Investigation of the Influence of Overvoltage,Auxiliary Glow Current and Relaxation Time on the Electrical Breakdown Time Delay Distributions in Neon

Results of the statistical analysis of the electrical breakdown time delay for neon‐filled tube at 13.3 mbar are presented in this paper. Experimental distributions of the breakdown time delay were established on the basis of 200 successive and independent measurements, for different overvoltages, relaxation times and auxiliary glows. Obtained experimental distributions deviate from usual exponential distribution. Breakdown time delay distributions are numerically generated, usingMonte‐Carlo method, as the compositions of the two independent random variables with an exponential and a Gaussian distribution. Theoretical breakdown time delay distribution is obtained from the convolution of the exponential and Gaussian distribution. Performed analysis shows that the crucial parameter that determines the complex structure of time delay is the overvoltage and if it is of the order of few percentage, then distribution of time delay must be treated as an convolution of two random variables. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Analysis of statistical nature of electrical breakdown time delay in nitrogen at 6.6 mbar pressure in presence of positive ions and N(4S) atoms

On the basis of the mean value of electrical breakdown time delay and the standard deviation of electrical breakdown time delay σ dependence on the afterglow period τ, the mechanisms which dominantly influence to breakdown initiation in nitrogen were separated. It was shown that the positive ions formed in mutual collision of long‐lived metastable molecules have a dominant role in breakdown initiation for τ values up to 70 ms. The metastable molecules were derived from previous breakdown and discharge. In this case σ ≪ t_d and the total time delay t_d is approximately equal to formative time t_f which decreases in value with the increase of overvoltage. When positive ions have a dominant role in the breakdown initiation the Gaussian distribution describes data of t_d ≈ t_f very well. For τ > 1 s, N (⁴S) atoms formed in previous breakdown and discharge, have a dominant role in the breakdown initiation. Then, σ ≈ and Laue's distribution, which is valid for statistical time delay t_s, describes t_d data very well (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Electron cyclotron resonance breakdown studies in a linear plasma system

Electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) plasma breakdown is studied in a small linear cylindrical system with four different gases — hydrogen, helium, argon and nitrogen. Microwave power in the experimental system is delivered by a magnetron at 2.45 ± 0.02 GHz in TE₁₀ mode and launched radially to have extra-ordinary (X) wave in plasma. The axial magnetic field required for ECR in the system is such that the fundamental ECR surface (B = 875.0 G) resides at the geometrical centre of the plasma system. ECR breakdown parameters such as plasma delay time and plasma decay time from plasma density measurements are carried out at the centre using a Langmuir probe. The operating parameters such as working gas pressure (1 × 10⁻⁵−1× 10⁻² mbar) and input microwave power (160–800 W) are varied and the corresponding effect on the breakdown parameters is studied. The experimental results obtained are presented in this paper.      

Investigation of the Early Multiplication Processes of the Glow Discharge Formation in Neon Filled Diode at 1.33 mbar Pressure

The results of the investigation of the glow discharge time and space development in the neon‐filled diode at 1.33 mbar are presented. The glow is of the diffusion type with saturation current value of 0.2 mA. The temporal development of the light intensity, emitted perpendicularly on the diode axis from many different parts of the diode, is registered. Using this temporal development, the spatial development of the emitted light is examined. Electrically registered (by the oscilloscope) the total current through the diode reaches the saturation for 1.5 ms, which corresponds to the classical presumption of the formative time delay. The prebreakdown current is registered measuring the emitted light from diode gap. The investigation of light shows the increase of excitation in the gap at least 3 ms before any significant current has been registered (I < 1 µA). The negative glow appears in the diode gap near the anode and in the next a few milliseconds covers the cathode indicating the presence of the multiplication processes in the diode. The stationary regime in the diode is established for about 10 ms. Using this detection method, three stages of the discharge formation can be easily distinguished. These results indicate that the prebreakdown processes in the diode gap can be associated with the first stage of the breakdown formation. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

