脆性断裂的统计理论

本文试图从位错理论出发来探索晶体脆性断裂的统计理论。脆性断裂过程,实质上是微裂缝在极小的范性形变过程中形成长大和传播的随机过程。本文导出了描述这种随机过程的微分方程,利用微裂缝形成长大的位错机理,解出了微裂缝大小的统计分布函数。文中给出了范性形变、加工硬化和活动位错源数目与微裂缝数目和大小之间的函数关系。过去研究脆性断裂时,范性变形只是含糊地包括在有效表面能之内,而加工硬化和活动位错源数目则一向被略去。从微裂缝大小的统计分布函数和微裂缝的传播条件,导出了强度的统计分布函数,从而求得了脆性断裂判别式、脆性断裂强度及脆性-范性转变温度。     

微裂纹演化的随机模型

本文用非平衡统计的概念和方法探讨了各种断裂过程中的共同问题——微裂纹或微空洞的演化。文中从描述微裂纹演化过程的多元主方程出发,导出了微裂纹演化动力学方程,指出了微观机理与宏观过程相结合的途径,讨论了微裂纹分布函数应有的性质。 关键词：     

金属穿晶脆性断裂统计理论

讨论了金属穿晶脆性断裂统计理论.根据穿晶裂纹和晶界作用的界面能模型及断裂非平衡统计理论框架,推导出了裂纹扩展速率、断裂强度、断裂韧性、脆性—韧性转变温度及其统计分布函数随晶粒尺度和界面能变化的公式. 关键词：     

延时断裂统计理论

本文研究了广泛应力范围内(1》(ασ)/(Kt)》1)热激活延时断裂统计理论,文中从微裂纹按原子键机理随机演化导致断裂的思路出发,导出了微裂纹分布函数、断裂几率、可靠性、强度和寿命的统计分布函数及其统计平均值。 关键词：     

金属的断裂韧性

本文根据微裂纹的随机演化及其长大需要堆积位错群进一步滑移以将领首位错挤入微裂纹中的机理,导出了微裂纹扩展力和断裂韧性及其统计分布函数,讨论了影响因素。 关键词：     

海洋腐蚀条件下材料环境失效的寿命预测

在疲劳断裂非平衡统计理论的基础上, 推导出了在海洋腐蚀条件下微裂纹的平均寿命的计算公式. 还以软钢为例, 对其在海洋腐蚀和未腐蚀条件下的结果进行了比较. 关键词： 非平衡统计理论 腐蚀电化学理论 疲劳寿命     

陶瓷材料中圆形夹杂的本征应变导致的微开裂

由夹杂转变引起的微开裂与陶瓷材料的断裂和增韧机制密切相关。本文采用位错连续分布的方法,导出圆形夹杂发生本征应变时在母体材料中形成的微裂纹的位错密度函数、张开位移及应力强度因子的解析表达式,并据本文得到的结果进行了分析和讨论。 关键词：     

多晶体金属疲劳寿命随晶粒尺寸变化的理论研究

在疲劳断裂非平衡统计理论框架的基础上，根据界面能模型，推导出了多晶体金属的疲劳寿 命随晶粒尺寸、应变振幅的变化公式.还与有关实验结果进行了比较，发现理论与实验较为 相符. 关键词： 疲劳寿命 晶粒尺寸 非平衡统计理论 界面能模型     

一个新的损伤演化方程及其在层裂中的应用

 采用统计细观损伤力学方法,基于延性金属断裂过程的孔洞演化机理,提出一个新的损伤演化方程,该方程在一定的条件下与由空心球体胞模型导出的损伤方程形式相同。在此基础上,将新的损伤演化方程编入一维Lagrange有限差分动力学程序,对OFHC铜的平板对称正碰撞层裂实验进行了数值模拟,计算结果与实验吻合得较好。     

