Correlation method of measuring the frequency shifts of the sound field maxima caused by perturbations of the oceanic medium

The correlation method of measuring the frequency shifts of the sound field maxima caused by the nonstationary oceanic medium is considered. The method is based on tracing the frequency shift of the maximum that is observed in the cross-correlation function of signal spectra received at different instants of time. The relation between the correlation method and the method based on measuring the frequency shifts of the maxima observed in the interference pattern of the source is analyzed. The sensitivity of the correlation method is estimated.     

Methods of measuring frequency shifts in the interference structure of the sound field in oceanic waveguides

The efficiency of the correlation method is considered as applied to measuring frequency shifts of maxima in the interference structure of the sound speed under the influence of distortions of the sound-speed profile. The method is based on tracing the position of the maximum of the cross-correlation function corresponding to the spectrum of the transmitted signal in the frequency domain. The distortion is modeled by seasonal variations of the hydrological environment. The noise immunity of the method is analyzed. The correlation method is compared with other known methods of tracing frequency shifts of the interference maxima.     

The possibility of reconstruction of two-dimensional random inhomogeneities in a shallow sea by frequency shifts of the spatial interference structure of the sound field

Fluctuations of frequency shifts of the spatial interference structure of the sound field in the oceanic waveguide, caused by a two-dimensional field of a random perturbation, are described. Various schemes of observation point spacing are considered. The possibility is shown to reconstruct the spatial spectrum of waveguide perturbations by measuring the spatial spectrum of the frequency shift of the interference pattern. The results of the theoretical treatment are illustrated by the examples of background internal waves and bottom roughness. The sensitivity of monitoring based on measurements of frequency shifts of the interference structure of the sound field is estimated. For medium perturbations by background internal waves, the fluctuations of liquid layer vibrations, sound speed, and temperature, which are minimum detectable by frequency shifts of the interference pattern, were estimated.     

空时多普勒频移域运动小目标的抗干扰探测方法

有源声呐使用多普勒敏感信号可在多普勒频移域分离杂波、混响等干扰和运动目标,但低信干比时强干扰的时间旁瓣泄露和多普勒旁瓣泄露会淹没弱目标.针对该问题,提出了一种基于自适应最小均方(LMS)算法和宽带模糊函数(WAF)的运动小目标抗干扰探测方法.首先在空间多普勒频移域上利用基于LMS的自适应陷波器抑制干扰,然后在快时间多普...     

利用声场频谱频率漂移监测内波的算法改进和实验验证

声场频谱的频率漂移曲线可以用来监测内波。由于简正波幅度剧烈起伏带来的干扰,目前尚无从实验数据中提取频移曲线的有效算法.提出了一种依据实测声学传播数据提取频移曲线的算法。借助于简正波过滤技术,该算法利用相关法从简正波相角之差中提取频率漂移曲线。利用该算法提取的频移曲线与内波导致的跃层起伏具有很高的相似性,这在2011年黄海实验中得到了验证。该算法的优点是可以保留简正波相位差变化导致的频移曲线信息,同时又能有效地抑制简正波幅度起伏带来的干扰,但是需要良好的接收阵阵型来保证简正波分离。      

Method of acoustic sweep monitoring of oceanic inhomogeneities (Review)

Theoretical grounds of the new method of monitoring of the temporal variability of oceanic inhomogeneities, which uses the data on frequency shifts of interference maxima of the sound field, were described. The method is free of limitations on both the resolution of signals coming in individual modes (rays) and the adiabatic approximation underlying the conventional methods of inhomogeneity reconstruction. The monitoring sensitivity was estimated, which allows us to estimate minimum detectable changes in the speed of sound by measurement data on frequency shifts of local maxima. Experimental data on shifts of the frequency spectrum of a broadband low-frequency signal on a stationary path in a shallow sea were presented. On their basis, the possibility of applying this method to diagnose tidal variations was shown. Within a numerical simulation, model reconstruction of the frequency spectrum of background internal waves was considered on the basis of the data on measurements of the spectrum of frequency shifts of the interference maximum. The results of the spectrum reconstruction with and without focusing of the conjugate wave field are presented. The problems of monitoring stability and efficiency with respect to the interference pattern formed by various groups of modes were discussed.     

