Stoichiometry determination of (Pb,La)(Zr,Ti)O3-type nano-crystalline ferroelectric ceramics by wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry

Analysis of small samples of lanthanum-doped lead zirconate titanate (PLZT) by wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (WDXRF) is presented. The powdered material in ca. 30 mg was suspended in water and collected on the membrane filter. The pure oxide standards (PbO, La₂O₃, ZrO₂ and TiO₂) were used for calibration. The matrix effects were corrected using a theoretical influence coefficients algorithm for intermediate-thickness specimens. The results from XRF method were compared with the results from the inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). Agreement between XRF and ICP-OES analysis was satisfactory and indicates the usefulness of XRF method for stoichiometry determination of PLZT.     

Constant composition dissolution of mixed phases. II. Selective dissolution of calcium phosphates

Characterization of the dissolution kinetics of individual synthetic and biological calcium phosphates is of considerable importance since these phases often coexist in biological minerals. The constant composition method has been used to study the dissolution kinetics of a series of synthetic calcium phosphates, brushite (DCPD), beta-tricalcium phosphate (TCP), octacalcium phosphate (OCP), hydroxyapatite (HAP), and carbonated apatite (CAP) in the presence and absence of citric acid, as a function of pH and thermodynamic driving force. While citric acid markedly accelerates the dissolution of TCP, HAP dissolution is significantly inhibited. Moreover, this additive has almost no influence on the dissolution of DCPD, OCP, and CAP. Dual constant composition dissolution studies of mixed calcium phosphates in the presence of citric acid have also been made. Another factor, pH, also plays an important role in the dissolution of these calcium phosphates. In suspensions of calcium phosphate mixtures, specific phases can be selectively dissolved by changing experimental parameters such as pH and the presence of rate modifiers. This result has important applications for the dissolution control of dental hard tissues such as dentin, enamel, and calculus.     

粉末压片-X荧光光谱法测定过磷酸钙中硫含量

硫是过磷酸钙中重要营养指标之一,为准确快速测定过磷酸钙中硫的含量,试验采用粉末压片-X荧光光谱法,将过磷酸钙试样充分干燥后研磨至粒度小于74 μm,采用硼酸镶边,在压力18 Mpa条件下保压30 s,制成样片。通过在过磷酸钙样品中添加不同质量的纯物质硫酸钙（质量分数范围1.52 %～17.21 %）,经过专用混匀设备混合均匀后,与试样压片相同条件下压制标准样片,作为过磷酸钙中硫的标准样品,建立硫标准曲线,曲线线性相关系数R2为0.9995,采用经验系数法校正干扰,建立了粉末压片-波长色散X射线荧光光谱法测定过磷酸钙中硫含量的方法, 方法检出限为0.002 %。对3个不同硫含量的过磷酸钙样品采用本实验方法重复测量7次,RSD在1.4 %~3.1 %,方法精密度性好,同时用高温燃烧红外光谱法和电感耦合等离子发射光谱法对比,三者测量结果相对极差小于2.0 %,测量结果无显著性差异。此方法不需要对样品进行熔融或溶解,样品制备简单,数据准确度和稳定性好,分析效率高,适合大批量样品中硫的测定。     

X射线荧光光谱法测定羰化反应液及催化剂中的铑

建立了以波长色散X射线荧光光谱仪直接测定羰化反应液及催化剂中铑含量的定量分析方法, 采用甲苯为溶剂的铑催化剂溶液做校准曲线标准样品, 铑质量分数测量范围为10～1000 μg/g, 在总测量时间为20 s时, 其检出限为2.2 μg/g. 15次的平行重复测试结果, 相对标准偏差为0.94%. 溶液厚度实验说明, 当溶液的厚度超过14.7 mm时可视为达到无限厚. 并将不同样品同时进行了XRF测试和原子吸收法测量, 结果一致.     

Determination of Te,Bi, Ni,Sb and Au by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry following electroenrichment on a copper cathode

The electrodepositons of Te, Bi, Ni, Sb and Au from aqueous solution of pH = 1 on the cathode surface have been studied for X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF). A special holder for a copper electrode has been constructed to perform the electrodeposition process on only one side of the electrode. After electrolysis, the copper electrode can be easily removed from the holder; after rinsing it with water and drying it can be analyzed by XRF. The proposed method of sample preparation and preconcentration of Te, Bi, Ni, Sb, Au provides suitable samples which are devoid of the negative and undesirable effects of XRF analysis, such as particle size and matrix effects. The influence of time on the deposition yield has been examined. The method of preconcentration is efficient. The inhomogeneity of the prepared specimens has been studied using internal standard method. The calibration is based on using synthetic standards, certified reference materials and standard addition method. The best results are achieved by the standard addition method. The agreement between results obtained with XRF analysis and certified values is satisfactory and indicates the usefulness of the proposed method for determination of Te, Bi, Ni, Sb and Au in anode slime.     

