四川平通512地震地表破裂带土壤近红外光谱分析及意义

在四川省平武县平通镇的512地震地表破裂带中采集黄色土壤样品,采用现代近红外光谱分析技术进行分析测试。通过对土壤中的矿物微粒特征吸收峰的快速鉴别,表明土壤样品主要由方解石、白云石、白云母、绢云母、伊利石、蒙脱石、滑石、透闪石、阳起石、绿泥石等矿物组成,其矿物成分与四川地区分布的黄壤成分基本一致。分析对比发现,土壤中的部分矿物与破裂带下部岩体的矿物组成特征相符合,说明该破裂带中的部分土壤矿物的演化与该地区岩石的矿物组成密切相关;地表破裂带土壤中的粘土矿物组成与北方的马兰黄土相似,推测这两种土壤中的粘土矿物可能具有相似的成因。研究结果说明近红外土壤矿物的分析技术可以有效分析土壤中的矿物微粒、指示成土环境,从而论证了将近红外光谱分析技术应用于土壤矿物的快速分析、地质研究的可行性。同时研究结果可以成为该地区土壤矿物分析的基础,为以后的土壤矿物以及地震破裂带的研究提供新的思路和方法。     

Combination of the Particle Size Distributions of Some Industrial Minerals Measured by Andreasen Pipette and Sieving Techniques

It is known that size of the individual particles is the predominant factor affecting the behavior of particulate materials, and that the size effects become increasingly important as the particles become finer. In this article, particle size distributions (PSDs) measured by different techniques, i.e. sieving and Andreasen pipette sedimentation, were combined for different mill (ball and rod) products of some industrial (talc and quartz) minerals. The corrected sedimentation data came closer to the sieving data. The apparent mean shape factors, r, determined from the corrected PSDs for the talc mineral ground by ball and rod mill were found to be 1.34, 0.62, whereas it was 1.00, 1.12 for the quartz mineral ground by ball and rod mill, respectively. The results show that the ball milled products of talc mineral have more regular (rounder in shape) particles than those of rod milled, but the rod milled products of quartz mineral studied were not more regular in shape than ball milled products of quartz mineral as confirmed by the SEM pictures and reviewed literature.     

和田玉糖玉的致色机理研究

采用X射线粉晶衍射(XRD)、 激光剥蚀等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)、 拉曼光谱(RAMAN)和高分辨率透射电子显微镜(HRTEM)对和田玉糖玉的致色机理进行研究。结果显示,糖玉的主要矿物成分为透闪石,化学成分中的Fe含量和糖玉黄褐色色调有正相关关系,颜色越深Fe的含量越高,Fe在糖玉中以独立铁质矿物的赋存形式分布于透闪石的颗粒间、 微裂隙中。铁质矿物由于其含量低、 粒度细小,本文设计实验对其进行富集后进行测试。将铁质矿物富集后的样品进行透射电镜测试,铁质矿物呈云状集合体,电子花样衍射图显示其矿物为针铁矿。因此,针铁矿分布于透闪石颗粒间、 微裂隙中致使糖玉呈现黄褐色。拉曼光谱显示糖玉表面少见红褐色矿物颗粒为金红石,由于金红石含量少,仅对颜色成因有部分贡献。     

Evidence for particle size–shape correlations in the optical properties of silicate clay aerosol

Accurate modeling of the optical properties of atmospheric mineral dust is important for climate modeling calculations and remote sensing data retrievals. Atmospheric mineral dust in the accumulation mode size range is often rich in silicate clays including kaolinite and illite. This is important because dust optical properties depend on particle shape, and fundamental clay particles are known to consist of very thin flakes.In this combined laboratory and modeling study, we investigate the optical properties (IR extinction and visible light scattering) of two samples of silicate clay dust aerosol, kaolinite and illite. Particle size distributions are measured simultaneously with the optical properties. T-Matrix theory based simulations using a spheroidal particle approximation are compared with experimental data. We find that the full range of visible scattering and polarimetry data, and IR extinction profiles are not well fit by assuming a single size–shape distribution for the aerosol. In contrast, a simple bimodal distribution model that treats small particles (fundamental clay flakes) in the distribution as highly eccentric oblate spheroids with axial ratio parameters ≥5, but approximates larger particles by a more moderate shape distribution with axial ratio parameters <3, gives better agreement with the full range of experimental data. These conclusions are consistent with mineralogical data on the dimensions of fundamental clay particles.     