片状切变型夹杂导致的脆性开裂

片状切变型夹杂可以表现一些重要物理过程的力学特征,例如在晶体材料中形成的滑移带、形变孪晶带以及片状马氏体等。这些过程与材料的断裂密切相关。本文采用位错连续分布方法,导出了位于片状夹杂端部的裂纹的应力强度因子的解析表达式。根据本文的结果,我们讨论了片状夹杂所导致的微裂纹扩展的特征。由夹杂理论可以得到多晶体孪晶脆断应力的Hall-Petch关系,理论计算与实验结果符合得好。 关键词：     

Non-equilibrium statistical theory about microscopic fatigue cracks of metal in magnetic field

This paper develops the non-equilibrium statistical fatigue damage theory to study the statistical behaviour of micro-crack for metals in magnetic field. The one-dimensional homogeneous crack system is chosen for study. To investigate the effect caused by magnetic field on the statistical distribution of micro-crack in the system, the theoretical analysis on microcrack evolution equation, the average length of micro-crack, density distribution function of micro-crack and fatigue fracture probability have been performed. The derived results relate the changes of some quantities, such as average length, density distribution function and fatigue fracture probability, to the applied magnetic field, the magnetic and mechanical properties of metals. It gives a theoretical explanation on the change of fatigue damage due to magnetic fields observed by experiments, and presents an analytic approach on studying the fatigue damage of metal in magnetic field.     

Optical inspection system with tunable exposure unit for micro-crack detection in solar wafers

Micro-cracks are a major cause of wafer breakage in the solar wafer manufacturing process. Furthermore, the existence of micro-cracks may lead to electrical failure in the post-fabrication inspection of solar cells and solar modules. Thus, the reliable detection of micro-cracks is an important concern in the photovoltaic industry. Accordingly, the present study proposes a novel micro-crack inspection system comprising a near infrared light source, a CCD camera and a tunable exposure unit. In the proposed system, the intensity of the light transmitted through the wafer is sensed by a photodetector and the exposure time of the CCD camera is tuned accordingly in order to maximize the contrast of the CCD image; thereby improving the performance of the crack detection process. The experimental results show that the proposed system enables the reliable detection of micro-cracks in solar wafers with a thickness of up to 240 μm within 1 s. In other words, the system provides an ideal solution for on-line micro-crack inspection applications in the photovoltaic industry.     

基于等效弹性模量的微裂纹-超声波非线性作用多阶段模型

提出了一种基于等效弹性模量的微裂纹-超声波非线性作用多阶段模型.该模型将微裂纹微观层面的界面几何特征和宏观层面的界面相对运动统一为介观单元弹性模量的变化,利用等效弹性模量表征损伤区域的"应力-应变",然后利用分段函数来描述微裂纹-超声波非线性相互作用,最后通过有限元仿真对波动方程进行求解,验证了模型的有效性,获得了超声波在经过微裂纹后传播的非线性波动规律.仿真结果表明本文提出的模型相比于双线性刚度模型、接触面模型,能更好地体现一个谐波周期内超声波经过微裂纹损伤区域时波形会发生畸变.同时,仿真实验还分析了裂纹倾角、裂纹长度和超声波激励幅值对超声波经过微裂纹后产生的二次和三次谐波的幅值的影响.最后,对比分析了该模型的仿真计算结果与实验测试结果,表明本文提出的多阶段模型与实验测试均能较好地体现微裂纹-超声波非线性作用产生的二次谐波信号,且结果基本一致,验证了模型的有效性.该模型为开展超声波非线性效应定量检测微裂纹提供了一种新的仿真手段.     

激光分离脆性材料的研究

传统分离脆性材料的技术由于易产生残余应力、显微裂纹与边部碎屑等缺陷，越来越不能满足半导体工业高精度与高清洁度的要求。激光微细加工技术以无污染、无接触及加工精度高、操作柔性好等优势，正成为一种很有潜力的脆性材料精密加工技术。介绍了用于分离脆性材料的几种典型激光微细加工技术，包括激光烧蚀切割技术、激光诱导张应力控制微裂纹扩展技术与激光剥离技术的工艺原理、特点及研究现状，指出了其存在的主要问题并探讨了其改进措施。最后预测了激光分离技术的发展前景。     