Determination of trace elements in suspensions and filtrates of drinking and surface water by wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry

An X-ray fluorescence method (XRF) is presented that allowed low detection limits (at the 0.1–23 ng mL⁻¹ level) to be obtained for Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Zn, Sr, Pb, Bi and Br in water. The samples were prepared using a thin layer method. Trace elements were determined via the calibration curve and standard addition. Absorption effects and inhomogenities in prepared samples were checked for using the emission–transmission method and internal standards, respectively. The results from the XRF method were compared with the results from the inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry method.      

X-射线荧光光谱法直接测定电工硅钢钢屑中的微量元素

报道了Ｘ射线荧光光谱法直接测定电工硅钢钢屑样品微量元素的新方法,校正了样品中元素中间的基体效应影响和校正了钢屑样品的不同颗粒结构,不同几何形态及不同表面状态的影响,使钢屑样品可不经处理直接测定,操作简便。     

X射线荧光光谱法测定不同类型分子筛中氧化物的含量

分子筛是催化裂化催化剂中重要的活性组分.产品中Na2O、Al2O3、SiO2、RE2O3,等元素氧化物的含量将直接影响分子筛的质量和性能.通过对方法准确度和精密度的考察,表明X射线荧光光谱法(XRF)测定分子筛中重要元素氧化物的含量,准确度高,重复性好,是一种高效、快速、能有效指导企业生产的分析方法.     

Determination of water content in silica nanopowder using wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometer

A wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) technique that uses the scattered radiation of the X-ray tube lines and the fluorescence radiation of an element present in a powder sample is proposed as a non-destructive method for the determination of the water content in silica powder. Although direct X-ray fluorescence analysis of water using WDXRF is not adequate for the quantitative determination of water in powder, due to the very low fluorescence yield for hydrogen and oxygen, the fluorescence signal of silicon (Si) in silica powder is attenuated by water, and is shown to decrease in proportion to the water content in silica powder. In addition, it is demonstrated that the Compton- and Rayleigh-scattering of the X-ray tube lines is proportional to the water content. The coefficients of determination, R², of the linear regression equations obtained from the calibration curves for all individual scattered radiations and for the fluorescence radiation of Si were > 0.90. The sum of the peak intensities of the four scattering signals, i.e. the Rayleigh-scattered Rh K–L_2,3 and Rh K–M_2,3 lines, and Compton-scattered Rh K–L_2,3 and Rh K–M_2,3 lines, also showed fairly good linearity and sensitivity over a very wide range of water content from 0 wt.% to 61.5 wt.%. However, porosity had a significant effect on the X-ray signal at low water content, in the range from 0 wt.% to 7.5 wt.%, where the sensitivity for the silica nanopowder with well-defined mesopores (~ 3 nm in diameter) decreased to 0.40 kcps/wt.%, from 0.99 kcps/wt.% for the non-porous silica nanopowder. The use of the Si fluorescence signal along with the scattered radiation of the X-ray tube lines expands the applicability of conventional XRF spectrometers to the quantitative determination of water content in silica powder.     

Determination of rare earths by high-resolution X-ray spectrometry following neutron activation

Reactor neutron activation followed by high-resolution X-ray spectrometry has been applied to the non-destructive quantitative determination of the rare earth elements in naturally occurring materials. The various sources of error as well as the possibilities of minimizing them are discussed.     

X射线荧光光谱法测定钠冰晶石的主要化学成分

选用国家标准样品和高纯物质配制实验用标准样品,采用混合熔剂(67%Li2B4O7+33%LiBO2)熔融制样,使用X射线荧光光谱法测定钠冰晶石中SiO2、Fe2O3、MgO、CaO、K2O、TiO2、P2O5、Na、F、Al各组分的含量,实验结果表明,各组分的相对标准偏差(RSD)在0.57%~6.5%,与第三方实验室对比测定结果表明,方法可以满足工厂检测要求。     

Determination of the chemical composition of modified fiber glass silicate materials by differential dissolution

The paper presents the results of application of the stoichiographic method of differential dissolution (DD) to the analysis of modified aluminosilicate and zirconium silicate fiberglass materials (FGM) and related catalysts. Na-Al-Si and Na-Zr-Si FGM have been studied after sodium leaching-out and subsequent modification with Al, Co, and Pt additives. The conditions of detection, identification, and determination of different forms of FGM modifiers and the analysis of the surface of these samples are provided. The DD method has been used for the precise correction of the composition of the fiber glass sample surface.     

