Experimental investigation of hydrodynamic loads and pressure distribution during a pyramid water entry

In the maritime environment slamming is a phenomenon known as short duration impact of water on a floating or sailing structure. Slamming loads are local and could induce very high local stresses. This paper reports a series of impact test results and investigate the slamming loads and pressures acting on a square based pyramid. In this study the slamming tests have been conducted at constant velocity impact with a hydraulic high speed shock machine. This specific experimental equipment avoids the deceleration of the structure observed usually during water entry with drop tests. Three velocities of the rigid pyramid have been used (10, 13 and 15 m s⁻¹). Time-histories of local pressures, accelerations and slamming loads were successfully measured. The relationship between the pressure magnitude and the impact velocity is obtained and the spatial distribution of pressures on pyramid sides is characterized. The impact velocity was found to have a negligible influence in predicting the maximum pressure coefficient.     

Experimental investigation into transient pressure pulses during pneumatic conveying of fine powders using Shannon entropy

This paper presents the results of an ongoing investigation into transient pressure pulses using Shannon entropy. Pressure fluctuations (produced by gas–solid two-phase flow during fluidized dense-phase conveying) are recorded by pressure transducers installed at strategic locations along a pipeline. This work validates previous work on identifying the flow mode from pressure signals (Mittal, Mallick, & Wypych, 2014). Two different powders, namely fly ash (median particle diameter 45 μm, particle density 1950 kg/m³, loosely poured bulk density 950 kg/m³) and cement (median particle diameter 15 μm, particle density 3060 kg/m³, loosely poured bulk density 1070 kg/m³), are conveyed through different pipelines (51 mm I.D. × 70 m length and 63 mm I.D. × 24 m length). The transient nature of pressure fluctuations (instead of steady-state behavior) is considered in investigating flow characteristics. Shannon entropy is found to increase along straight pipe sections for both solids and both pipelines. However, Shannon entropy decreases after a bend. A comparison of Shannon entropy among different ranges of superficial air velocity reveals that high Shannon entropy corresponds to very low velocities (i.e. 3–5 m/s) and very high velocities (i.e. 11–14 m/s) while low Shannon entropy corresponds to mid-range velocities (i.e. 6–8 m/s).     

Experimental investigation of the dynamic stability of spherical shells under pulse loading by external pressure

Institute of Mechanics, Ukrainian Academy of Sciences, Kiev. Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika, Vol. 26, No. 10, pp. 46–50, October, 1990.     

Experimental study of wind loads on cylindrical reticulated shells

The cylindrical reticulated shell structures without side walls, which are normally arranged in pairs, are usually used as dry-coal sheds in a thermal power plant. The wind loads of these shells do not exist in standards or codes. Therefore, this study investigates the mean and fluctuating wind loads on a cylindrical reticulated shell with a rise-to-span ratio of 0.39 through a series of wind tunnel tests. The characteristics of the wind pressures on the upper and lower surfaces and the net pressures are presented. The results show that the wind direction and another shell structure significantly affect the wind loads on the principal shell. The most unfavorable wind direction is around 30°, whereas the effects of the wind field and the height of the coal stack are small. The surfaces of the shells are divided into nine blocks, and the block mean and fluctuating (rms) pressure coefficients suitable for engineering applications are given as references for wind load codes.     

Waves resulting from partial dam break with the formation of a breach in the form of a cut to the channel bottom

This paper gives experimental data on the propagation speed and height of a dam-break wave arising in the tailwater region during a partial dam break event. These data were used to confirm the Khristianovich calculation method. __________ Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika i Tekhnicheskaya Fizika, Vol. 50, No. 3, pp. 97–103, May–June, 2009.     

Experimental investigation of heat transfer and pressure drop characteristics of flow through spirally fluted tubes

Spirally fluted tubes are used extensively in the design of tubular heat exchangers. In previous investigations, results for tubes with flute depths e/D_vi < 0.2 were reported, with most correlations applicable for Re ≥ 5000. This paper presents the results of an experimental investigation of the heat transfer and pressure drop characteristics of spirally fluted tubes with the following tube and flow parameter ranges: flute depth e/D_vi = 0.1−0.4, flute pitch p/D_vi = 0.4−7.3, helix angle θ/90° = 0.3−0.65, Re = 500−80,000, and Pr = 2−7. The heat transfer coefficients inside the fluted tube were obtained from measured values of the overall heat transfer coefficient using a nonlinear regression scheme. The friction factor data obtained consisted of 507 data points. The proposed correlation for the friction factor predicts 96% of the database within ±20%. The heat transfer correlation for the range 500 ≤ Re ≤ 5000 predicts 76% of the database (178 data points) within ±20%, and the correlation for the higher Re range predicts 97% of the 342 data points within ±20%. Comparison of heat transfer and friction data show that these tubes are most effective in the laminar and transition flow regimes. The present results show that the increase of flute depth in the range considered does not improve heat transfer.     

