全天时喇曼激光雷达探测大气水汽的技术实现及分光系统设计

为实现大气水汽的全天时测量,选用Nd∶YAG脉冲激光器的四倍频输出266.0nm作为激励光源,设计日盲紫外域喇曼激光雷达系统.由于低层大气污染造成的臭氧污染,通过增加大气氧气的振动喇曼散射信号测量通道,实时反演近地表臭氧浓度的分布,为修正激光雷达方程中的臭氧吸收提供解决方案.同时,选用高光谱分辨率光栅和窄带宽激光反射镜设计光栅光谱仪作为激光雷达的分光系统.仿真计算表明,入射角为10°时,设计的光栅光谱仪可有效分离并提取氧气、氮气和水汽的振动喇曼散射回波信号,日盲紫外喇曼激光雷达系统可实现全天时状态下2km高度范围内大气水汽的廓线探测.     

米散射激光雷达测量大气水平能见度

激光雷达作为一种新型的大气观测工具，可以通过直接探测激光与大气相互作用的光辐射信号来定量地反演大气水平能见度，从而成为测量大气水平能见度的主要手段．正在研制的一台基于532nm波长的车载式米散射激光雷达，用于大气能见度的测量；简单介绍了正在研制的激光雷达的技术参数，给出了测量数据的处理方法；利用雷达的技术参数进行了模拟计算，显示了该激光雷达探测大气水平能见度的可靠性，计算误差显示在大气能见度为10km时该激光雷达的测量误差小于16％．     

基于Er∶YAG单频可调谐激光器的甲烷吸收光谱测量

采用1.6μm激光差分吸收是探测甲烷(CH4)气体浓度的一种重要手段。通过对CH4气体吸收光谱的理论分析及计算,并基于Er∶YAG单频可调谐激光器,在实验室测量了CH4气体对1.645μm激光的吸收谱线。实验结果对研制用于测量CH4气体浓度的差分吸收激光雷达光源有重要意义。     

基于Er∶YAG单频可调谐激光器的甲烷吸收光谱测量

采用1.6μm激光差分吸收是探测甲烷(CH4)气体浓度的一种重要手段。通过对CH4气体吸收光谱的理论分析及计算,并基于Er∶YAG单频可调谐激光器,在实验室测量了CH4气体对1.645μm激光的吸收谱线。实验结果对研制用于测量CH4气体浓度的差分吸收激光雷达光源有重要意义。     

拉曼激光雷达探测低对流层大气二氧化碳分布

介绍了中国科学院安徽光学精密机械研究所研制成功的我国第一台测量低对流层大气CO2时空分布的拉曼激光雷达系统,选用波长355nm的紫外激光作为光源,利用光子计数卡双通道采集大气中N2和CO2的拉曼后向散射信号。详细分析了拉曼激光雷达系统的定标方法,提出采用Li7500型H2O/CO2分析仪与拉曼激光雷达系统进行对比与标定,结果显示激光雷达与CO2分析仪数据变化趋势一致性较好,激光雷达具有很高的探测灵敏度与准确性,通过线性拟合水平方向标定误差小于0.2%,垂直方向小于1.4%。由标定关系反演出大气中CO2的时空分布,给出了合肥西郊低对流层大气CO2水平方向0～2.0km与垂直方向0～2.5km分布的典型测量结果。     

车载式激光雷达测量大气水平能见度

 激光雷达作为一种新型的大气观测工具,可以通过直接探测激光与大气相互作用的光辐射信号来定量地反演大气水平能见度,更好地反映大气对传输于其中激光的衰减作用,从而成为测量大气水平能见度的主要手段。简单介绍了自行研制的国内首台车载式拉曼-米(Raman-Mie)散射激光雷达的结构和技术参数,并利用斜率法从激光雷达的采集数据中反演出大气水平能见度。通过实际观测并与美国Belfort能见度仪的对比试验,显示该激光雷达在探测大气水平能见度方面具有较高的可靠性和准确性,其测量误差小于20 %。     

激光雷达在大气测量中的应用

 从６０年代初期激光雷达问世以来,在短短３０余年中,激光雷达技术得到了飞速的发展,其应用领域也越发广泛,涉及科学研究、军事工程和国民经济许多部分。特别是应用激光雷达技术在完全大气测量等项工作中显示出这一技术独有的特性和突出的发展前景。激光雷达对大气的测量工作是通过射向大气中的激光与大气中的气溶胶及大气分子的作用而产生后向散射且被探测器接收而实现的。如图１所示：从激光雷达到被反射至接收器的信号携带着被测物质有关的信息（吸收、散射等）,通过对这些信息进行分析便可得到所需的物理量（温度、速度、密度等）。     

