1.30μm／1.55μm SiGe多模干涉滤波器

用多模干涉原理分析和设计了光通信波长（１．３０μｍ～１．５５μｍ）的Ｓｉ１－ｘＧｅｘ／Ｓｉ滤波器，并用模的传播分析方法对其传输特性进行了研究。结果发现，在Ｇｅ含量ｘ＝０．０４时，干涉区的脊高和宽度分别为６．３５μｍ和８μｍ。如果多模干涉区长度ＬＭ＝２３０２．５μｍ，可滤１．３０μｍ而通１．５５μｍ的波长。且具有３１ｄＢ的对比度和０．０１ｄＢ的插入损耗；如果多模干涉区长度ＬＭ＝２５１２．５μｍ，可滤１．５５μｍ而通１．３０μｍ的波长。具有１６ｄＢ的对比度和０．０９ｄＢ的插入损耗。     

All-fiber Narrow-band Grating Assisted Sagnac Transmission Filter

1　Ｉｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎ　　Ｄｅｎｓｅｗａｖｅｌｅｎｇｔｈｄｉｖｉｓｉｏｎｍｕｌｔｉｐｌｅｘｉｎｇ (ＤＷＤＭ )ｓｙｓｔｅｍｄｅｐｌｏｙｓｍｕｌｔｉ ｗａｖｅｌｅｎｇｔｈｓｉｎａｓｉｎｇｌｅｆｉｂｅｒｔｏｔｒａｎｓｍｉｔｓｉｇｎａｌｓｓｉｍｕｌｔａｎｅｏｕｓｌｙ .Ｈｏｗｅｖｅｒ,ｔｏｄｒｏｐｏｎｅｓｐｅｃｉｆｉｅｄｗａｖｅｌｅｎｇｔｈｓｉｇｎａｌｗｉｔｈｌｏｗｌｏｓｓａｎｄｗｉｔｈｏｕｔｃｒｏｓｓｔａｌｋｓｗｉｔｈｏｔｈｅｒｗａｖｅｌｅｎｇｔｈｃｈａｎｎｅｌｓｉｓｎｏｔｅａｓｙ ,ｅｓｐｅｃｉａｌ…     

Antireflection coating on germanium for dual channel (3–5 and 7.5–10.6 μm) thermal imagers

The dual channel thermal imager, operating in the 3–5 and 7.5–10.6 μm wavelength bands, is one of the latest achievements in instrumentation for target recognition and acquisition. While the 3–5 μm band is utilised for detecting hot objects such as engine exhausts of vehicles and fighter planes, the 7.5–10.6 μm band is employed for human bodies and objects at ambient temperatures. Many substrates are available which transmit in both these wavelength bands and their transmission can be enhanced by providing a suitable antireflection coating. In this paper, a broad band antireflection coating on germanium substrate is reported. The design approach involves achieving a continuously varying refractive index from that of the incident medium to the substrate. The continuously varying refractive index profile may be generated by using a sequence of thin layers of high and low refractive index materials. In this design a continuous refractive index profile is approximated by using a 13-layer stack of thorium fluoride and germanium as low and high index coating materials respectively. This coating conforms to environmental stability standards and shows an average transmission of 91% in 3–5 μm band and 94.5% in 7.5–10.6 μm band with a peak of 97% at 9 μm on 10 mm thick germanium substrate. Polycrystalline germanium has 2.5% absorption for a 10 mm thick substrate.     

薄膜截止滤光片的消偏振设计

薄膜截止滤光片在倾斜入射时不可避免地会产生s和p二个偏振分量的分离,因而在许多应用,特别是光通讯的应用中成为一个棘手的难题。提出了一种新的设计方法,对最常用的45°入射角,实现了长波通和短波通两种截止滤光片的完全消偏振, 在透射率为50%处,其偏振分离分别为0.3 nm和0.1 nm。基本的设计方法是采用宽带法布里珀罗薄膜干涉滤光片中心波长两侧的干涉带作为长波通或短波通截止滤光片的初始膜系,然后经过适当的优化以提高透射带的透射率。宽带干涉滤光片的间隔层常由半波长厚度的高、低折射率混合膜层组成,如2H2L2H或2L2H2L。由于这种设计的截止区和透射带带宽常嫌不足,故提出了展宽截止区和透射带的方法。对一个典型的短波通截止滤光片,在波长1550 nm,截止区和透射带宽均达到了200 nm。这种设计方法不仅简单、性能优良,而且膜厚控制容差较大,故易于制造。     

Microwave Fractal Bandpass Filters Based on Modified Hilbert Curves of the First and the Second Orders

The microwave fractal bandpass filters based on modified Hilbert shaped curves of the first and second fractal orders are experimentally and numerically analyzed. As a substrate Al₂O₃ ceramic covered by the thin silver layer with thickness of 50 μm was used. The laser patterning technique was used to design the structures of filters. The filter based on the Hilbert curve of the first order has resonance at ～4.01 GHz, while the filter based on the second order Hilbert curve has resonances at ～3.09 and ～6.34 GHz. The estimated loaded Q-factor of the filter based on the first order Hilbert curve was ～94. The electromagnetic field distribution of the filter was visualized by using the thermo-elastic optical indicator microscopy.     