基于分组时延预处理的时域波束形成方法*

对于不等强度多目标情况下的弱目标检测问题,依据波束形成归一化指向性函数在目标方向上输出值为1、在非目标方向上输出值为小于1的特性,提出一种基于分组时延预处理的时域波束形成方法。该方法首先对线列阵接收数据进行分组处理;然后,按搜索角度对各组数据进行时延预处理,并对各组预处理结果进行相加,得到一组新数据;最后,对该组新数据按时域波束形成进行处理,得到该搜索角度对应波束值。理论推导、数值仿真和试验数据处理结果均表明：相比常规时域波束形成,该方法所得波束形成指向性函数发生了变化,旁瓣级得到了13dB以上的改善,降低了强目标旁瓣级对弱目标检测的影响。     

Experimental study and modeling of shock tube ignition delay times for hydrogen-oxygen-argon mixtures at low temperatures

Recent literature has indicated that experimental shock tube ignition delay times for hydrogen combustion at low-temperature conditions may deviate significantly from those predicted by current detailed kinetic models. The source of this difference is uncertain. In the current study, the effects of shock tube facility-dependent gasdynamics and localized pre-ignition energy release are explored by measuring and simulating hydrogen-oxygen ignition delay times. Shock tube hydrogen-oxygen ignition delay time data were taken behind reflected shock waves at temperatures between 908 to 1118 K and pressures between 3.0 and 3.7 atm for two test mixtures: 4% H₂, 2% O₂, balance Ar, and 15% H₂, 18% O₂, balance Ar. The experimental ignition delay times at temperatures below 980 K are found to be shorter than those predicted by current mechanisms when the normal idealized constant volume (V) and internal energy (E) assumptions are employed. However, if non-ideal effects associated with facility performance and energy release are included in the modeling (using CHEMSHOCK, a new model which couples the experimental pressure trace with the constant V, E assumptions), the predicted ignition times more closely follow the experimental data. Applying the new CHEMSHOCK model to current experimental data allows refinement of the reaction rate for H + O₂ + Ar ↔ HO₂ + Ar, a key reaction in determining the hydrogen-oxygen ignition delay time in the low-temperature region.     

Time‐resolved photoelectron spectroscopy using synchrotron radiation time structure

Synchrotron radiation time structure is becoming a common tool for studying dynamic properties of materials. The main limitation is often the wide time domain the user would like to access with pump–probe experiments. In order to perform photoelectron spectroscopy experiments over time scales from milliseconds to picoseconds it is mandatory to measure the time at which each measured photoelectron was created. For this reason the usual CCD camera‐based two‐dimensional detection of electron energy analyzers has been replaced by a new delay‐line detector adapted to the time structure of the SOLEIL synchrotron radiation source. The new two‐dimensional delay‐line detector has a time resolution of 5 ns and was installed on a Scienta SES 2002 electron energy analyzer. The first application has been to characterize the time of flight of the photoemitted electrons as a function of their kinetic energy and the selected pass energy. By repeating the experiment as a function of the available pass energy and of the kinetic energy, a complete characterization of the analyzer behaviour in the time domain has been obtained. Even for kinetic energies as low as 10 eV at 2 eV pass energy, the time spread of the detected electrons is lower than 140 ns. These results and the time structure of the SOLEIL filling modes assure the possibility of performing pump–probe photoelectron spectroscopy experiments with the time resolution given by the SOLEIL pulse width, the best performance of the beamline and of the experimental station.     