激光雷达白天探测大气边界层气溶胶

介绍了自行研制可用于白天探测大气气溶胶的AML-1激光雷达系统,分析了白天工作条件下激光雷达的各种噪声干扰,并给出了抑制噪声干扰的有效措施.其中,天空背景辐射噪声是激光雷达白天工作的主要干扰,通过接收视场角与激光束发散角的严格匹配以及采用高光谱透过率超窄带滤光片可大大抑制天空背景光的干扰.最后,给出了AML-1激光雷达白天测量大气边界层气溶胶的典型结果. 关键词： 大气光学 激光雷达 气溶胶 边界层     

基于激光强度分布的激光雷达重叠因子计算及其敏感性分析

激光雷达系统是一种功能强大的遥感设备,具有较高的时空分辨率和精度,广泛应用于区域或全球尺度的大气探测。重叠因子是影响激光雷达系统探测近距离大气的一个重要因素,对其进行精确的计算有利于获得准确探测结果。基于激光强度分布的重叠因子计算方法具有简单实用的特点,可应用于任意指定激光强度分布和不同系统参数的激光雷达重叠因子求解。利用该算法对重叠因子进行了计算,并与实验法测量得到的重叠因子进行了对比分析。重点分析了重叠因子对各个参数的敏感性。分析结果为指导激光雷达的系统调试、优化配置和误差控制提供了一定的参考。     

基于大气分层的激光测风雷达回波模型

从相干激光测风雷达原理入手,论述了激光雷达回波特性和多普勒效应在测风雷达中的应用。基于大气分层模型,考虑到激光束的传播及其与大气之间的相互作用,建立了激光测风雷达回波模型,模拟回波信号在大气中的传输过程,为激光测风雷达回波信号的模拟提供了理论基础。     

非线性拉曼激光雷达测量CO2气体的研究

提出了利用气体的受激拉曼散射(SRS)效应激光雷达光源来探测大气中的CO2气体的新方法,设计出探测大气中CO2气体含量的非线性拉曼增益激光雷达,用Nd:YAG激光器(1064 nm)的三倍频光(354.7 nm)通过分别装有CO2气体和N2气体的拉曼管,分别得到CO2气体和N2气体的受激拉曼散射的一阶斯托克斯线(S1),并用S1线作为雷达的种子发射光源.通过实验得到拉曼管中的气压与S1能量的变化关系,对其优化条件和物理机制进行了分析.该实验方法已经成功测出了大气中CO2气体的回波电压信号.     

Wind measurements with 355-nm molecular Doppler lidar

A Doppler lidar system based on the molecular double-edge technique is described. The system is mounted in a modified van to permit deployment in field operations. The lidar operates with a tripled Nd:YAG laser at 355 nm, a 45-cm-aperture telescope, and a matching azimuth-over-elevation scanner to permit full sky access. Validated atmospheric wind profiles were measured from 1.8 to 35 km with a 178-m vertical resolution. The range-dependent rms deviation of the horizontal wind speed is 0.4-6 m/s. The measured wind speed and direction are in good agreement with the rawinsonde wind measurements made simultaneously from the same location.     

Lidar Network System for Monitoring the Atmospheric Environment in Jakarta City

A lidar network system consisting of two Mie scattering lidars and one differential absorption lidar was developed to measure the atmospheric environment in Jakarta. The three lidars were installed at three locations in Jakarta to study atmospheric boundary layer structure and transportation of atmospheric pollutants. The Mie scattering lidars employ compact flashlamp pumped Nd:YAG lasers operated at 1064 nm fundamental. They are installed in shelters and directed vertically. One of the Mie lidar has a rotating wedged window for scanning conically to measure wind velocity using a correlation method. The DIAL system employs two Nd:YAG laser-pumped optical parametric oscillators. The DIAL is designed to measure distribution of ozone and SO₂ in the near UV region, and NO₂ in the 450-nm region. The system is installed in a shelter and has a full scanning capability.     

Raman lidar measurements of tropospheric water vapor over Hefei

L625 Raman lidar has been developed for water vapor measurements over Hefei, China since September 2000. By transmitting laser beam of frequency-tripled Nd:YAG laser, Raman scattering signals of water vapor and nitrogen molecules are simultaneously detected by the cooled photomultipliers with photon counting mode. Water vapor mixing ratios measured by Raman lidar show the good agreements with radiosonde observations, which indicates this Raman lidar is reliable. Many observation cases show that aerosol optical parameters have the good correlation with water vapor distribution in the lower troposphere.     