Calculation of Particle Size Distributions from Ultrasonic Measurements: A Mineral Slurry Case Study

Ultrasonic transmission measurements have been used extensively to determine the particle size of solids in slurries. This case study examines the application of mathematical inversion techniques to the determination of the particle size distribution of a mineral slurry from data collected at a minerals processing plant. A new mathematical inversion technique, based on an extension of modified Chahine iteration combined with the principle of maximum entropy has been developed. Four algorithms were constructed and used to calculate particle size distributions from synthetic and raw plant data. These incorporated modified Chahine iteration and its extension, together with two different approaches to applying a density measurement constraint on the particle size distribution. In general the algorithms performed well with regression errors below 3 %. The correlation coefficients and slopes for this technique were 0.86 and 1.35 for the weight fraction of particles less than 75 microns when compared with the laser diffraction analysis. A better match was obtained for the plant data by using the new inversion technique, into which the principle of maximum entropy has been incorporated whereas this was not the case with the synthetic data, illustrating the need to match the inversion technique to the problem.     

Adhesion of mineral and soot aerosols can strongly affect their scattering and absorption properties

We use the numerically exact superposition T-matrix method to compute the optical cross sections and the Stokes scattering matrix for polydisperse mineral aerosols (modeled as homogeneous spheres) covered with a large number of much smaller soot particles. These results are compared with the Lorenz-Mie results for a uniform external mixture of mineral and soot aerosols. We show that the effect of soot particles adhering to large mineral particles can be to change the extinction and scattering cross sections and the asymmetry parameter quite substantially. The effect on the phase function and degree of linear polarization can be equally significant.     

Optimized fuzzy C-means clustering algorithm for the interpretation of the near-infrared spectra of rocks

The rock near-infrared spectrum contains information of its composition and structure. The interpretation of rock near-infrared spectrum is one of the important approaches in the qualitative and quantitative analyses of the alteration minerals in rock. The rock near-infrared spectra are classified using optimized fuzzy C-means clustering algorithm, and the main mineral composition is obtained for different rock samples through the analysis of cluster centers. The minimum Spectral Correlation Coefficient is used as the objective function to classify the simulation data. In this study, the classification method was first tested for parameter setting using simulation data, which was the mixture of several standard mineral spectra quantified in terms of reflectivity in the near-infrared band. Classification accuracies under different fuzzy index values are compared. When the fuzzy index value is 1.5, the classification accuracy of the simulation samples is 83%. The initial values of different cluster centers were shown to affect the classification result. In the practical application, the initial values of cluster centers need to be rationally chosen based on the knowledge of mineral spectroscopy. This method is applied in the clustering analysis of the rock near-infrared spectra, which were also quantified in terms of reflectivity in the near-infrared band. These actual rock near-infrared spectra were measured by a spectrometer, while the classification results were compared with X-ray diffraction analysis to show the effectiveness of our algorithm. Our study has shown that, with the optimized fuzzy C-means clustering algorithm, the interpretation of rock near-infrared spectra can help us obtain information of the mineral composition and structure more effectively in terms of accuracy and speed. This method is suitable for the rapid processing of massive rock near-infrared spectra and may become an important technology in geological survey and geological prospecting.     

Quantum mechanics simulation and experimental study of adhesive interaction and aggregation of carbon-silicate nanoparticles—reinforcing fillers of polymer composites

Nanoparticles are widely used as polymer composite-reinforcing additives—fillers. Understanding the interaction mechanisms and regularities responsible for nanoparticle aggregation is of great significance for elucidating the nature of reinforcing of polymer composites. The paper reports on quantum mechanics calculations and full-scale experimental study of adhesive interaction of carbon and silicate adsorption complexes (nanomodels of active filler particles of polymer composites). The quantum mechanics approach allowed describing the adhesive properties of particle aggregates reasoning from nanoscopic structure of their surface. The quantum mechanics data were checked for adequacy on schungite—a natural mineral containing carbon and silicate. Schungite microparticles were milled to nanosizes by colloidal grinding in various disperse liquid media (alcohol, acetone, water) and the structure and properties of aggregated schungite micro- and nanoparticles were studied; fractal analysis of their surface was performed. It is found that smaller aggregates of silicate and carbon particles with higher surface fractal dimension are formed in colloidal grinding with small molecular sizes of disperse media (in our case, ethanol or methanol) and this agrees with the data predicted by quantum mechanics calculations.     

