正弦式注入下半导体中过剩载流子的相移寿命

本文用单能级复合中心模型,分析了半导体中正弦式注入下过剩载流子的相移寿命与复合中心参数的关系,由此得出了相移寿命与稳态寿命和瞬态寿命的异同:(1)相移寿命与注入频率有关,随频率的增高而减小。(2)低频注入下电子空穴相移寿命相同,并等于瞬态寿命。文中同时讨论了低频注入的条件。     

Estimation of the lowest limit of 1/f noise in semiconductor materials

A lowest limit of 1/f noise in semiconductor materials has not yet been reported; we do not even know if such a lowest limit exists. 1/f noise in semiconductors has recently been brought into relation with 1/f noise in quantum dots and other materials. These materials exhibit on-off states which are power-law distributed over a wide range of timescales. We transfer such findings to semiconductors, assuming that the g-r process is also controlled by such on-off states. As a result, we obtain 1/f noise which can be expressed as Hooge's relation. Based on the intermittent g-r process, we estimate the lowest limit of 1/f noise in semiconductor materials. We show that this limit is inversely proportional to the dopant concentration; to detect the lowest limit of 1/f noise, the number of centers should be as small as possible. We also find a smooth dependence of 1/f noise and g-r noise on time.     

High-performance inverters based on ambipolar organic-inorganic heterojunction thin-film transistors

This work reports on the integration of organic and inorganic semiconductors as heterojunction active layers for highperformance ambipolar transistors and complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor(CMOS)-like inverters. Pentacene is employed as a p-type organic semiconductor for its stable electrical performance, while the solution-processed scandium(Sc) substituted indium oxide(Sc In O) is employed as an n-type inorganic semiconductor. It is observed that by regulating the doping concentration of Sc, the electrical performance of the n-type semiconductor could be well controlled to obtain a balance with the electrical performance of the p-type semiconductor, which is vital for achieving high-performance inverters. When the doping concentration of Sc is 10 at.%, the CMOS-like logic inverters exhibit a voltage gain larger than 80 and a wide noise margin(53% of the theoretical value). The inverters also respond well to the input signal with frequency up to 500 Hz.     

Pair-wise comparison experiment on subjective annoyance rating of noise samples with different frequency spectrums but same A-weighted level

A pair-wise comparison experiment on subjective annoyance rating of nine different noise samples is the focus of this paper. These noise samples collected from some associated facilities in urban residential areas are classified into three different types according to their frequency characteristics, and their A-weighted levels are equalized at 65 dBA. Based on the assessment of judging errors and statistical validity analysis of each testee’s evaluating matrix, invalid data are eliminated. The results show that the percentage of testees who chose noise samples containing more low frequency components had an obvious downside trend with the descending degree of annoyance from ‘the most annoyed’ to ‘the least annoyed’. The result indicates that noise which has low frequency characteristic is more annoying than noise of other frequencies when their A-weighted level are the same. Therefore, A-weighted level cannot scientifically assess noise annoyance which contains low frequency components mostly.     

Experimental and computational investigation of coupled resonator–cavity systems

Launch vehicle noise is broadband in nature and the noise transmitted into the payload fairing is reduced by treating its interior with an acoustic absorption layer. The latest generation payload fairings are made from composite material which offer poor noise attenuation at low frequencies. One possible solution for reducing the low frequency noise is to use Helmholtz resonators tuned to a few of the dominant low frequency components, such as shell ring frequency or the first few cavity modes of the fairing. The paper presents a simplified modelling approach for numerical simulation of a coupled cavity–resonator system which is validated by experiments. The influence of damping and resonator volume fraction on the coupled system performance, to suppress the first axial mode in a cylindrical cavity, is shown and the resonator volume fraction required for significantly (more than 5 dB) suppressing the cavity axial mode is established.     

Application of a laser heterodyne detector in submillimeter wave spectroscopy with a harmonic generator

Spatial sensitometry variations in a liquid crystal light valve are studied as well as signal induced noise and differences in global and local contrast ratio. The device's off state is investigated and spatial variations in the thickness of the LC layer are used to quantify the results obtained. Operation with low frequency applied ac voltages appears preferable from noise considerations, whereas operation at high frequency appears preferable for improved uniformity.     