Experimental and numerical study of pressure wave refrigerator performance

A new compact pressure wave refrigerator has been designed and manufactured at the Shock Wave Research Center, Institute of Fluid Science, Tohoku University. The performance of this device was investigated for combinations of major operational parameters, such as the rotational speed of gas distributor, the length of expansion tubes, the input gas pressure. The maximum temperature decrease of 20 K has been measured. Some theoretical consideration to the efficiency of the pressure wave refrigerator and two-dimensional numerical simulations were carried out in order to understand the wave interactions that take place inside the device.Received: 26 May 2003, Accepted: 12 August 2003, Published online: 14 October 2003 Correspondence to: T. Saito     

JOB-9003的动态性能实验

对JOB-9003进行了SHPB压杆实验和逆向Taylor柱实验,研究其在冲击载荷下的动态特性,为进行JOB-9003的本构模型研究提供实验数据基础。通过对SHPB实验获得的应力应变曲线分析得出:在中低应变率范围,JOB-9003应变率对应力的影响成线性关系。通过对逆向Taylor柱实验获得的变形照片分析,发现破坏损伤对材料的力学性能影响显著,不可忽略。利用Taylor实验的结果对SHPB实验中获得的本构模型进行校核,发现该本构模型并不能准确描述处于高应变率下的材料压缩变形。     

Experimental investigation of capillary pressure effects on immiscible displacement in lensed and layered porous media

This paper reports the results of extensive experimental studies of the effects of well-defined heterogeneous porous media on immiscible flooding. The heterogeneities were layers and lenses, with some of the lenses being a wettability contrast. Drainage and imbibition displacements, with and without an initial residual fluid saturation, were carried out at a variety of flow rates on layered and lensed two-dimensional glass beads models of the size of a typical large core test (58×10×0.6 cm). These displacements were followed photographically and the effluent saturation profiles recorded. In most of the experiments the glass beads were water-wet, but in some the lens beads were coated with a water repellent chemical. In all experiments, the displacement fronts became highly irregular due to the different capillary pressures acting in the different areas of the models. In this paper, these displacements are fully reported and their implications for reservoir simulation and for interpretation of laboratory core tests, where the inner heterogeneities are not known, are discussed.     

An investigation of pressure under wheeled vehicles

This paper reviews methods currently used to predict the pressure exerted by a wheeled vehicle on the ground. It describes a programme of experiments designed to measure the pressure at a certain depth in a soil mass, the surface of which is traversed by a number of different vehicles in a range of loading conditions. Methods for inferring the surface pressure from underground measurements are described and compared. The inferred surface pressures are then compared with predicted values. A discussion is given on the usefulness and validity of ground pressure characterisation for wheeled vehicles.     

离散多层厚壁爆炸容器抗爆炸性能试验研究

为了研究离散多层爆炸容器的动力响应和破坏特性,制造了尺寸和材料相同但钢带缠绕倾角不同的三台离散多层试验容器,并进行了一系列大药量的中心加载试验,测量了典型位置的应变。结果表明中心装药时三台试验容器的破坏都在爆心截面处,钢带缠绕倾角较小的容器能够承受更大炸药量的爆炸作用,容器具有较好的抗内爆炸性能。     

Application of the centre implicit method for investigation of pressure transients in pipelines

This paper investigates the application of the centre implicit method for the determination of the pressure transient in a pipeline, and compares the results with those obtained using the method of characteristics and an experimental investigation. The study shows that there are unique values for the stability criterion (ratio of the linear and time increments) and the artificial viscosity term (a damping factor) used in the numerical computation. The time step and the number of nodes required for the accuracy of the method have been considered. The centre implicit method can be readily adapted to transient flow with variable wave speed provided the established conditions are used.     

Experimental investigation of the interaction of shock waves with textiles

Experimental studies have been performed to investigate the pressure amplification experienced behind a textile when exposed to a shock wave. Three textiles with different masses and air permeabilities were studied. Mach numbers for tests varied between 1.23 and 1.55. The distance between the back wall and the textile was varied between 3 and 15 mm. It was found that in most cases the presence of the textile led to a pressure amplification at the back wall. This amplification was dependent on the textile, Mach number and distance from the back wall. The processes causing the pressure amplification were identified by analysing pressure traces and contact shadowgraphs. It was found that when the incident wave impinges on the textile, a part is reflected upstream and a part is transmitted through the textile. The transmitted portion reflects back and forth in the gap between the textile and the back wall leading to a back wall pressure trace with a stepped profile. In addition, the textile moves towards the back wall causing compression waves to propagate towards the back wall. The combination of the stepped profile and the compression waves cause the pressure amplification. The contribution of each mechanism depends on the textile properties. Approximate wave diagrams have been constructed. Tests involving multiple layers of textiles are also discussed. Received 17 October 2000 / Accepted 2 February 2001     

