Substituent effect in anionic polymerization of β-lactones initiated by alkali metal alkoxides

The influence of methyl substituent on the mechanism of the ring-opening polymerization of β-lactones initiated by alkali metal alkoxides is discussed. Attention has been paid to the effect of the substituent position in the monomer molecule on the ring-opening mechanism, the 3,3-dimethyl-2-oxetanone (pivalolactone), 4-methyl-2-oxetanone (β-butyrolactone) and 2-oxetanone (β-propiolactone) being chosen as model monomers. Moreover, it was found unexpectedly that in the case of pivalolactone polymerization, besides open-chain polymers, cyclic oligomers are produced.     

Isolation of a 2-oxetanone from the fruits of Synsepalum dulcificum

Ficumone, a 2-oxetanone isolated from the fruits of Synsepalum dulcificum, has been characterised as (R*)-4-hydroxy-2-oxetanone by means of spectroscopic methods.     

Block copolymerization of 3,3-dimethyl-2-oxetanone. II. Synthesis of polydimethylsiloxane-containing copolymers

Carboxy-terminated polydimethylsiloxanes (PDMSs) have been prepared by anchoring the functional end group on the main chain via a hydrolytically stable Si? C bond. The neutralized carboxy-terminated PDMSs are effective initiators of the 3,3-dimethyl-2-oxetanone (or pivalolactone) block copolymerization. The yield of block copolymers depends on the initiation efficiency of the carboxylate end groups, but this limit can be overcome by the use of more than one carboxylate group per end chain, and “palm-tree” structures are obtained. The ability to crystallize of poly(3,3-dimethyl-2-oxetanone) is significantly depressed when this polyester is engaged in PDMS-rich block copolymers, but the observed heterophase morphologies (350 Å) are uniformly fine.     

Theoretical IR and Raman spectra of diketene and its 3-methylene isomer

The IR and Raman spectra of diketene, 4-methylene-2-oxetanone, and its less stable isomer, 3-methylene-2-oxetanone, were calculated at the MP2, DFT B3PW91 and RHF levels using 6-311++G** basis set. The internal coordinates were defined for both isomers and used in potential energy distribution (PED) analysis. The PED analysis of the theoretical spectra forms the basis for a detection of the 3-methylene isomer traces in a reaction mixture as well as for elucidation of the future matrix isolation IR and/or Raman spectra.     

4-亚甲基-1,2-氧-异丙叉-3-甲氧基-α-D-呋喃戊糖的合成和聚合

本文报道了4-亚甲基-1,2-氧-异丙叉-3-甲氧基-α-D-呋喃戊糖的合成和在自由基和阳离子引发剂存在下的聚合反应.通过研究聚合物的结构,提出了聚合反应机理.比较了该单体在阳离子和自由基聚合反应中的聚合活性,聚合物的结构和聚合机理上的差别.     

Synthesis and intramolecular ring cleavage of 2-oxetanones

Intermolecular 2 + 2 aldehyde-ketene cycloaddition, followed by Lewis acid induced intramolecular ring opening of the 2-oxetanone product have been used to prepare tetrahydrofuran and tetrahydropyran ring systems.     

Anionic polymerization of 4-methyl-2-oxetanone (β-butyrolactone)

Polymerization of 4-methyl-2-oxetanone ( 1 ) initiated with potassium acetate-dibenzo-18-crown-6 complex ( 2 ) in THF as solvent, was studied. Transfer reactions, leading to both crotonate anions and carboxylic acid formation, have been observed. Two kinetic effects of these reactions, hampering the living polymerization, have been established. The first results from reinitiation with the crotonate anions and thereby lowers the polymer molecular weight. The second is the decrease in the overall polymerization rate due to complexation of the growing carboxylate anions with carboxylic acid moieties. Kinetic scheme of polymerization involves propagation accompanied by transfer followed by slow reinitiation. This scheme, including complexation of the active species has been solved numerically. The apparent rate and equilibrium constants (k_p, k_tr, k_ri, and K_ass and respectively) have been determined. Although these kinetic parameters depend strongly on the polymerization conditions, but the ratio of the rate constants k_p : k_t : k_ri is fairly constant and equal to 10⁻⁴ : 10⁻⁶ : 10⁻⁶, respectively (at 20°C). Conditions of the controlled anionic synthesis of the amorphous poly(4-methyl-2-oxetanone) with $\bar M_n$ as high as 1.7 × 10⁴ and ${{ \le \bar M_n } \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{ \le \bar M_n } {\bar M_n }}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {\bar M_n }} \le 1.20$ have also been elaborated.     

