中国现代声学与马大猷

声学的历史是非常古老的,但是现代声学却是从19世纪末20世纪初开始的。中国现代声学的发展则要稍晚一些。本文将中国现代声学的发展历程分为四个阶段:草创时期、奠基时期、发展时期、创新时期。简述了马大猷在中国现代声学发展中所做出的主要贡献和他的学术成就。可以看到,马大猷作为中国现代声学的奠基人,他也是简正波理论的奠基人之一,在中国现代声学发展中起了重要作用。本文还对马大猷的学术思想和社会贡献作了初步探讨。     

高山仰止,四海闻之——贺马大猷先生九十五岁华诞

<正>2010年3月1日,是国际著名声学家、我国现代声学事业的开创者和奠基者之一、中国科学院资深院士、中国科学院声学研究所研究员、《声学学报》主编马大猷先生95岁华诞,为此,《声学学报》编辑部从先生的部分学生和同事中征集了声学基础和声学应用基础研究方面有代表性的研究论文,专辑出版,以     

Narrow-band sound localization related to external ear acoustics.

Human subjects localized brief 1/6-oct bandpassed noise bursts that were centered at 6, 8, 10, and 12 kHz. All testing was done under binaural conditions. The horizontal component of subjects' responses was accurate, comparable to that for broadband localization, but the vertical and front/back components exhibited systematic errors. Specifically, responses tended to cluster within restricted ranges that were specific for each center frequency. The directional transfer functions of the subjects' external ears were measured for 360 horizontal and vertical locations. The spectra of the sounds that were present in the subjects' ear canals, the "proximal stimulus" spectra, were computed by combining the spectra of the narrow-band sound sources with the directional transfer functions for particular stimulus locations. Subjects consistently localized sounds to regions within which the associated directional transfer function correlated most closely with the proximal stimulus spectrum. A quantitative model was constructed that successfully predicted subjects' responses based on interaural level difference and spectral cues. A test of the model, using techniques adapted from signal detection theory, indicated that subjects tend to use interaural level difference and spectral shape cues independently, limited only by a slight spatial correlation of the two cues. A testing procedure is described that provides a quantitative comparison of various predictive models of sound localization.     

国内环境声学浅谈

环境声学是研究噪声对人们日常生活和社会活动所产生各种影响的科学。随着国民经济的迅速发展，政府、企业和民众的环保意识日益增强。道路声屏障广泛应用；多种通风隔声窗、轻质隔声材料（结构）、金属纤维材料和金属多孔（微孔）材料开发推广；声源控制的观念日趋深入，众多低噪声产品、小孔（节流）消声器和低噪声路面研究开发；数字技术全面引入；相关的标准规范不断完善。     

New books on acoustics and related disciplines issued in 2009 in the Russian language

Acoustical Physics -     

从建筑声学到环境声学

本文简述环境声学的发展过程以及在厅堂音质、环境噪声和噪声控制方面的新世纪展望。     

语言声学的进展

本文涉及语言声学的语音学研究、文语转换技术、语音识别技术及自然语言处理等方面，简要介绍了有关汉语在前三方面的进展和发展方向；重点介绍了面向整个自然语言理解处理的新理论一概念层次网络（HNC）理论的主要内容及其进展，试图在理论层面上给出HNC理论的基本概貌。     

Pressure sensitivity kernels applied to time-reversal acoustics

Sensitivity kernels for receptions of broadband sound transmissions are used to study the effect of the transmitted signal on the sensitivity of the reception to environmental perturbations. A first-order Born approximation is used to obtain the pressure sensitivity of the received signal to small changes in medium sound speed. The pressure perturbation to the received signal caused by medium sound speed changes is expressed as a linear combination of single-frequency sensitivity kernels weighted by the signal in the frequency domain. This formulation can be used to predict the response of a source transmission to sound speed perturbations. The stability of time-reversal is studied and compared to that of a one-way transmission using sensitivity kernels. In the absence of multipath, a reduction in pressure sensitivity using time reversal is only obtained with multiple sources. This can be attributed both to the presence of independent paths and to cancellations that occur due to the overlap of sensitivity kernels for different source-receiver paths. The sensitivity kernel is then optimized to give a new source transmission scheme that takes into account knowledge of the medium statistics and is related to the regularized inverse filter.     

Conservation laws in acoustics

The method earlier proposed by the author for obtaining a complete set of conservation laws is applied to a number of simple acoustic problems. Some of the conservation laws presented are derived for the first time. Special attention is given to the physical interpretation of the results.     

复射线法及其在水声技术中的应用

本文介绍复源点射线技术原理,概述各种复射线分析方法,并举例说明这种方法在水声技术中一些可能的应用,包括指向性声场的复射线分析,声辐射器阵列方向性的复射线模拟,近区和远区声场的复射线变换,以及声呐目标强度的复射线理论预估等。     

Warm string tone in acoustics

The result of a basic warm string tone in a concert hall is that the whole orchestra not only sounds extremely well balanced, but the individual instruments outside the string family sound warmer and richer, and no attention is drawn to their extraneous noises. On the basis of orchestral conducting, performing, recording, and listening experience, some conclusions are reached, and suggestions made, concerning the physical conditions that are likely to be necessary, or conductive, to attainment of warm string tone. Among the physical factors considered are the acoustic and vibratory properties of the stage itself, hall volume, shape and reverberation time, and surface materials. Emphasis is placed, in discussion of the physical and musical factors, on the ways in which the musicians themselves, during performance, interact with “the acoustics”.     

环境噪声学进展

本文简要地回顾了30年来中国环境噪声学的发展，并从飞机噪声、地面运输噪声、环境噪声影响与评价以及工业噪声控制四个方面介绍了近年来环境噪声学的进展。     

Loudness criteria in auditorium acoustics

I.IntroductionLoudnessisoneofthedistinguishingcharactcristicsamonga1lacousticcriteriainauditori-umdesign.Insufficientorsevcrcunevendistributionofloudncsscausesseriousdeficiencytoauditoriumacoustics.Duetothelackofappropriateparamcter,thereisnowayeithertopre-dictloudnessinanauditoriumduringthedcsignstagc,ortochccktheactua1effectafterthecomp1etionoftheconstruction.Wca1lmighthavethcexpcricnccasanaudiencethatthestagcattractedmoreofourcon-ccntrationduringthesoftpassagcofthcpcrformance,whercaswewcre…