Micro-crack detection of nonlinear Lamb wave propagation in three-dimensional plates with mixed-frequency excitation

We propose a nonlinear ultrasonic technique by using the mixed-frequency signals excited Lamb waves to conduct micro-crack detection in thin plate structures. Simulation models of three-dimensional(3D) aluminum plates and composite laminates are established by ABAQUS software, where the aluminum plate contains buried crack and composite laminates comprises cohesive element whose thickness is zero to simulate delamination damage. The interactions between the S_0 mode Lamb wave and the buried micro-cracks of various dimensions are simulated by using the finite element method.Fourier frequency spectrum analysis is applied to the received time domain signal and fundamental frequency amplitudes,and sum and difference frequencies are extracted and simulated. Simulation results indicate that nonlinear Lamb waves have different sensitivities to various crack sizes. There is a positive correlation among crack length, height, and sum and difference frequency amplitudes for an aluminum plate, with both amplitudes decreasing as crack thickness increased, i.e.,nonlinear effect weakens as the micro-crack becomes thicker. The amplitudes of sum and difference frequency are positively correlated with the length and width of the zero-thickness cohesive element in the composite laminates. Furthermore,amplitude ratio change is investigated and it can be used as an effective tool to detect inner defects in thin 3D plates.     

On the delamination and crack formation in a thin wall fabricated using laser solid freeform fabrication process: An experimental–numerical investigation

Parts fabricated using laser solid freeform fabrication (LSFF) are subject to thermal stresses due to the layer-by-layer material deposition and the temperature distribution characteristic throughout the process domain. The thermal stress patterns and intensity contribute significantly to potential delamination and crack formation. In this paper, the temperature distribution and stress field induced during the multilayer LSFF process, and their correlation with delamination and crack formation are studied. This is performed by a numerical and experimental investigation in the fabrication of a thin wall of 304L stainless steel. For time-dependent predictions on the locations of maximum temperatures and thermal stresses and their patterns, a three-dimensional (3D) transient finite element model is employed to simulate the process, including the geometry of the deposited materials as well as coupled temperature and stress distributions across the process domain. The experimental results are used to verify the numerical results as well as to investigate the correlation between the numerical results and micro-crack formations across the fabricated parts. The experiments are conducted with the same process parameters used in the numerical analyses using a 1 kW Nd:YAG pulsed laser. The trend of numerical and experimental results reveals that by preheating the substrate prior to the fabrication process, it is possible to substantially reduce the micro-cracks formed across the part. To demonstrate the feasibility of preheating on the reduction of micro-cracks, several simulations and experiments are performed in which a crack-free result is obtained when the substrate is preheated to 800 K. For this case, 22% reduction in thermal stresses is obtained throughout the process domain.     

结构微裂纹混频非线性超声检测方法研究

给出了一种基于混频效应的非线性超声微裂纹检测方法。首先,对结构损伤混频检测机理及信号特征提取方法进行了理论分析,之后,根据试件中差频分量及和频分量幅值分布随激励信号频率变化关系,优化确定出混频检测参数。最后,进行了异侧混频激励下无损检测试验研究,并分析了激励信号频率变化对混频检测效果的影响。结果表明,异侧激励混频检测模式不仅可以实现结构中疲劳微裂纹检测,而且可以实现缺陷的定位。且检测信号频率选择对混频检测信噪比有一定的影响。当检测信号中的混频分量幅值最大时,混频检测效果最佳。因此,在优化检测参数基础上,异侧混频激励检测模式可以很好实现结构微裂纹的检测与定位。      

Numerical Analysis of Damage Thermo-Mechanical Models

In this paper, we present numerical computational methods for solving the fracture problem in brittle and ductile materials with no prior knowledge of the topology of crack path. Moreover, these methods are capable of modeling the crack initiation. We perform numerical simulations of pieces of brittle material based on global approach and taken into account the thermal effect in crack propagation. On the other hand, we alsopropose a numerical method for solving the fracture problem in a ductile material based on elements deletion method and also using thermo-mechanical behavior and damage laws. In order to achieve the last purpose, we simulate the orthogonal cutting process.