Dual-Core Leaky Waveguide-Based Filters for Erbium-Doped Waveguide Amplifier

Abstract

This article gives the design of a gain-flattening filter for an erbium-doped waveguide amplifier using a dual-core resonant leaky waveguide. The spectral variation of leakage loss of the waveguide has been used for gain equalization of the erbium-doped waveguide amplifier in the conventional (C) band. Leakage loss of the structure has been calculated by using the transfer matrix method. Numerical simulation results show a 17.5-dB gain with a gain excursion of ±1.35 dB in the C-band (1,526 nm–1,566 nm) of a typical erbium-doped waveguide amplifier. The study should be useful in designing integrated optic gain-flattening filters.     

Photonic crystal fiber polarization filter with two large apertures coated with gold layers

A novel photonic crystal fiber(PCF) polarization filter is designed and fabricated; it consists of two large apertures coated with gold. The asymmetric structure separates the resonance position in the vertical direction well. Due to the metal layer covering, loss is greatly improved. Finite element method is applied for numerical simulation. The influences of varying gold thickness and varying the diameters and the center positions of the larger apertures on filtering performance are evaluated. Theory of coupling between surface plasma and core mode is introduced. By modulating the parameters, we realize a single polarization filter at 1.31 μm and 1.55 μm. The basal mode loss in the y direction can reach 1408.80 dB/cm at 1.31 μm and 1911.22 dB/cm at 1.55 μm respectively, but basal mode loss in the x direction is relatively small, 0.82 dB/cm and 1.87 dB/cm. In addition, two kinds of broadband polarization filters are proposed. If the fiber length is set to 200 μm,the extinction ratio is greater than 20 dB with width of 570 nm and 490 nm. The filter has simple structure and excellent performance.     

Lattice location of light implanted ions in Si and Ge after laser annealing

Abstract

Radiation damage produced by short ranged (ranges 20–30 μm) charged particles (alpha particles and fission fragments) in thick plastic track detectors (thickness ≈ 150 μm) has been enlarged to produce “through” holes by using a combination of electrochemical and chemical etching processes. A series of experiments were conducted with a view to optimize the operating conditions required to produce through holes with most suitable profiles for a particular application at hand. This novel technique has been employed in producing thick nuclear track filters using fission fragments from U-235 fission and alpha particles from radon and its daughters.     

Selection of mandrel wrap mode filters for optical fiber loss measurements

A selection criterion for mode filters based on far-field patterns is developed. The criterion is used to select a mandrel wrap filter for 50 μm core diameter, 125 μm outside diameter fibers with δ=1.1%. When cut-back loss measurements were made using the mandrel wrap chosen in this way, loss scaled with length to within ± 0.05 dB/km in three 2-km fibers.     

双波段截止分色滤光片研究

为实现45°入射情况下K9基底上双波段截止分色的特性(截止带波长0.5~0.68μm、0.73~0.79μm,通带波长0.83~0.87μm),采用F-P型的带通滤光片膜系结构为初始结构,与常规设计理念相比有效减少了膜层的数量,薄膜的高折材料采用Ti O2,低折材料采用Si O2,以实现双波段截止的目的。膜层的设计层数为23层,总厚度为2.278μm,借助电子束蒸发物理气相沉积法实现了镀制,利用分光光度计对镀制样品的透过率进行评估。测试结果显示,截止区(0.5~0.68μm和0.73~0.79μm)平均截止深度分别达到了12.57%和20.39%,通带0.83~0.87μm波段内的平均透过率达到了91.35%,样品测试曲线与设计相比,"蓝移"将近10 nm。薄膜样品基本实现了设计目标,具有双波段截止、高通带透过率的特性。在环境测试中:薄膜表现出显著的稳定性,膜层间匹配度适宜。该双波段截止分色滤光片能够应用在一些极端的情况下。     

Multi-band infrared imaging radiometer

A novel approach to multi-spectral thermal imaging using staring system has been developed. An original optical assembly has been designed set up and tested that allows to acquire simultaneously four images of the same target in different spectral bands using a single commercial IRFPA sensor and a single commercial focusing lens. The spectral and spatial separation of the four images is completely obtained by means of filters and refractive optics without any kind of scanning device or other moving part. The multi-spectral optic presented in this paper operates in the spectral region of middle infrared (3–5 μm). Spectral filters are used to select the appropriate bands of interest and they are easily interchangeable.     