LII–lidar: range-resolved backward picosecond laser-induced incandescence

A novel concept for remote in situ detection of soot emissions by a combination of laser-induced incandescence (LII) and light detection and ranging (lidar) is presented. A lidar setup based on a picosecond Nd:YAG laser and time-resolved signal detection in the backward direction was used for LII measurements in sooty premixed ethylene–air flames. Measurements of LII–lidar signal versus laser fluence and flame equivalence ratio showed good qualitative agreement with data reported in literature. The LII–lidar signal showed a decay consisting of two components, with lifetimes of typically 20 and 70 ns, attributed to soot sublimation and conductive cooling, respectively. Theoretical considerations and analysis of the LII–lidar signal showed that the derivative was proportional to the maximum value, which is an established measure of soot volume fraction. Utilizing this, differentiation of LII–lidar data gave profiles representing soot volume fraction with a range resolution of ~16 cm along the laser beam propagation axis. The accuracy of the evaluated LII-profiles was confirmed by comparison with LII-data measured simultaneously employing conventional right-angle detection. Thus, LII–lidar provides range-resolved single-ended detection, resourceful when optical access is restricted, extending the LII technique and opening up new possibilities for laser-based diagnostics of soot and other carbonaceous particles.     

Elastic backscattering lidar system for atmospheric measurements in Antarctica

An elastic backscattering lidar and initial results are described. The lidar system has been designed to operate in Antarctica for the Italian National Programme for Antarctic Research. The first field trials were held during the period from 31 December 1987 to 10 February 1988. Data were collected for both tropospheric and stratospheric atmospheric parameters. Tropospheric measurements included the cloud base, optical depth, extinction and backscattering coefficients for clouds, whereas aerosols and the molecular atmosphere were monitored in the stratosphere. The lidar system was also tested for the determination of temperature and density in ranges up to 40 km. Preliminary results of the lidar measurements carried out at Terra Nova Bay are presented. The lidar system is composed of a Nd–YAG laser, a Newtonian telescope and two receiving channels with computer-controlled data acquisition and display equipment. The system is operated in a mobile container specifically designed for the Antarctic environment.     

High spatial and temporal resolution mobile incoherent Doppler lidar for sea surface wind measurements

A mobile Doppler lidar based on an injection-seeded diode-pumped Nd:YAG pulsed laser with a high repetition rate was developed to measure the sea surface wind (SSW) with high spatial and temporal resolution. The system was operated during the 2007 Qingdao International Regatta to measure the distribution of SSW in the racing area in real time with 50-100 m horizontal resolution and 2-10 min temporal resolution. An observation of nonuniform distribution of SSW is presented. The lidar results are compared with both buoy and wind tower measurements, which show good agreement. This lidar can be used advantageously for the 2008 Olympic sailing games as well as for observing mesoscale and microscale meteorology processes.     

Short-term frequency characteristics of 2 µm single frequency Solid-state lasers

The Short term frequency stability characteristics of 2 μm single frequency Solid-state lasers was investigated. The two laser systems of 2 μm single longitudinal mode oscillation Tm, Ho:YLF microchip laser and Ho:YAG NPRO laser were designed and constructed. The Short term frequency stability of these two laser were measured with the fiber delay self-beating heterodyne method. The 3dB width of the relative frequency fluctuation of Tm, Ho:YLF microchip laser and Ho:YAG NPRO laser were measured to be 895 and 736 Hz with 500 m fiber optical (2.5 μs delay). The proportional relation between the lasing fluctuation and the delay time were 358 and 263 Hz/μs, respectively. The vibration experiment was presented and it indicated that the NPRO Ho:YAG was more terrible to the influence of vibration, which is important in the practical application of wind measurement lidar.     

紫外域多纵模高光谱分辨率激光雷达探测气溶胶的技术实现和系统仿真

多纵模高光谱分辨率激光雷达是一种新型的高光谱分辨率激光雷达.本文在研究典型高功率Nd:YAG脉冲激光器的多纵模模式及其在大气中传输的气溶胶米散射和瑞利散射光谱的基础上,设计紫外域多纵模高光谱分辨率激光雷达系统,采用窄带干涉滤光片滤除太阳背景光的影响,设计可调谐马赫-曾德尔干涉仪,分离提取多纵模激光回波中的气溶胶米散射和瑞利散射光谱,并利用马赫-曾德尔干涉仪双通道输出的互补性原理,精确反演气溶胶光学参量.系统仿真结果表明,所设计的紫外域多纵模高光谱分辨率激光雷达能够实现10 km高度内的气溶胶光学参量精细探测.     

机载激光雷达风切变探测性能分析

介绍了用于风切变测量的激光雷达外差探测系统，阐述了其工作原理，根据CO2雷达系统与Ho：YAG雷达系统相关参数进行信噪比模拟和风速误差对比，模拟结果表明波长为2．1μm的Ho：YAG雷达和波长为10．6μm CO2雷达都适合机载低空风切变探测。通过对比表明Ho：YAG雷达的性能更为优良，误差更小，探测距离更远。