六间隙串联气体开关触发放电过程

针对堆栈式六间隙串联气体开关,建立了6个放电间隙的光信号测量系统,实验获得了不同触发电压和气压时开关统计时延和形成时延的变化规律。统计时延占总时延约42%,形成时延占总时延约58%,触发电极相邻的两个间隙击穿时延占总时延约75%,是开关触发时延的主要组成部分。利用四分幅纳秒高速相机拍摄开关的放电通道图像,初步分析了放电通道的形成和变化过程,得到了不同实验条件下放电通道数量的变化规律。开关最底部间隙可以形成多通道放电,其他间隙以单通道为主。随着触发电压提高,触发间隙的放电通道数量明显增加,但是其他间隙变化不大。在放电过程中,没有观察到放电通道合并或熄灭的现象,间隙击穿后仍然有可能形成新的放电通道。     

Stochastic and Relaxation Processes in Argon by Measurements of Dynamic Breakdown Voltages

Statistically based measurements of breakdown voltages U _b and breakdown delay times td and their variations in transient regimes of establishment and relaxation of discharges are a convenient method to study stochastic processes of electrical breakdown of gases, as well as relaxation kinetics in afterglow. In this paper the measurements and statistical analysis of the dynamic breakdown voltages U _b for linearly rising (ramp) pulses in argon at 1.33 mbar and the rates of voltage rise k up to 800 V s ^–1 are presented. It was found that electrical breakdowns by linearly rising (ramp) pulses is an inhomogeneous Poisson process caused by primary and secondary ionization coefficients α , γ and electron yield Y variations on the voltage (time). The experimental breakdown voltage distributions were fitted by theoretical distributions by applying approximate analytical and numerical models. The afterglow kinetics in argon was studied based on the dependence of the initial electron yield on the relaxation time Y ₀ (τ ) derived from fitting of distributions. The space charge decay was explained by the surface recombination of nitrogen atoms present as impurities. The afterglow kinetics and the surface recombination coefficients on the gas tube and cathode were determined from a gas‐phase model. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Autoignition of gasoline surrogate mixtures at intermediate temperatures and high pressures: Experimental and numerical approaches

Ignition-delay times were measured in shock-heated gases for a surrogate gasoline fuel comprised of ethanol/iso-octane/n-heptane/toluene at a composition of 40%/37.8%/10.2%/12% by liquid volume with a calculated octane number of 98.8. The experiments were carried out in stoichiometric mixtures in air behind reflected shock waves in a heated high-pressure shock tube. Initial reflected shock conditions were as follows: Temperatures of 690-1200 K, and pressures of 10, 30 and 50 bar, respectively. Ignition delay times were determined from CH^∗ chemiluminescence at 431.5 nm measured at a sidewall location. The experimental results are compared to simulated ignition delay times based on detailed chemical kinetic mechanisms. The main mechanism is based on the primary reference fuels (PRF) model, and sub-mechanisms were incorporated to account for the effect of ethanol and/or toluene. The simulations are also compared to experimental ignition-delay data from the literature for ethanol/iso-octane/n-heptane (20%/62%/18% by liquid volume) and iso-octane/n-heptane/toluene (69%/17%/14% by liquid volume) surrogate fuels. The relative behavior of the ignition delay times of the different surrogates was well predicted, but the simulations overestimate the ignition delay, mostly at low temperatures.     

随机基因选择模型中的延迟效应

研究了噪声驱动的基因选择模型中的延迟效应. 据小延迟方法和随机等价法则得到相应的延迟Fokker-Planck方程, 给出稳态概率分布函数的近似表达式. 分析了在噪声驱动下, 延迟时间对系统稳态性质的影响. 结果表明: 延迟时间可以诱导系统从单稳态向双稳态转化, 发生相变; 在基因选择过程中, 延迟时间有利于从基因群体中选择出某一单倍体基因. 数值模拟结果与理论预测基本符合.     