“PMR”聚酰亚胺的封端剂

研究了十四种不饱和羧酸酐的 N-苯基二酰亚胺的热聚合反应,以此作为“PMR”聚酰亚胺封端剂的选择。对结构与热聚合活性的关系进行了讨论。对其中五种热聚合速度较快的化合物,研究了它们的酸酯与苯胺在无水乙醇浓溶液中的反应动力学,求得反应速度常数、活化能和半衰期。     

Polyester formation by the free-radical copolymerization of cyclohexene and formic acid

Cyclohexene and formic acid have been copolymerized to an unsaturated polyester by a free-radical-initiated, step-growth polymerization process. The polymerization system contains iodine and a hydroperoxide in addition to the cyclohexene and formic acid. No polymerization occurs if any one of these components is omitted. The polymerization process is rapid, and polymer yields as high as 95% have been obtained in less than 1 hr. The polymer is an unsaturated polyester and appears to be poly(oxy-2-cyclohexen-1,4-enylcarbonyl). A step-growth polymerization mechanism involving formic acid radicals, iodine atoms, and cyclohexene allylic hydrogen atom abstraction has been proposed for this reaction.     

不饱和端基超支化聚合物/丙烯酸酯共聚乳液的研究

利用Si—H加成反应制得了以CC为端基的超支化含硅聚合物,并将其与丙烯酸酯类单体进行乳液共聚,对聚合反应机理及所得聚合物的性能进行了测试分析.结果表明,含有大量CC端基的超支化含硅聚合物能与丙烯酸酯类单体稳定聚合,制得了平均粒径小于100nm高度交联的乳胶粒子.共聚物的红外光谱证实,超支化聚合物的不饱和端基已全部反应,形成了以超支化聚合物为多臂交联点的交联型乳胶粒子.随聚合体系中超支化聚合物用量的增加,乳液聚合反应速率增大,乳胶粒粒径减小,共聚物热稳定性显著提高.     

Radiation effect of a high energy electron beam on thin films of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids

Studies have been carried out on electron beam induced polymerization of LB films of saturated and unsaturated long chain aliphatic acids, in an attempt to obtain information about the dose dependence of conversion in relation to molecular arrangement. The results indicate that polymerization of unsaturated aliphatic acid LB films occurred when irradiation was carried out in a nitrogen atmosphere and that the LB films of a disordered state are more sensitive to radiation than tightly packed LB films.     

Synthesis of Propylene Diblock Copolymers via Metallocene and Borane Chemistry

An isotactic chain end unsaturated polypropylene was prepared by the homogeneous metallocene catalyst Et(Ind)₂ZrCl₂ with MAO. Herein, the chain end unsaturated polypropylene proceeded the hydroboration reaction to prepare borane‐containing polypropylene. The borane‐containing polypropylene could be transformed to hydroxyl‐terminated polypropylene, PPOH. And then the polypropylene‐nylon 6 diblock copolymer, PP‐b‐NY6, was synthesized from telechelic PPOH by converting this prepolymer with toluene diisocyanate and using the resulting materials as macroactivators for anionic caprolactam polymerization. Meanwhile, this investigation used borane‐containing polypropylene and oxygen to produce free radicals at the chain end on the polypropylene. Experimental results indicate that the free radical is an effective initiator for the polymerization of methyl methacrylate to produce diblock PP‐b‐PMMA. The block copolymers are characterized by IR, NMR, and DSC analyses. The diblock copolymer is a good compatibilizer for polymer blends.     

Effects of coordinately unsaturated cobalt complexes on radical polymerization of vinyl monomers

The tetrahedral cobalt(II) complexes A-D are found to possess an unusual coordinately unsaturated nature. These additives significantly inhibit the thermal polymerization of acrylamide and further, they impart significant induction period during AIBN initiated polymerization of MMA and acrylamide. Some evidence has been obtained to show that the additives' effect plausibly results because of the reaction of the coordinately unsaturated cobalt complexes with radicals present in the system.     

Stereoselective synthesis of cis- or trans-2,4-disubstituted butyrolactones from Wynberg lactone

(R)-Wynberg lactone was used to prepare various asymmetric 2,4-disubstituted butyrolactones in three to four steps. Attainment of any possible stereoisomer, based upon commencement from (R)- or (S)-4-trichloromethyl-2-oxetanone, and the capacity to install disparate substituents at C₂ make this approach particularly versatile.     