X荧光光谱法测定锡酸铅TDI还原型催化剂中锡和铅含量

报道了一种准确度高、分析步骤简单的锡酸铅TDI还原型催化剂中锡和铅含量的X射线荧光光谱方法（XRF）．设计制备了标准样品,研究了仪器测试条件下元素峰位的选择和背景扣除方法．结果表明：X荧光光谱法在不破坏样品的前提下完成对二氧化锡和铅含量的同时测定,重复实验10次,Pb实验相对标准偏差为0．37％;SnO2实验相对标准偏差0．61％。     

Determination of the chemical composition of fiberglass silicate materials by the differential dissolution method

The standardless method of differential dissolution (DD) was used for determining the chemical composition of aluminosilicate and zirconium silicate glass-fiber clothes at different stages of their preparation and modification. Conditions for the detection, identification, and quantitative determination of various forms of heterogeneity in the elemental, phase, and surface compositions of these materials are considered. The distribution of the elements that constitute the glass-fiber clothes between various forms—surface ion-exchange (Na), hydrated (Al, Si), and framework (Al, Si) species—was quantitatively determined for the first time.     

Determination of the chemical composition of supported vanadium-containing oxide catalysts by the differential dissolution method

The results of the application of the stoichiographic method of differential dissolution (DD) in the determination of the chemical composition of vanadium-containing catalysts are presented. In the studied catalyst series, amounts of vanadium were deposited onto TiO₂, SiO₂, Al₂O₃, ZrO₂, and Nb₂O₅. The catalysts were prepared by the impregnation method or by the spray drying method and thermally treated at different temperatures. The DD method was used for the precise correction of the phase composition of the V₂O₅/TiO₂ catalyst samples in order to determine the nature of the active component of these catalysts and obtain the correct information on their structure using the NMR method.     

Determination of microgram amounts of arsenic in geological materials and waters by wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence spectrometry

Microgram quantities of arsenic are determined in geological materials or water samples by coprecipitating the analyte with elemental selenium and using x-ray fluorescence directly on the precipitate. The coprecipitation step removes elemental interferences and converts the sample to a thin film. The selenium matrix enhances the fluorescent emission of arsenic which enables 0.2 μg g^?1 to be determined. The method is applied to a series of geological reference materials and a seawater sample.     

Determination of small concentrations of hafnia in zirconia by selective excitation energy dispersive X-ray emission spectrometry

An energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence method is described for the determination of small concentrations of hafnia in zirconia. Bromine K X-rays from a secondary target in the form of a thick KBr pellet (excited by primary X-rays from a tungsten target X-ray tube) have been used to excite the analyte Hf L-lines selectively without exciting the matrix Zr K X-rays. The Hf L intensity vs. concentration relation was found to be linear in the concentration range 0.0–2.0 percent. The method gave a minimum detection limit of 45 ppm for 10 min (live) counting time. The results are discussed and the performance of this method is compared with those of WDXRF methods.     

X射线荧光光谱法测定钾长石、钠长石中多种元素

采用熔融制样,以钾长石、钠长石国家标准样品为主,辅以粘土、炉渣、硅石等标准样品,配制成一系列校准标准样品,用X射线荧光光谱法测定钾长石和钠长石中的Na2O、Al2O3、SiO2、K2O、CaO、Fe2O3、TiO2的含量,结果表明:方法的相对标准偏差为0.065%～2.9%,其测定结果与标准值基本一致,准确度好,可替代湿法化学分析,适合于长石类硅铝酸盐矿物的日常分析。     

X射线荧光光谱法测定电解锰中锰、硅、磷和铁含量

熔融制样X射线荧光光谱法测定电解锰中锰、硅、磷和铁含量。用熔融后的四硼酸锂制作铂金坩埚保护层,以BaO2做氧化剂,在马弗炉内通过逐渐升温来氧化电解锰,然后熔融制取玻璃熔片,用X射线荧光(XRF)光谱法分析电解锰中锰、硅、磷和铁含量。锰、硅、磷和铁的相对标准偏差RSD分别为0.23%、2.82%、0.31%和0.53%。与其它分析方法比较,其结果更稳定。有效消除了电解锰熔融制样过程中的坩埚腐蚀问题,分析误差可完全控制在国家相关标准允许的范围内,实现了电解锰中各元素的快速准确测定。     

Determination of Major and Minor Elements in Granite by Inductively Coupled Plasma and X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry

Abstract

The development and evaluation of an analytical method for the determination of major and minor elements in granite by ICP-AES and XRF are described. The method applies a standard addition method to generate calibration standards for XRF measurements by ICP-AES from samples to be analyzed. Reliable results were obtained by using simple versions of ICP and XRF, and combined with the pressed-powder pellets for sample preparation. Least squares data for parameters measured by this method vs. reported value for a granite standard reference material gave a slope of 1.002 ± 0.005 and an intercept of -0.029 ± 0.07. The coefficients of variation vary between 0.53% for the largest oxide and 8.3% for the lowest oxide.