Mössbauer spectroscopy description of limonite from Taraco, in the Huancane Province of the Puno Region, Peru

Natural iron oxides are very common in nature and are the main components of many minerals, rocks and soils. There are a great variety of these minerals in Peru, especially in the Andes region. The mineral studied was extracted from the Taraco District in the Huancané Province of the Puno Region. The extracted sample is a yellowish mineral with very small particles which is called limonite. X-ray diffraction indicates the presence of goethite as the principal mineralogical phase and quartz as the secondary phase. The ⁵⁷Fe Mössbauer spectra at room temperature show broadened spectra that were fitted using a distribution model. The most probable field of the magnetic component is 21T, corresponding to the presence of small particles of goethite, confirmed by the 4.2 K spectrum. MS of the calcinated sample in air at 900°C show the presence of two hematite sextets, one related to bulk particles and another to surface particles. Chemical analysis using Scanning Electron Microscopy and Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectrometer indicates that O and Fe are the major components; other elements such as Al, Si, Mg and Ca are also present.     

Shape modeling of mineral dust particles for light-scattering calculations using the spatial Poisson-Voronoi tessellation

We present a shape model of mineral dust particles for use in light-scattering calculations. A spatial Poisson-Voronoi tessellation was applied to simulate the aggregate structure and, therefore, the rough surface of the mineral particles. To develop the shape model, we took into account statistics of shape parameters derived from the cross-sectional areas, maximum dimensions, and perimeters of field-collected dust particles. Light-scattering properties of the modeled Voronoi aggregates were examined by the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method. The results of randomly oriented scattering properties agreed with previously reported laboratory measurements of mineral dust particles.     

LIDAR investigation of properties of atmospheric aerosol

In the paper application of lidars for investigation of aerosol particle size distribution and for observation of aerosol consisting of solid state particles is presented. For size distribution the multiwavelength lidar and original method of data analysis was applied. For registration of dust transported to Central Europe from Sahara and Middle East deserts analysis of depolarization of the backscattered signals was used. In order to solve the lidar equation measurements of total atmospheric optical depth by means of Microtops sun photometer was done. Mean size and the aspect ratio of dust particles were determined by comparing of lidar observations with data from T-matrix calculations.     

大气可吸入颗粒物中锐钛矿的发现及意义

激光拉曼微探针(laser Raman microprobe,简称LRM)能将激光聚焦在1 μm2的极小区域进行分子成分和结构的微区分析,是一种可靠的物相鉴定手段,非常适用于单个微小颗粒物的物相鉴定。文章利用LRM对北京市大气可吸入颗粒物(PM₁₀)进行单颗粒物相分析 将实验图谱与Renishaw矿物与无机材料拉曼光谱数据库中标准图谱进行对比,通过简正坐标分析对谱带进行指认和对各谱峰分子类型及振动模进行归属,首次在PM₁₀中发现了锐钛矿型TiO₂,其实验图谱具有638 cm-1处的较强峰以及398和517 cm-1处中等强度峰,为O—Ti—O特征振动,确认了大气中富Ti颗粒的矿物物相为锐钛矿型TiO₂。锐钛矿型TiO₂是一种重要的光催化剂,锐钛矿与其他矿物颗粒(尤其是含Ca碳酸盐)的聚集能够加剧非均相反应的发生。锐钛矿的晶体结构及所处大气环境的相对湿度和pH值对其光催化反应有重要影响。     

Search for fractional-charge particles in meteoritic material

We have used an automated Millikan oil drop method to search for free fractional-charge particles in a sample containing in total 3.9 mg of pulverized Allende meteorite suspended in 259 mg of mineral oil. The average diameter of the drops was 26.5 microm with the charge on about 42 500 000 drops being measured. This search was motivated by the speculation that isolatable, fractional-charge particles produced in the early Universe and present in our Solar System are more likely to be accumulated in asteroids than on Earth's surface. No evidence for fractional-charge particles was found. With 95% confidence, the concentration of particles with fractional-charge more than 0.25 e (e being the magnitude of the electron charge) from the nearest integer charge is less than 1.3 x 10(-21) particles per nucleon in the meteoritic material and less than 1.9 x 10(-23) particles per nucleon in the mineral oil.     