An exploratory study into the prediction of low frequency traffic noise

An exploratory study whose main aim was to develop equations for the prediction of low frequency traffic noise scales (from traffic parameters) is described. Summaries of noise and traffic measurement procedures are documented and the results of data analysis presented.The equations developed are shown to be accurate, but will require development to cater for more variable site conditions. The equations also indicate the large contribution made to low frequency noise levels by heavy vehicles. The implication of this for ‘lorry nuisance’ is discussed. Broad-band scales are shown to be reasonable surrogates for most, but not all, narrow-band low frequency effects. A method for determining low frequency scales using simple instrumentation is described.This paper is the first of three based on work carried out with the assistance of the Greater London Council (Scientific Branch) and which deal with the prediction of low frequency traffic noise scales and their relevance to vibration disturbance, lorry nuisance and building vibration.     

Momentum and energy relaxation of warm carriers in semiconductors

Non-linear microwave optics of semiconductors is influenced by two relaxation times τ _m and τ_? which determine energy and momentum relaxation. In the range of warm carriers τ_? is assumed to be not dependent and τ _m linearly dependent on energy. The simple model of band structure of semiconductors and a monoenergetic energy distribution of carriers are assumed. The calculation yields the frequency dependence of the nonlinearity coefficient β as observed by Seeger with Morgan's experimental arrangement (parallel d.c. and a.c. electric fields) also at high frequencies and low temperatures. Furthermore, the h.f. behaviour of frequency multiplication and harmonic mixing are given.     

The effects of the ocean surface wave spectrum on low frequency ambient noise in deep water

An ocean surface wave spectrum which is used for low frequency ambient noise in deep water is proposed. It explains the mechanism of low frequency ambient noise from the theoretical relation between the spectrum of sound pressure and wave. Combining the surface wave spectrum and local wind speed in deep water, a theoretical expression of low frequency ambient noise is obtained with wave generated noise theory. Simulation results show that the wave spectrum is crucial to the intensity and the spectral slope of radiated noise spectrum,and the theoretical noise spectrum could be used to predict the ambient noise in deep water.The predicting results axe verified through the experimental data recorded by an ocean bottom seismometer that was deployed on the floor of deep water in April 2016. It is observed that the statistical noise levels from the experimental data for frequencies from 1 Hz to 100 Hz are larger than 70 dB, and the low frequency ambient noise spectrum follows the shape of inverted"N",the valley of noise spectrum is at 3-4 Hz, and the noise intensity is 70 dB. The peak of noise spectrum is at 50 Hz, and the noise intensity is 92 dB. The correlation coefficient is 0.95 between the model spectrum and measured data.     

Experimental investigation of coupling effects of passenger compartment and trunk of a car on coupled system natural frequencies using noise transfer function

The parcel shelf of a car has several holes for speakers and electrical devices. In addition, air ventilation holes are installed on the trim that covers the parcel shelf. The effect of the holes between the two cavities, passenger compartment and the trunk, and the natural frequencies of double cavities connected by the neck (parcel shelf) are very vital and useful to noise–vibration–harshness engineers, as the low frequency resonances contribute to the booming noise inside the car. In the present study, the coupling effect of the passenger compartment and the trunk connected through the holes on the parcel shelf in between, has been investigated experimentally using noise transfer function. The first and second coupled system modes are measured at around 40 Hz and 70–80 Hz respectively. By increasing the effective size of the holes on the parcel shelf, the first and second natural frequencies of coupled modes can be shifted to higher values. The current study has verified that holes act as point sources in the low frequency ranges. It was concluded that the coupled acoustic modes, in the low frequency range, are strongly controlled by fluid–structure interaction as well as changes in the panels mass and stiffness in the car interior space. The shift in the natural frequencies of connected cavities can be useful in the prediction of the interior noise in an automobile as well as provide a verification tool for conventional numerical techniques such as finite element methods.     