用于面形测量的光纤投影器相移和频移特性

提出了一种光纤投影器产生相移和频移的方法,给出了光纤投影器相移和频移特性的理论与实验相一致的结果。光纤投影器利用双光束干涉产生正弦调制的结构光场,通过在一路光中引入压电陶瓷PZT,调节PZT的驱动电压来改变双光纤中光波的光程差,从而使干涉条纹产生相移,得到相移随驱动电压的变化曲线;频移是采用移动光纤投影器到接收屏距离的方法来改变干涉光场的空间频率,给出了变频条纹的傅里叶频谱,得到干涉光场的相对空间频率,将其与理论值相比较,给出二者之间的线性关系曲线,从而证明了干涉光场相对空间频率与投影器到接收屏距离成反比的关系。     

Determination of subpixel microdisplacements of speckle structure using the phase shift of spatial spectrum field

An experimental method for measurement of subpixel microdisplacements of speckle structure based on the parameters of the linear phase shift in the field of the complex spatial spectrum of the displaced structure is proposed and experimentally implemented. The phase shift is determined when a phase shift of spectrum is numerically added and the correlation analysis of the resulting linear phase shift in the spatial spectrum of specklegrams is performed. The method provides additional possibilities in the measurements using digital speckle photography when the period of interference fringes formed in the total spatial spectrum of specklegrams is significantly greater than the spectral width.

     

Internal tissue displacement measurement based on ultrasonic wave Doppler signal digital detection and its application to fetal movement monitoring

We have developed a fetal movement monitoring system based on small displacement measurement of internal tissues. When ultrasonic pulses are transmitted to the fetus, the reflected ultrasonic waves which have a Doppler frequency shift due to the fetal movements are detected by using an ultrasonic pulsed Doppler technique. In this paper, we propose a displacement measurement method for internal tissues which is based on the Doppler signal digital detection technique. In the method, the received ultrasonic RF signals are sampled with a sampling frequency of four times higher than the centre frequency of the ultrasonic waves; the Doppler frequency shift signals are derived using digital signal processing. From the detected signals, the internal displacements are estimated using the arc-tangent method. The basic algorithm of the detection method has already been used in the area of blood flow sensing, however, we apply the algorithm to the displacement measurement of internal tissues. The comparison between the proposed method and the conventional method is presented. The fetal movement quantitative monitoring system based on the method which has been constructed is shown.     

反射相移对MEMS滤波器半峰全宽影响分析

以典型的基于MEMS的FP腔结构为例,用传输矩阵方法推导了考虑反射相移的半峰全宽的解析表达式.利用此解析表达式分别模拟了考虑反射相移的半峰全宽与干涉级次和FP腔两反射镜间距的关系,并将其与不考虑反射相移的半峰全宽进行了对比;同时将反射相移和反射率对半峰全宽的影响进行了比较分析.     

移相干涉术的新方法—声光变频移相法

提出了一种变频移相的方法，并用声光器件作为变频移相器件进行了移相干涉实验，这种方法可以完成压电陶瓷移相方法无法实现的一些移相干涉测量。     

High-sensitivity holographic interferometry method for studying transparent objects with small transverse size

A new method for studying transparent objects with a small transverse size is considered. The method is based on lateral-shift holographic interferometry combining the displacement of the transparent object under investigation between the recordings of a pair of holographic interference patterns and their optical treatment. The interference patterns of the transparent object under investigation with a lateral shift equal to or larger than the linear size of the object are equivalent to the interference patterns obtained in a double-beam interferometer with a reference wave. In addition, such patterns are characterized by a higher sensitivity of imaging of optical inhomogeneities of the object under investigation. The results of experiments on testing this method for monitoring optical inhomogeneities of the active medium crystal of a solid-state laser are reported. The resultant interference patterns depict optical inhomogeneity of the crystal with a sensitivity 12 times higher.     

Measurement of the velocity inside an all-fiber DBR laser by self-mixing technique

The self-mixing interference for optical velocity sensing is experimentally investigated in an all-fiber configuration distributed Bragg reflector laser. Simultaneously, theory model of self-mixing interference laser Doppler velocimeter based on quasi-analytical method. The experimental results show Doppler shift frequency is linearly proportional to the value of the velocity which agrees well with theory analysis. The results preserve an enough signal-to-noise ratio around 40 dB in the range from 39.3–317.0 mm/s (measurement range depending on bandwidth of circuit) for velocity measurement. Additionally, the cutoff circuit is used in our system to get a stable Doppler signal and reduces the error rate to 0.136 % in practical measurement.     

基于激光多普勒频移的钢轨缺陷监测

针对现阶段我国铁路上应用的探伤设备只能在天窗时间进行人工巡检,无法在线监测的问题,提出一种基于超声导波的激光多普勒频移法钢轨内部缺陷监测方法。首先,引入环境温度作为变量改进了半解析有限元方法,并应用该方法获得了我国无缝线路CHN60钢轨在特定温度下的频散曲线。通过分析振型并结合激励响应算法确定了适于检测缺陷的模态及其激励方式,从而激励该超声导波模态使其在钢轨中传播。然后,应用半反半透玻璃镜将激光分为参考光和测量光,测量光通过Bragg Cell进行频偏照射钢轨表面,通过反射光产生的多普勒频移与参考光干涉得到光强度变化曲线,经过信号处理及标定测得钢轨内部缺陷的回波速度信号,再经过数字化处理和计算得到缺陷的位置。最后,在北京环形铁路试验基地进行了现场实验,以钢轨接地孔模拟钢轨内部核伤,得到缺陷定位误差均小于0. 5 m,验证了该方法的可行性。使用激光多普勒频移方法检测导波信号从而定位缺陷的方法可以有效避免由于换能器接触性测量而产生的误差。该方法在不影响列车的正常运营的同时,实现了全天候无间断的在线监测,提高了检测效率。     