频繁动力扰动对围压卸载中高储能岩体的动力学影响

基于冬瓜山铜矿深部巷道围岩开挖过程中面临的高应力和频繁爆破扰动问题,利用改进的SHPB动静组合加载系统,开展了频繁动力扰动对围压卸载中高储能岩体动力学影响的研究。研究结果表明,围压卸载中的矽卡岩受到动力扰动时,其动态峰值应力和弹性模量随动力扰动次数非线性变化。围压卸载中的高储能矽卡岩受到动力扰动时会释放能量。轴压促使岩样内微裂隙轴向发育,造成岩样抵抗动力扰动能力减弱;围压减缓岩样内微裂隙轴向发育,造成岩样抵抗动力扰动能力增强。动力扰动对微裂隙扩展有促进作用,使围压卸载中的岩样由拉伸破坏向剪切破坏转变。     

Experimental investigation on the distribution uniformity and pressure drop of perforated plate distributors for the innovative spray-type packed bed thermal storage

As an innovative thermal energy technology, the spray-type packed bed has advantages of high efficiency and low cost. A liquid distributor is the key component for the spray-type packed bed for scattering heat-transfer liquid drops evenly. In this study, the distribution performance and pressure drop of the perforated plate distributors of different orifice diameters were studied experimentally. The experimental results indicate that orifice diameter has a greater effect on the distribution performance compared to flow rate. With an increase in flow rate, the flow pattern through the distributor changes from the uncovered drop to the covered drop and then to the jet flow. The covered drop pattern shows the best performance with a good distribution and a small pressure drop simultaneously, which is the design and optimization principle of the distributor for a spray-type packed bed.     

Determination of the soil pressure distribution around a cone penetrometer

The objective of this paper was to investigate the pressure distribution around a cone penetrometer using a pressure sensing mat under laboratory conditions. The investigation was conducted under (1) constrained conditions using cylindrical split pipe molds and (2) unconstrained conditions using a soil box. These tests were conducted in Capay clay and Yolo loam soil containing two different moisture conditions and two compaction levels.In the constrained tests, a maximum radial pressure of 111 kPa was observed in the Capay clay soil with 3.4–4.3% d.b. moisture content and three blows of compaction (cone index value of 2040 kPa) when using the 41 mm diameter split pipe mold. These pressure levels decreased to 82 and 22 kPa, respectively, when 65 and 88 mm diameter molds were used. In both the Capay clay and Yolo loam tests, the average radial pressure and average cone index values showed similar trends.In the unconstrained tests, a maximum pressure of 9.0 kPa was observed in the Capay clay with 4.5% d.b. moisture content and three blows of compaction (cone index value of 550 kPa) at a horizontal distance of 25.4 mm from the vertical axis of the cone penetrometer and minimum pressure levels in the range of 0.2–0.3 kPa when the horizontal distance of the penetrometer was in the range of 56.8–66 mm. The pressure levels are much smaller than the ones obtained in the constrained tests and may suggest that the pressure distribution under field conditions is small at a distance of 25.4 mm or higher from the tip of the cone.The experimental data were statistically analyzed to identify significant factors. The results of the analysis for the constrained test indicated that the mold diameter and number of blows significantly increased the pressure readings within the soil mass. Increasing the mold diameter led to a decrease in the average radial pressure and increasing the number of blows contributed to an increase in the average radial pressure. In the unconstrained test, the average radial pressure distribution at a given point were significantly influenced by the horizontal distance of the point from the vertical axis passing through the center of the penetrometer shaft, soil type, and soil moisture content. Higher pressure values were obtained in the Capay clay tests compared to the Yolo loam tests. In all cases, the pressure levels were greater for the drier soil than for the moist soil.     

圆板动力反直观行为实验研究

对受子弹正向撞击的铝合金圆板进行了动力反直观行为的实验研究。描述了不同撞击速度下板的响应模式,发现了圆板中的反直观现象,即板的最终变形与子弹撞击方向相反,并记录了板在整个变形过程中典型点的位移历史曲线,进一步证实了结构动力响应的反直观行为是一种客观存在的弹塑性动力行为。     

An investigation of pressure transients in pipelines with two-phase bubbly flow

This paper presents a two-dimensional model for the analysis of the pressure transient of a two-phase homogeneous bubbly mixture flowing in a pipeline and the numerical integration using the centre implicit method (CIM). Experiments were conducted to confirm the proposed sonic speed equation of an air–water mixture for an air concentration of less than 1%. The 2D CIM model is compared with the method of characteristics (MoC) for a two-phase bubbly flow in a pipeline. The comparisons show that the proposed 2D CIM model generally gives good agreement with the method of characteristics.