漫反射光谱在“老挝石”颜色成因上的应用

近来,一种产自老挝的新型印章石(俗称“老挝石”)涌进国内市场,对我国印章石市场造成一定影响,“老挝石”的研究尚处于起步阶段,对其颜色成因的研究更为缺乏。采用漫反射光谱(DRS)结合X射线粉晶衍射(XRD)、红外光谱(FTIR)、X射线荧光光谱(EDXRF)等测试对红色“老挝石”的矿物成分和致色机理进行深入研究。结果显示,“老挝石”的主要矿物成分为地开石,并含有少量高岭石,化学成分中的Fe含量和“老挝石”红色色调呈正相关关系,即颜色越深Fe的含量越高。铁质矿物呈微晶集合体浸染分布于地开石的颗粒间,由于其含量低、粒度细小,常规的微区测试方法无法确认其种属。相比之下,漫反射光谱对微晶铁矿物的鉴定十分有效,对可见光波段漫反射光谱处理得到导数等,在土壤沉积物中已经被用来定量测定针铁矿和赤铁矿。该研究中“老挝石”基体与土壤沉积物均为粘土矿物,可以用漫反射光谱来判定“老挝石”中铁矿物种属。漫反射光谱一阶导数法显示,其谱峰位于565～570 nm,由此确认铁矿物的种属为赤铁矿。微晶赤铁矿分布于“老挝石”矿物颗粒间,使样品产生红色,赤铁矿含量越高,红色调越深。     

鄱阳湖水体悬浮颗粒物散射光谱分解方法研究

内陆水体复杂性为水体悬浮颗粒物散射光谱分解带来难题,也制约着水色遥感理论算法的发展。以2009年鄱阳湖秋季观测数据为基础,提出一种二元简化主轴(ranged major axis,RMA)方法的水体悬浮颗粒物散射光谱分解模型,对鄱阳湖水体中悬浮无机颗粒物与有机颗粒物的散射光谱进行了提取研究。结果表明采用RMA方法建立的悬浮颗粒物散射光谱分解模型在鄱阳湖具有很好的分离效果,在高浑浊水体区域总悬浮颗粒物散射系数预测误差在15%以内,与现有方法相比具有明显优势。分解结果显示鄱阳湖悬浮颗粒物散射主要来自以伊利石/蒙脱石为主要成分的无机颗粒物,RMA方法能够反映占主导地位悬浮颗粒物的散射特性,可以为高浑浊水体散射模型与水色遥感反演算法的研究提供重要依据。     

绿泥石矿物成分与光谱特征关系研究

绿泥石矿物广泛发育于各种岩石和地质环境中,其化学成分的变化,可反映出其形成时的物理化学条件及其光谱特征的变化。为了探索矿物光谱特征与其矿物化学成分间的内在关联性,为利用高光谱技术探测矿物微观信息提供基础依据。通过薄片显微分析,鉴定了岩石样品中的矿物种类及矿物组合特征,圈定出典型的绿泥石矿物颗粒和划分了绿泥石的产状特征;并利用现代电子探针微区分析技术,测定了16件岩石样品中共146个具有典型代表性的绿泥石矿物颗粒的化学成分,据此计算了其n(AlⅣ),n(AlⅥ),n(Fe),n(Mg)与Fe/(Fe+Mg)比值等相关化学参数;此外对测量的岩矿光谱进行分析,提取了岩石样品中绿泥石矿物的特征光谱参量。在以上基础上,对绿泥石矿物的光谱特征参量和其主要晶体化学参数的关系进行分析研究,研究表明绿泥石矿物的诊断性特征吸收波长位置随绿泥石中Fe离子含量的增加而向长波方向移动。研究结果对于利用高光谱遥感技术进行蚀变矿物及造岩矿物种类、成分及结构特征的识别和探测具有重要的指导意义。     