Investigation on Noise Pollution Comprehensive Treatment of Distribution Transformer in Living Area

In the current paper, which deals with the noise pollution excited by distribution transformers in the living area, a comprehensive treatment scheme is put forward for the purpose of reducing the sound pressure level emitting into the environment. In accordance with the associated test standard, the sound pressure levels of distribution transformer and surrounding environment are not only tested but analyzed as well. The measurements were carried out with the frequency analysis of the 1/3 octave resolution, with the center frequencies at 125 Hz, 250 Hz, 400 Hz, and 500 Hz. As illustrated, on the basis of the measurement results, the frequency of noise at 500 Hz of distribution transformer causes the major noise pollution in the surrounding environment. This measurement result is in line with the noise frequency characteristics of distribution transformer. There are two transmission routes of noise: i) the noise excited by distribution transformer transmits by means of the wall of distribution room, and ii) part of noise spreads through the ground of distribution room. Accordingly, acoustic shield and vibration isolation device are applied for the reduction of the low frequency noise emitted through the above two paths. Aimed at applying the appropriate acoustic material and vibration mounting, the evaluation of the noise reduction and vibration absorption is carried out in accordance with the sound and vibration insulation theory. Following the noise treatment, the transformer and environment noise are measured again. The corresponding findings shed light on the fact that the sound level satisfied the requirement of limits of the ordinance. The proposed noise treatment scheme can be applied to the existing power distribution facilities for controlling the sound levels that reach a point where it is comparatively more unobjectionable.     

Spin noise spectroscopy in GaAs

We observe the noise spectrum of electron spins in bulk GaAs by Faraday-rotation noise spectroscopy. The experimental technique enables the undisturbed measurement of the electron-spin dynamics in semiconductors. We measure exemplarily the electron-spin relaxation time and the electron Landé g factor in -doped GaAs at low temperatures and find good agreement of the measured noise spectrum with a theory based on Poisson distribution probability.     

某型振动轮噪声数值模拟及优化分析

空中声源的辐射噪声谱包括宽带连续谱和窄带线谱,线谱能量高于连续谱。与水下声源相比,空中声源的运动速度普遍较高,线谱多普勒频移明显,可用于进行水下对空中声源的运动参数估计。首先通过时频分析提取接收信号的瞬时频率,而后利用非线性最小二乘法将瞬时频率提取值与预测值相拟合,进而估计声源的运动参数(声源的运动速度、静止频率、与接收器最小水平距离及经过最近点时刻)。仿真与实验均能较为准确地估计出声源运动参数,同时在实验中实现了水下对空中运动声源的测距和定位,测距误差小于15.8%。在满足一定信噪比和保证足够多普勒信息的情况下,该参数估计方法具有很好的适用性。     

光纤激光经过模清洁器后的强度噪声分析

对1560 nm单频光纤激光光源通过一个光学模清洁器后的强度噪声进行了分析研究.实验观察到模清洁器虽然对于激光的高频强度噪声有明显的抑制作用,但强度噪声特性随频率呈一定周期变化,且在低频处模清洁器对强度噪声有放大作用.本文认为这是由于模清洁器具有类似于光纤延迟线的时延效应,将激光源的部分相位噪声转化为强度噪声.通过理论分析,由相位噪声转化的相对强度噪声幅度与激光相干时间、模清洁器的平均延时参数以及分析频率相关.分析结果与实验测量结果符合良好.此外,通过在光路中加入声光调制器进行反馈调制,激光的线宽从26 kHz压窄至16 kHz,模清洁器的锁定质量明显提高,经过模清洁器后的激光强度噪声有所减小,与理论相符.该结果进一步证实了由相位噪声转化而来的强度噪声与模清洁器的锁定质量无直接关系.通过该研究,完善了光学模清洁器对激光的噪声抑制模型.     