红外探测器三波段高通滤光片的研制

红外探测器在空间探测以及目标发现和跟踪技术中具有极为重要的应用,其性能的优劣直接关系到获取数据的准确性和可信性。为了提高红外信号的分析灵敏度,降低探测器的噪声,在（CVD）ZnS基底上,采用电子束及离子辅助沉积技术,研制了3 m～5 m高透、1.064 m～2.5 m波段截止的高通滤光膜。为了有效防止1.064 m波段处的激光对探测器造成的激光损伤,以保证探测器的正常工作,根据激光器的输出功率制备了对1.064 m激光波段具有1%,0.1%,0.01%数量级衰减能力的系列高通滤光膜,使红外探测器更具灵活性与智能化的特征。     

体声波双工器中滤波器的参数化设计方法

Tx与Rx滤波器,作为体声波(BAW)双工器的关键部件,其中各薄膜体声波谐振器(FBAR)单元的谐振区面积会影响滤波器的插入损耗和带外抑制这两个重要指标。由于这两个指标是相互制约的,在设计时往往需要折衷考虑,这使得各FBAR单元的谐振区面积设计成为BAW双工器设计的难点之一。为了解决这一问题,提出了一种Tx与Rx滤波器的参数化设计方法。在ADS软件中以FBAR的Mason模型为基础构建了梯形拓扑结构的滤波器电路模型。设置其中各串联FBAR的谐振区面积值以及串并联FBAR的谐振区面积比值为两类优化参数。以给定的滤波器插入损耗与带外抑制为优化目标,使用ADS软件中基于梯度的优化算法得到各参数的优化值。根据优化结果可以简单地计算得到滤波器中各FBAR单元的谐振区面积。以一个工作在LTE band 7的BAW双工器为设计案例展示了该方法的应用流程。设计结果的仿真验证表明:Tx滤波器的插损小于2dB、在Rx滤波器通带内的抑制大于40dB;Rx滤波器的插损小于1.9dB、在Tx滤波器通带内的抑制大于40dB;满足BAW双工器中Tx与Rx滤波器的性能指标。由此验证了该方法的可行性和易用性。     

基于科赫曲线分形结构太赫兹带通滤波器

太赫兹滤波器是太赫兹通信、太赫兹成像和太赫兹检测等太赫兹应用系统中不可或缺的功能器件。按照不同的分类方式,滤波器有不同的种类,常见的按照选频功能可分为高通滤波器、低通滤波器、带阻滤波器和带通滤波器。为了实现在太赫兹波段的滤波效果,世界各地的研究人员利用不同的结构、材料和控制方式实现了功能各异的太赫兹滤波器,但是考虑到设计的器件要应用到太赫兹系统中,成本低廉、结构简单、性能优越的太赫兹滤波器一直是研究人员的追求。分形概念自提出以来在很多研究领域都有了快速发展,但是在太赫兹波段的应用还不是很常见,特别是应用于太赫兹功能器件的设计。引入分形中科赫曲线的概念设计并制备了一种新型的太赫兹带通滤波器,该滤波器是在金属薄膜上刻蚀出科赫曲线分形结构,当太赫兹波垂直入射到该滤波器时候实现了在太赫兹波段的窄带滤波。在滤波器的设计过程中,追求理论与实验相结合,首先在电磁仿真软件中建立科赫曲线分形结构滤波器模型进行计算,探究分形结构应用于太赫兹波段进行滤波的可行性,在进行多次计算之后得到优化后的尺寸和结构,然后根据优化后的尺寸加工出科赫曲线分形结构太赫兹滤波器样品,并且将样品放在太赫兹时域光谱系统中进行实验测量,得到实验数据后与仿真结果进行比较。在仿真中利用了时域有限差分法模拟科赫曲线分形结构太赫兹带通滤波器的传输特性,优化后的仿真结果表明:滤波器的谐振频率为0.715 THz,透射系数能够达到0.92,-3 dB带宽为21.9 GHz,将仿真得到的散射参数进行S参数反演得到了太赫兹滤波器样品的电磁参数,这在理论上分析了太赫兹波在谐振点处产生透射增强的原因。利用飞秒激光微加工系统制备了尺寸优化后的科赫曲线分形结构太赫兹带通滤波器样品,然后使用太赫兹时域光谱系统对样品的传输特性进行测试,对实验得到的时域数据进行快速傅里叶变换之后得到频域数据,再把频域数据进行归一化处理后与之前的电磁仿真结果进行对比,发现实验测得的结果与电磁软件仿真得到的结果较为吻合。     