多间隙气体开关触发特性

针对触发脉冲幅值、气体压强和紫外光照射3个因素对多间隙气体开关触发特性的影响规律开展实验研究。实验结果表明:触发电压由50 kV提高到70 kV时,开关触发时延的抖动降低约40%,统计时延的抖动降低约44%,形成时延的抖动变化不大。触发电压继续升高,触发抖动降低的趋势明显减缓。开关工作气压由0.16 MPa提高到0.28 MPa,开关触发时延的抖动增大约1.6倍,统计时延和形成时延的抖动均显著增大。紫外光辐照时间增长,开关触发抖动显著减小,最佳的辐照时间为80~140 ns,开关触发时延的抖动降低约39%。紫外光辐照可以有效降低开关统计时延的抖动,对形成时延影响不大。     

利用OH自由基特征发射谱测量正庚烷的点火延迟时间

在化学激波管中利用反射激波进行点火,采用OH自由基在306.4nm处特征发射谱线强度的急剧变化标志燃料的着火,由光谱单色仪、光电倍增管、压力传感器和示波器组成测量系统,测量了正庚烷/氧气的点火延迟时间,点火压力(1.0±0.1)和(0.75±0.05)atm,点火温度1 170～1 730K,当量比1.0,得到了在此实验条件下正庚烷/氧气点火延迟时间随温度变化的关系式。研究结果表明正庚烷/氧气点火延迟时间随温度的增加呈指数减小,点火压力为0.75atm时,随着点火温度的增加,点火延迟时间的变化率要小于1.0atm条件时。实验结果为建立正庚烷燃烧反应动力学模型,验证正庚烷燃烧反应机理提供了实验依据。     

用激光感生击穿光谱技术测量燃煤含碳量

研究了应用激光感生击穿光谱技术对燃煤进行元素快速定量分析的可行性。介绍了用于激光感生击穿光谱技术定量分析的定标曲线方法，并以5种煤样作为实验对象，选取激光击穿煤粉时碳元素505.2nm原子发射谱线为分析谱线，定量分析了延迟时间分别为0.8μs，1.2μs，1.6μs，2.0μs和2.4μs时煤粉中的含碳量，将测量结果与元素分析仪测量结果比较，延迟时间为1.6μs时测量误差最小。根据等离子体发射机制分析了延迟时间对定量分析的影响。实验结果表明：激光感生击穿光谱技术的分析精度较高，可望用于煤质特性快速检测。     

Ignition delay times of methane and hydrogen highly diluted in carbon dioxide at high pressures up to 300 atm

The need for more efficient power cycles has attracted interest in super-critical CO₂ (sCO₂) cycles. However, the effects of high CO₂ dilution on auto-ignition at extremely high pressures has not been studied in depth. As part of the effort to understand oxy-fuel combustion with massive CO₂ dilution, we have measured shock tube ignition delay times (IDT) for methane/O₂/CO₂ mixtures and hydrogen/O₂/CO₂ mixtures using sidewall pressure and OH* emission near 306?nm. Ignition delay time was measured in two different facilities behind reflected shock waves over a range of temperatures, 1045–1578?K, in different pressures and mixture regimes, i.e., CH₄/O₂/CO₂ mixtures at 27–286 atm and H₂/O₂/CO₂ mixtures at 37–311 atm. The measured data were compared with the predictions of two recent kinetics models. Fair agreement was found between model and experiment over most of the operating conditions studied. For those conditions where kinetic models fail, the current ignition delay time measurements provide useful target data for development and validation of the mechanisms.     

Shock tube measurements of ignition delay times and OH time-histories in dimethyl ether oxidation

