies 100, 200, or 400 Hz; (2) a multiple-component complex tone, designated A, with harmonics 3, 4, 8, 9, 10, 14, 15, and fo = 100, 200, or 400 Hz; (3) A multiple-component complex tone, designated B, with harmonics 5, 6, 7, 11, 12, 13, 16, and with fo = 100, 200 or 400 Hz. The following matches were made; A vs A, B vs B, A vs P, B vs P and P vs P. Pitch shifts were found between the pure tones and the complex tones (A vs P and B vs P), but not between the A and B tones (A vs B). However, the variability of the A vs B matches was significantly greater than that of the A vs A or B vs B matches. Also, the variability of the A vs P and B vs P matches was greater than that for the A vs B matches. In a second experiment, frequency difference limens (DLCs) were measured for the A vs A, B vs B, and A vs B pairs of sounds. The DLCs were larger for the A vs B pair than for A vs A or B vs B. The results suggest that the poor frequency discrimination of tones with no common harmonics does not result from pitch shifts between the tones. Rather, it seems that spectral differences between tones interfere with judgements of their relative pitch.     

Rules of engagement promote polarity in RNA trafficking

Many cell biological pathways exhibit overall polarity (net movement of molecules in one direction) even though individual molecular interactions in the pathway are freely reversible. The A2 RNA trafficking pathway exhibits polarity in moving specific RNA molecules from the nucleus to localization sites in the myelin compartment of oligodendrocytes or dendritic spines in neurons. The A2 pathway is mediated by a ubiquitously expressed trans-acting trafficking factor (hnRNP A2) that interacts with a specific 11 nucleotide cis-acting trafficking sequence termed the A2 response element (A2RE) found in several localized RNAs. Five different molecular partners for hnRNP A2 have been identified in the A2 pathway: hnRNP A2 itself, transportin, A2RE RNA, TOG (tumor overexpressed gene) and hnRNP E1, each playing a key role in one particular step of the A2 pathway. Sequential interactions of hnRNP A2 with different molecular partners at each step mediate directed movement of trafficking intermediates along the pathway. Specific "rules of engagement" (both and, either or, only if) govern sequential interactions of hnRNP A2 with each of its molecular partners. Rules of engagement are defined experimentally using three component binding assays to measure differential binding of hnRNP A2 to one partner in the presence of each of the other partners in the pathway. Here we describe rules of engagement for hnRNP A2 binding to each of its molecular partners and discuss how these rules of engagement promote polarity in the A2 RNA trafficking pathway. For molecules with multiple binding partners, specific rules of engagement govern different molecular interactions. Rules of engagement are ultimately determined by structural relationships between binding sites on individual molecules. In the A2 RNA trafficking pathway rules of engagement governing interactions of hnRNP A2 with different binding partners provide the basis for polarity of movement of intermediates along the pathway.     

Studying of hypernuclei with nuclotron beams

A spectrometer is created to study relativistic hypernuclei produced with beams of accelerated nuclei from the Nuclotron facility (Dubna, JINR). Test runs have been carried out and the conclusion is drawn that the properties of the facility meet the requirements of the task of searching for unknown and studying poorly known neutron-rich hypernuclei. Original Russian Text ? A.V. Averyanov, S.A. Avramenko, V.D. Aksinenko, M.Kh. Anikina, S.N. Bazylev, V.P. Balandin, Yu.A. Batusov, Yu.A. Belikov, Yu.T. Borzunov, O.V. Borodina, A.I. Golokhvastov, L.B. Golovanov, C. Granja, A.B. Ivanov, Yu.L. Ivanov, A.Yu. Isupov, Z. Kohout, A.M. Korotkova, A.G. Litvinenko, J. Lukstiņš, A.I. Malakhov, L. Majling, O. Majlingova, P.K. Manyakov, V.T. Matyushin, I.I. Migulina, G.P. Nikolaevsky, O.B. Okhrimenko, A.N. Parfenov, N.G. Parfenova, V.F. Peresedov, S.N. Plyashkevich, S. Pospišil, P.A. Rukoyatkin, I.S. Saitov, R.A. Salmin, V.M. Slepnev, I.V. Slepnev, M. Solar, B. Sopko, V. Sopko, E.A. Strokovsky, V.V. Tereshchenko, A.A. Feshchenko, T. Horazdovsky, D. Chren, Yu.A. Chencov, I.P. Yudin, 2008, published in Yadernaya Fizika, 2008, Vol. 71, No. 12, pp. 2137–2145.     