Multimethod 3D characterization of natural plate-like nanoparticles: shape effects on equivalent size measurements

The fundamental properties and processes that govern nanoparticle behavior in colloidal dispersions are critical to predict their performance in applications and also their environmental and health implications. Illite is a platy clay mineral that is present in large amounts in aquatic environments and can be used as a model natural particle for environmental risk assessment. However, the high-aspect ratio of illite makes conventional analysis, usually assuming a spherical size, insufficient for the assessment of shape-dependent properties. In the current paper, a multimethod characterization of a suspension of illite particles was done using atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS), nanoparticle tracking analysis, differential centrifugal sedimentation, and centrifugal-field flow fractionation coupled to multiangle light scattering and DLS. The relation between the different measurands was investigated, and the effect of the shape on the equivalent particle size was reported. While some of the used techniques are capable of assessing the aspect ratio of illite, the results confirm the need for multiple techniques and analysis of different types of measurands especially for high-aspect-ratio particles.     

基于模糊聚类算法的大气粒子激光电离质谱数据分析

实验室自行研制了一台大气气溶胶飞行时间激光质谱仪(ATOFLMS),它可以在线地对气溶胶单粒子进行物理和化学特性分析,利用双束连续激光对单个粒子的空气动力学粒径进行测量,并通过飞行时间完成单粒子化学成分的检测。该仪器在运行过程中将产生海量的实验数据,对这些数据的快速、自动处理并提取有价值的信息是整机系统的关键之一。文章介绍模糊聚类算法FCM(fuzzy c-means)在大气气溶胶单粒子聚类分析中的成功运用。利用该算法对连续24 h采集的室内空气气溶胶单粒子质谱数据进行了聚类分析,在得到的5个聚类结果中包含了无机的海盐粒子、矿物质粒子以及其他的三种二次气溶胶成分粒子类型。在对室内空气气溶胶粒子的粒径进行实时检测的结果表明室内可吸入颗粒物以细粒子为主,其中大于1 μm的粒子所占比重较小。小于1 μm的粒子均占95％以上, 在0.4～0.8 μm之间的粒子占据主要部分。     

On the estimate of the energy of the nuclei of primary cosmic radiation generating extensive air showers

The analysis of the systematic errors in the determination of the energy of the particles of primary cosmic radiation that are inherent in the method for measuring extensive air showers (EASs) indicates the necessity of the exact inclusion of fragmentation in the nuclear interactions. The application of such a model developed for describing the experiments at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider improves the agreement between the energy spectra of the ultrahigh-energy cosmic rays measured at giant EAS arrays. It has been shown that the difference between the measured primary cosmic radiation flux intensities and the energies of the primary particles is within the methodical and instrumental errors. The real accuracy of the EAS method of studying ultrahigh-energy cosmic rays has been estimated using the data from six arrays.     

Enhanced Fluorescence Emission and Magnetic Alignment Control of Biphasic Functionalized Composite Janus Particles

Janus particles, particles that have two distinct aspects on their surface or interiors, have attracted much attention due to their potential for application. For the application of Janus particles to high‐resolution displays, and as light sources for optical circuits and fluorescent probes, the Janus particles should be nanosize to ensure high‐resolution display and analysis, responsive to external stimuli, and highly fluorescent. However, it is still a challenging issue to develop such highly fluorescent nanoscale Janus particles and control their alignment. Magnetoresponsive Janus particles, of which the orientation can be controlled by an external magnetic field, are prepared by the simple introduction of polymer‐coated magnetic nanoparticles (NPs) into the hemispheres of Janus particles. If these magnetoresponsive Janus particles can be combined with a strong fluorescence system, then they could be ideal candidates as components of the previously mentioned applications. In the present study, Janus particles are prepared with a fluorescent dye and gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) on one side. The optical properties of the resulting particles are assessed and discussed. Furthermore, the response of composite Janus particles containing dyes, Au NPs, and iron oxide NPs to an external magnetic field is discussed.