Ignition delay times and OH concentration time-histories were measured in DME/O₂/Ar mixtures behind reflected shock waves. Initial reflected shock conditions covered temperatures (T₅) from 1175 to 1900 K, pressures (P₅) from 1.6 to 6.6 bar, and equivalence ratios (?) from 0.5 to 3.0. Ignition delay times were measured by collecting OH^∗ emission near 307 nm, while OH time-histories were measured using laser absorption of the R₁(5) line of the A-X(0,0) transition at 306.7 nm. The ignition delay times extended the available experimental database of DME to a greater range of equivalence ratios and pressures. Measured ignition delay times were compared to simulations based on DME oxidation mechanisms by Fischer et al. [7] and Zhao et al. [9]. Both mechanisms predict the magnitude of ignition delay times well. OH time-histories were also compared to simulations based on both mechanisms. Despite predicting ignition delay times well, neither mechanism agrees with the measured OH time-histories. OH Sensitivity analysis was applied and the reactions DME ↔ CH₃O + CH₃ and H + O₂ ↔ OH + O were found to be most important. Previous measurements of DME ↔ CH₃O + CH₃ are not available above 1220 K, so the rate was directly measured in this work using the OH diagnostic. The rate expression k[1/s] =  1.61 × 10⁷⁹T^−18.4 exp(−58600/T), valid at pressures near 1.5 bar, was inferred based on previous pyrolysis measurements and the current study. This rate accurately describes a broad range of experimental work at temperatures from 680 to 1750 K, but is most accurate near the temperature range of the study, 1350-1750 K. When this rate is used in both the Fischer et al. and Zhao et al. mechanisms, agreement between measured OH and the model predictions is significantly improved at all temperatures.     

分布式测试系统时间同步技术的研究

分布式测试系统是集计算机控制技术、网络通信技术与多传感器信息融合技术于一体的复杂测控系统;与独立测试系统不同,在网络化分布式测试系统中,各测试装置需按通信协议与网关节点通信以完成相应的测试;不同测试装置在接收网关节点发出的信号时,由于传输距离不同会引起时延差;如果系统中的各个测试装置不具备统一的时间基准,那么得到的测试数据因为时钟差异将无法反映出信息的真实情况;因此,整个网络中所有测试装置需要保持时间同步;针对分布式测试系统时间同步的需求,对信号传输过程中的时延问题进行了研究,提出了一种基于FPGA的时延测量方法,对这种软硬件结合时延测量方法的实现原理进行了详细阐述,并进行了功能仿真及试验验证。     

A chemical kinetic interpretation of the octane appetite of modern gasoline engines

Fuel anti-knock quality is a critical property with respect to the effective design of next-generation spark-ignition engines which aim to have increased efficiency, and lower emissions. Increasing evidence in the literature supports the fact that the current regulatory measures of fuel anti-knock quality, the research octane number (RON), and motor octane number (MON), are becoming decreasingly relevant to commercial engines. Extrapolation and interpolation of the RON/MON scales to the thermodynamic conditions of modern engines is potentially valuable for the synergistic design of fuels and engines with greater efficiency. The K-value approach, which linearly weights the RON/MON scales based on the thermodynamic history of an engine, offers a convenient experimental method to do so, although complementary theoretical interpretations of K-value measurements are lacking in the literature.This work uses a phenomenological engine model with a detailed chemical kinetic model to predict and interpret known trends in the K-value with respect to engine intake temperature, pressure, and engine speed. The modelling results support experimental trends which show that the K-value increases with increasing intake temperature and engine speed, and decreases with increasing intake pressure. A chemical kinetic interpretation of trends in the K-value based on fundamental ignition behaviour is presented. The results show that combined experimental/theoretical approaches, which employ a knowledge of fundamental fuel data (gas phase kinetics, ignition delay times), can provide a reliable means to assess trends in the real-world performance of commercial fuels under the operating conditions of modern engines.     

时间延迟对基因调节回路中生物记忆影响研究

生物记忆是广泛存在于各种生物子系统的一种重要的效应. 基于一个双反馈的基因调节回路模型, 采用数值模拟的方法研究了局部反馈中存在的时间延迟对生物记忆时间的影响. 结果发现, 小量的延迟能够很大地提高生物记忆时间. 并且, 生物记忆随延迟时间呈线性增加. 这种增强模式与噪声对生物记忆时间的提高完全不同. 延迟和噪声对生物记忆的提高可以进行相互的控制增强, 但不会影响对方的增强模式.