海面波浪谱对深海低频环境噪声的影响

提出了一种适用于深海低频环境噪声的波浪谱,通过声压谱和波浪谱的理论关系,分析了深海低频噪声在百赫兹以下的谱特征,解释了不同频段噪声谱的主要产生机理。将深海传播条件下海面波浪谱与海面风速相结合,利用波浪发声理论得到一种低频海洋环境噪声理论表示方法。仿真结果表明,波浪谱决定着辐射噪声谱的强度和斜率,本模型得到的理论噪声谱可以对低频海洋环境噪声进行预报。2016年的深海实验观测数据分析显示,统计的环境噪声谱级在1 Hz至100 Hz频段范围内大于70 dB,并且噪声谱在低频段呈倒“N”型,在34 Hz处为噪声谱的谷值,噪声级为70 dB,在50 Hz处为噪声谱的峰值,噪声级为92 dB,通过理论计算和实验对比,相关系数为0.95,理论结果和实验测量对比结果符合较好。      

A survey of low velocity and coaxial jet noise with application to prediction

A review of recent published data on low velocity jet noise is given together with previously unpublished results taken from the Rolls-Royce Noise Research Programme on model rigs and full-scale engines. Noise correlations are given which show that at low jet velocities, the low frequency exhaust noise which is commonly referred to as jet noise, emitted from the fan stream of a turbofan engine is considerably lower in level than that from the (hot) centre stream. From this result, a new prediction procedure for coaxial jet noise of turbofan engines is then developed. Comparisons are given which show that this method gives good correlation with measured results from a number of full-scale turbofan engines. The importance of accurate estimation of the “ground reflection effect” is clearly demonstrated. A critical review of published jet noise data from model coaxial jets is given and the need for further extensive testing emphasized.     

光电振荡器相位噪声和频率稳定性研究进展

光电振荡器(OEO)具有低噪声、高频率稳定性和抗电磁干扰的优势,突破了电子技术产生微波信号频率限制和信号稳定性差、噪声大的瓶颈,成为微波光子学研究热点之一。研究了光电振荡器的基本原理、理论模型、实现方法等关键技术以及应用。提出了OEO应用于微波信号处理系统亟需解决的多光路降噪、光纤温度和应力补偿、光电集成等关键技术及其解决方案。     

New Characterization of Stochastic Resonance in Bistable Square Potential Well

The features of first passage time density function is analysed theoretically in a symmetric double square well system modulated periodically with a signal of arbitrary amplitude and frequency. Resonance is demonstrated as a maximum synchronization between periodic signal and noise. Resonance is characterized as a linear relation between noise strength at resonance and frequency. This characterization is shown to hold good for amplitude lesser or greater than the depth of the unmodulated potential well. The mean first passage time of the process at resonance is also shown to decrease linearly with the strength of the noise for high amplitude of the signal while it increases linearly with inverse of the noise strength for low amplitude.     

简谐速度噪声及其与势场之间的频率共振

为了描述复杂的噪声环境，考虑了一种具有频率结构的噪声——简谐速度噪声，包括它的产生、关联函数、功率谱以及作为热噪声时的频率特性所导致的一些行为.结果表明：在频谱空间中简谐速度噪声是一种带通噪声，存在一个峰值频率，且噪声带宽由参量Γ控制.当简谐势中的一个布朗粒子受热简谐速度噪声驱动时，粒子能量极大值出现在两种频率相等的情况下.这表明噪声和势场的频率之间存在动力学共振，决定着粒子能量的大小. 关键词： 简谐噪声 简谐速度噪声 功率谱 频率共振     

1/f Noise in dye-sensitized solar cells and NIR photon detectors

All electronic devices are plagued with 1/f noise originating from many causes. The most important factors contributing to 1/f noise in a semiconductor is believed to be recombination of carriers and their trapping at defects and impurity sites. Adsorption of moisture and electron acceptor molecules enhances the intensity of 1/f noise. Amazingly, some molecular species that strongly chelate to the semiconductor surface, suppress 1/f noise owing to passivation of the recombination sites. Thus in addition to sensitization, the dye adsorbed on the nanocrystallites plays a key role in mitigation of recombinations. For this reason dye-sensitized heterojunctions could also find application as low noise NIR photon detectors. Experiments conducted with oxide semiconductors (TiO₂, ZnO, SnO₂) indicate that the mode of binding of dyes at specific sites determines the extent to which the recombination and 1/f noise are suppressed. The transport of electrons in a nanocrystalline matrix is diffusive with a diffusion coefficient D depending on the trapping and detrapping processes. Thus passivation of trapping sites by the adsorbed dye is expected to increase the response time which can be expressed as τ  L²/D, where L = thickness of the nanocrystalline film. Measurement techniques and construction of a dye-sensitized NIR photon detector will be discussed.