Subdiffusion-limited A+A reactions

We consider the coagulation dynamics A+A-->A and A+A <==> A and the annihilation dynamics A+A-->0 for particles moving subdiffusively in one dimension. This scenario combines the "anomalous kinetics" and "anomalous diffusion" problems, each of which leads to interesting dynamics separately and to even more interesting dynamics in combination. Our analysis is based on the fractional diffusion equation.     

Toward an objective measure for a "stream segregation" task

A procedure to estimate the relative contribution of "A" and "B" tones for a stream-segregation task is described. Listeners detected a delay in the penultimate A tone in an A-B-A-B sequence of tones. For small A-B frequency separations, for most listeners, classification models based on both the A and B tones were superior to models based on just the A tones. For large frequency separations, models based on just the A tones were superior, indicating the A and B tones were segregated. The results also revealed individual differences in the strategies adopted to complete the task.     

光谱法研究细胞色素c氧化酶CuA结构域蛋白的稳定性

利用荧光光谱和圆二色谱研究了细胞色素c氧化酶CuA结构域蛋白的稳定性.结果表明,随着溶液pH值的升高,CuA结构域蛋白的稳定性降低.随着温度的升高,CuA结构域蛋白的二级结构遭到破坏.脱金属形式蛋白的热稳定性减小,表明双核金属铜中心的存在对CuA结构域蛋白的稳定性起重要作用.     

The Aggregation Potential of the 1–15- and 1–16-Fragments of the Amyloid β Peptide and Their Influence on the Aggregation of Aβ40

The aggregation of amyloid β (Aβ) peptide is important in Alzheimer’s disease. Shorter Aβ fragments may reduce Aβ’s cytotoxicity and are used in diagnostics. The aggregation of Aβ16 is controversial; Liu et al. (J. Neurosci. Res. 75:162–171, 2004) and Liao et al. (FEBS Lett. 581:1161–1165, 2007) find that Aβ16 does not aggregate and reduces Aβ’s cytotoxicity, Du et al. (J. Alzheimer’s Dis. 27:401–413, 2011) reports that Aβ16 aggregates and that Aβ16 oligomers are toxic to cells. Here the aggregation potential of two shorter fragments, Aβ15 and Aβ16, and their influence on Aβ40 is measured by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy and the ThioT fluorescence assay (ThioT). Continuous-wave, 9 GHz EPR measurements and ThioT results reveal that neither Aβ15 nor Aβ16 aggregate by themselves and that they do not affect Aβ40 aggregation.     

X-rays investigations of the smectic A1 - smectic A2 transition

We confirm by X-rays studies on aligned samples the existence in a binary system of a smectic A - smectic A transition. We find that the smectic layer periodicity is doubled from the higher phase S_A1 to the lower one S_A2. The observation of diffuse scattering planes in nematic and S_A1 indicates the existence of pretransitional S_A2 effects and we suggest an analogy between the S_A1–S_A2 transition and the classical para-antiferroelectric transition in crystals.     