Multiple-image hiding based on interference principle

A method for hiding multiple images into one image is presented. The method is based on interference principle and double random phase mask method. A uniform plane wave interferes with two beams of light wave carrying information of two encrypted images on an output plane. The obtained interference distribution image contains information of two encrypted images. By using frequency spectrum center shift technique, the two encrypted images can be recovered successfully. Then, the interference distribution is encoded into an index matrix through a host image. The optical encryption system parameters and the host image can all be used as encryption keys, which make encrypted image information safer. Numerical simulation indicates that the method can encrypt more information into one image and reconstruct the encryption image information successfully.     

一种航空发动机燃油流量基线的建模方法

为实现航空发动机的在巡航过程中的实时监控及时发现发动机状态参数的异常变化,提高飞行安全水平,提出基于航空发动机燃油流量(FF)基线求解偏差值的一种算法。依据设定的飞行数据筛选原则和预处理方法建立模型样本,设计以高斯函数为隐含层激励函数和以线性函数为输出层激励函数的多输入单输出的RBF神经网络,通过Pearson相关性分析确定网络的输入节点。使用该网络得到预测燃油流量基线,再与实际燃油流量做比较可得燃油流量偏差值。最后对预测偏差值和观测偏差值实施两配对非参数检验以验证网络精度,结果表明该方法是计算航空发动机巡航状态下燃油流量偏差值的一种有效算法。     

Measurement of vibration with Young's fringe modulated speckle patterns in a photorefractive correlator

A technique has been proposed to analyze small in-plane component of vibrations by measuring the fringe shift, and analysing the correlation output of captured vibrating Young's fringes with a photorefractive correlator. Fringes are formed due to interference between the reconstructed speckled beam recorded for stationary object beam, and vibrated speckled beam transmitting through a BaTiO₃ crystal after introducing a small shift in the diffuser position. The correlation peak intensity is affected due to mismatch of vibrations between two piezo-mirrors in the object beam. High correlation output gives an indication of the frequency matching of known reference and unknown vibrations, thus giving information on the frequency of vibration. Vibration amplitudes of the order of a wavelength of light have been measured by counting the number of fringes passing past a line in the observation plane.     

Precise measurement of Brillouin scattering spectrum in the ocean using F–P etalon and ICCD

A new method for analyzing the signal of the spectrum of Brillouin scattering in the ocean using F–P etalon and ICCD is proposed. It is based on the principle of interference of the F–P etalon. The capability of the method is confirmed by processing experimental data from stimulated Brillouin scattering spectrum in the water at different temperatures. The experimental results show very good agreement with theoretical values. This method provides a feasible way to measure Brillouin frequency shift and line width with high precision.     

浅海低频本地海底混响的波导不变性结构及抑制方法研究

根据浅海混响的射线简正波相干混响理论和可分离的海底散射模型,从理论上推导了浅海低频本地海底混响信号中存在的稳定的距离-频率干涉结构(波导不变性结构),并在此基础上基于谱相减的思想提出了一种基于波导不变性的本地海底混响预测对消方法。针对某个检测距离,其对应的中心频率上的海底混响强度可以根据波导不变性通过频移的方法在另一个与之相邻的距离上估计得到,利用该估计的混响强度可以对消检测距离对应的回波信号中的海底混响强度分量,增强回波信混比,提高目标检测能力。针对典型水平分层浅海波导环境,通过计算机仿真实验分析了低频海底混响存在的稳定波导不变性结构,验证了本文提出的基于波导不变性的混响预测对消方法的有效性。      

单阶简正波宽带干涉特性与孤立子内波定位

为了分析孤立子内波(SIW)对声场干涉特性的影响以及由此监测SIW,我们采用抛物方程模型,分析了孤立子内波影响下简正波耦合带来的单阶简正波宽带脉冲序列的干涉特性;仿真了宽带脉冲信号穿过SIW时,单阶简正波接收脉冲序列随内波位置的变化情况,分析了它们的时空干涉特性和机理;基于耦合简正波理论,推导得到了内波位置和干涉条纹斜率之间的关系。仿真表明,这一关系式可以精确估计SIW距离,估计精度和稳定性比以往方法大大提升。此外,还根据单阶简正波干涉图样在频率上的周期性,推导了另一种估计SIW距离的方法,该方法具有更好的实时性。SIW-简正波干涉关系可用于改善声场定位,对于海洋学、海洋工程和海洋军事等方面具有重要价值。此外,该关系还可以拓展到其他的局部特性变化的探测,如金属探伤和海底地形突变定位等。