ADMET-Polymerization of Dienes based on Sustainable Chemicals

Summary: Eugenol and isoeugenol were used as natural based starting materials to prepare unsaturated polyethers and polycarbonates. The polymerization was achieved in a two step procedure exploiting the orthogonal phenol and ene functionalities. Thus diene terminated ethers and organic carbonates were obtained from eugenol and isoeugenol, and subjected to ADMET polymerisation using Grubbs 2^nd generation catalyst 1 . The obtained unsaturated polymers have molecular weights ranging from 2.700 to 32.000 g/mol. Molecular weight build up was partly restricted by the low solubility of the products.     

聚苯乙烯负载单茂然／RMgBr催化苯乙烯聚合的研究

合成了聚苯乙希负载的单茂钛催化剂,并与格氏试剂（RMgBr）组成催化体系。考察了聚合温度、催化体系的组成、单体浓度、 Mg/Ti摩尔比、聚合时间等条件对苯乙烯聚合的影响。结果表明,采用负载单茂钛催化剂与助催化剂格氏试剂反应,可以制备出具有较高催化活性的催化剂。DSC表明,不溶于沸丁酮的聚苯乙烯具有一定的定向性。聚合物^13G-NMR测试表明,该催化体系的聚合机理可能是：苯乙烯插入M－C键,以一级插入反应进行链增长,最后以β－H及β－苯基消除反应致链终止。     

A beta-lactone route to chiral gamma-substituted alpha-amino acids: application to the concise synthesis of (S)-alpha-azidobutyro lactone and a natural amino acid

[reaction: see text] Beta-lactones are useful synthetic intermediates allowing access to a number of functional arrays. In this report, enantiomerically pure 4-trichloromethyl-2-oxetanone is shown to be a versatile amino acid synthon leading to a variety of gamma-substituted alpha-amino acid precursors. The utility of this methodology was demonstrated by the concise synthesis of a protected homoserine equivalent, alpha-azidobutyro lactone, and a naturally occurring alpha-amino acid from the seeds of Blighia unijugata.     

Comparison of the reactivity of β-thiolactones and β-lactones toward ring-opening by thiols and amines

An investigation into the comparative reactivity of simple β-lactones and β-thiolactones toward a thiol and a primary amine is reported. A simple 3-mercaptomethyl-2-oxetanone is found to undergo rearrangement in the presence of aqueous base to give the corresponding thietane-3-carboxylic acid rather than the 3-hydroxymethyl-2-thietanone. Implications for the use of β-thiolactones in bioorganic and medicinal chemistry are discussed.     

Synthesis and characterization of a chlorofunctionalized unsaturated carbosilane oligomer

Acyclic diene metathesis (ADMET) polymerization offers a viable route for the synthesis of chlorofunctionalized unsaturated carbosilane oligomers. The Si Cl bond in unsaturated carbosilane monomers remains inert during metathesis and the use of a highly reactive molybdenum-based, Lewis acid-free alkylidene catalyst affords unsaturated chlorofunctionalized carbosilane oligomers with known vinyl end groups. The first synthesis of an unsaturated carbosilane oligomer functionalized with a Si Cl bond was performed. A chlorofunctionalized silacyclopentene product was also observed, due to a backbiting reaction. This new class of functionalized oligomers has a low glass transition temperature and sites of unsaturation which may be used for further reaction. ADMET chemistry now provides access to a variety of chlorofunctionalized unsaturated carbosilanes which can be used to tailor make hydrolytically stable carbosilane oligomers and polymers via nucleophilic grafting reactions.     

Synthesis and properties of new adducts of 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine and 2-hydroxyphenylbenzotriazole as polymer photostabilizers

The synthesis of new stabilizer type compounds (a combination between 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine and 2-hydroxyphenylbenzotriazole in one molecule) is reported. Three new polymerizable combined stabilizers as well as one unsaturated triazinyl-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine and three unsaturated triazinyl-2-hydroxyphenylbenzotriazoles as individual stabilizers were synthesized. Their copolymers and the terpolymers of the individual stabilizers with methyl methacrylate (MMA) were obtained. Chemical bonding of the stabilizers in the polymer was confirmed spectrophotometrically. The influence of these additives on the photostability of the copolymers was studied. The participation of the combined stabilizers in the polymerization did not affect considerably the rate of copolymerization, the molecular weight and polydispersity of the copolymers. A significant stabilizing effect against photodegradation was determined.