High efficiency antireflection coating in MWIR region (3.6–4.9 μm) simultaneously effective for Germanium and Silicon optics

Antireflection coatings have critical importance in thermal imaging system working in MWIR region (3–5 μm) since optics of high refractive index materials are used. Germanium (Ge) and Silicon (Si) optics are used extensively in the MWIR thermal systems. In this paper a study has been carried out on the design and fabrication of multi-substrate antireflection coating effective for Germanium and Silicon optics in MWIR (3.6–4.9 μm) region. The wave band 3.6–4.9 μm is chosen for the reported work because detector system used in MWIR region has a band selection filter effective in the same wavelength region and atmospheric transmission window in MWIR region is effective in 3–5 μm spectral band. Comprehensive search method was used to design the multilayer stack on the substrate. The coating materials used in the design were Germanium (Ge), Hafnium oxide (HfO₂) and Y-Ba-Fluoride (IR-F625). The fabrication of coating was made in a coating plant fitted with Cryo pump system and residual gas analyzer (RGA). The evaporation was carried out at high vacuum (2–6 × 10^?6 mbar) with the help of electron beam gun system and layer thicknesses were measured with crystal monitor. The result achieved for the antireflection coating was 98.5% average transmission in 3.6–4.9 μm band for Germanium and Silicon optics. This work will be helpful in reducing the plant operation time, material and power consumption, as two different kinds of optics are simultaneously coated in a single coating cycle.     

Modification of the structure of bandpass reflection interference filters

Spectral properties of bandpass reflection interference filters, whose components represent interference transmission cutoff short-and long-wavelength filters, are studied. It is shown that the use of transmission cutoff filters provides a uniform suppression of background outside the transmission band of a bandpass reflection filter. A reflection filter becomes a virtually ideal polarizer for radiation incident on the surfaces inside a filter at angles of 35° and greater.     

Periodically Poled Titanium-Diffused Lithium Niobate Wavelength Filters Utilizing Šolc-Type TE↔TM Mode Converters

Abstract

?olc-type wavelength filters have been demonstrated in a 52-mm long periodically poled titanium-diffused lithium niobate channel waveguide with a domain period of 16.6 μm. At room temperature, the center wavelength and the full-width at half maximum of the filter were about 1,272.49 nm and 0.23 nm, respectively. The nearest side-lobe is about 7 dB. New structures of flat-top bandpass filters and an optical add/drop multiplexer utilizing ?olc-type TE?TM mode converters are proposed for the first time.     

Optimization of SPRITE detectors

The optimized operating parameters of SPRITE detector working band in the 8–14 μm region have been calculated by computer modeling based on one dimensional theory. The results suggest the length of filaments should be 700 μm; the width 50 μm; the thickness 7 μm; the length of read-out area 50 μm and the bias voltage 2.8 V. The optimized outline curve of the read-out area has also been obtained by use of a variational method: Y = 7.5 cosh (0.04211X). This results in a significant reduction of transit time and transit time dispersion from 0.26 to 0.20 μs and 0.13 to 0.045 μs, respectively.     

Surface plasmon resonance-induced tunable polarization filters based on nanoscale gold film-coated photonic crystal fibers

Surface plasmon resonance induced tunable polarization filters based on nanoscale gold film-coated photonic crystal fibers were proposed and analyzed. The characteristics of the polarization filter were calculated by finite element method(FEM). The gold film was selectively coated on the inner wall of one cladding air hole which was located near the fiber core along the y-axis direction. When the phase of core fundamental mode and surface plasmon polaritons(SPPs) mode matches,the two modes couple with each other intensely. Numerical results show that the resonance wavelength and strength vary with fiber structural parameters and the index of the infilling liquid. The fiber parameters were optimized to achieve specific functions. Under the optimal structure, we realized a dual channel filter at the communication wavelength of 1.31 μm and1.55 μm for y polarization direction and x polarization direction. Then a single channel polarized filter at the communication wavelength of 1.55 μm is also achieved by adjusting the refractive index of the infilling liquid. The proposed polarization filters realized dual channel filtering and single channel filtering simultaneously under the same structure for the first time to the best of our knowledge.     

致冷多层干涉滤光片的光学特性

本文系统地研究了红外多层干涉滤光片的低温特性、并从薄膜的基本光学特性出发,推导了窄带滤光片、截止滤光片透射率与波长的温度效应.给出了截止滤光片截止波长的温度漂移公式.