Perceptual interactions in the loudness of combined auditory and vibrotactile stimuli

The loudness of auditory (A), tactile (T), and auditory-tactile (A+T) stimuli was measured at supra-threshold levels. Auditory stimuli were pure tones presented binaurally through headphones; tactile stimuli were sinusoids delivered through a single-channel vibrator to the left middle fingertip. All stimuli were presented together with a broadband auditory noise. The A and T stimuli were presented at levels that were matched in loudness to that of the 200-Hz auditory tone at 25 dB sensation level. The 200-Hz auditory tone was then matched in loudness to various combinations of auditory and tactile stimuli (A+T), and purely auditory stimuli (A+A). The results indicate that the matched intensity of the 200-Hz auditory tone is less when the A+T and A+A stimuli are close together in frequency than when they are separated by an octave or more. This suggests that A+T integration may operate in a manner similar to that found in auditory critical band studies, further supporting a strong frequency relationship between the auditory and somatosensory systems.     

Nonoptimal propagation of advertisement calls of midwife toads in Iberian habitats

This study compares the efficiency of transmission of the advertisement calls of two species of midwife toads, Alytes cisternasii and A. obstetricans, in both native and non-native habitats in the Iberian Peninsula. Recorded calls of both species and pure tones were broadcast at ten sites native to either the relatively small A. cisternasii or the larger A. obstetricans. A large variation in the patterns of excess attenuation between localities was observed for calls measured at distances of 0.5 to 8 m from a loudspeaker. However, attenuation rates were higher for calls of both species in habitats of A. obstetricans relative to habitats of A. cisternasii. The calls of A. obstetricans experienced lower attenuation rates than those of A. cisternasii in both conspecific and heterospecific localities. Thus, although A. cisternasii occupies habitats more favorable for sound transmission, its advertisement call spectrum is not optimized for these habitats; the calls of A. obstetricans suffer less attenuation in A. cisternasii habitats. This result argues against the notion that spectral features of the calls are adapted to enhance transmission efficiency in natural habitats, and suggests that differences in call dominant frequency between the two species result from constraints imposed by selection on body size.     

Measurement of the e+e? → π+π? cross section with the CMD-2 detector in the 370–520-MeV energy range

The results of the experiment on the measurement of the e ⁺ e ⁻ → π⁺π⁻ cross section in a cm energy range of 370–520 MeV are presented. The systematic measurement error is equal to 0.7%. In the vector dominance model, the pion electromagnetic radius is calculated using all the CMD-2 data on the pion form factor. The cross section for the production of a muon pair is measured in the energy range of the experiment. Original Russian Text ? V.M. Aul’chenko, R.R. Akhmetshin, V.Sh. Banzarov, L.M. Barkov, N.S. Bashtovoĭ, D.V. Bondarev, A.E. Bondar’, A.V. Bragin, N.I. Gabyshev, D.A. Gorbachev, A.A. Grebenyuk, D.N. Grigor’ev, S.K. Dhawan, D.A. Epifanov, A.S. Zaĭtsev, S.G. Zverev, F.V. Ignatov, V.F. Kazanin, S.V. Karpov, I.A. Koop, P.P. Krokovny, A.S. Kuz’min, I.B. Logashenko, P.A. Lukin, A.P. Lysenko, A.I. Mil’shteĭn, K.Yu. Mikhaĭlov, I.N. Nesterenko, M.A. Nikulin, A.V. Otboev, V.S. Okhapkin, E.A. Perevedentsev, A.S. Popov, S.I. Redin, B.L. Roberts, N.I. Root, A.A. Ruban, N.M. Ryskulov, A.L. Sibidanov, V.A. Sidorov, A.N. Skrinsky, V.P. Smakhtin, I.G. Snopkov, E.P. Solodov, J.A. Thompson, G.V. Fedotovich, B.I. Khazin, V.W. Hughes, A.G. Shamov, Yu.M. Shatunov, B.A. Shvarts, S.I. éĭdel’man, Yu.V. Yudin, 2006, published in Pis’ma v Zhurnal éksperimental’noĭ i Teoreticheskoĭ Fiziki, 2006, Vol. 84, No. 8, pp. 491–495.