Improved photonic crystal directional coupler with short length

We investigate a photonic crystal (PC) waveguide coupler which is formed by two closely spaced linear waveguides in a two-dimensional triangular lattice of air holes. Our study shows that shifting one row of the air holes between the waveguides affects the dispersion curves of the guided modes and if the triangular lattice of air holes between the waveguides is replaced by a rectangular lattice, this modification results in an ultra-short coupling structure with coupling length less than 3a, where a is the lattice constant. Also, we investigate the effect of changing the radii of air holes that are adjacent to or between the waveguides on the coupling length and show that increasing the radius of air holes between the waveguides decreases the coupling length. We analyze the output spectrum of an ultra-short channel drop filter designed based on this structure.     

一种新型光子晶体波导定向耦合型超微偏振光分束器

将两个二维空气孔光子晶体波导平行放置,两波导之间由三排空气孔相隔,构成一个定向耦合器.数值分析了TE(磁场平行于空气孔)和TM(电场平行于空气孔)偏振态光波在该定向耦合器中的传播行为.结果表明,减小耦合区两波导间的一排介质柱的半径,TE模的耦合长度减小,而TM模的耦合长度不变.基于此结构,设计了超微偏振光分束器,整个器件的尺寸为10.1μm,与已报道的24.2μm的结果相比,该器件具有更小的器件尺寸和更高的输出效率.     

光子晶体耦合波导实现光开关效应的研究

提出了一种基于光子晶体耦合波导实现光开关效应的方法:将线缺陷引入二维光子晶体以形成两平行的邻近波导,两邻近波导及其中间的两排介质柱构成了光开关模型耦合区;利用平面波展开法计算了不同介质填充率情况下的色散特性.结果发现:减小介质填充率可以实现波导耦合长度的减小;分段调整中间介质柱的填充率和选择不同的耦合搭配长度,定向耦合...     

基于波导间能量耦合效应的光子晶体频段选择与能量分束器

基于波导间能量耦合效应的光子晶体功率分束器具有结构紧凑、带宽较宽、弯曲损耗低、分光角度大和不受外界电磁场干扰等优点.本文利用时域有限差分方法,理论研究了二维三角晶格光子晶体耦合波导的功率分束特性,设计得出了一种能够在宽频谱范围内针对不同频率区间实现不同分光比的功能器件.在此基础上通过改变耦合区介质柱形状以及输出分支波导与能量耦合波导的连接位置,最终针对三个相邻频率范围内的入射光信号,较好地实现了三均分、二均分、单一输出通道这3种能量分配输出模式.该功能器件具有透过率对比度高、结构紧凑等特性,对于发展全光功能器件在大规模全光复杂集成领域内的实际应用具有一定的促进作用.     

Power splitter based on cascaded multimode photonic crystal waveguides with triangular lattice of air holes

We propose a power splitter based on two-dimensional photonic crystals with triangular lattice of air holes. The structure can be divided into three sections consisting of the input waveguide, area-defect regions, and output waveguides. The operational principle of the splitter is that an incident field in the frequency range of interest is split into a twofold mode pattern with small distance in the first area-defect and then one of which is shifted by the secondary area-defect regions to output port. We optimize the size of area-defects for the mode-splitting and the shifting from the numerical analysis of distribution of time-averaged Poynting vectors by a finite-difference time domain method. And the transmittance over 45% per each output with a bandwidth about 0.06a/λ is achieved.     

Optical interleaver based on directional coupler in a 2D photonic crystal slab with triangular lattice of air holes

A small-size optical interleaver based on directional coupler in a 2D photonic crystal slab with triangular lattice of air holes is designed and theoretically simulated using plane wave expansion and finite-difference time-domain method. The interleaver is formed by two parallel and identical photonic crystal slab waveguides which are separated by three rows of air holes. The coupling region is designed below the light line to avoid vertical radiation. The simulated results show that the coupling coefficient is increased and the final length of the interleaver is decreased by enlarging the radius of the middle row of air holes. The transmission properties are analyzed after the interleaver’s structure is optimized, and around 100 GHz channel spacing can be got when the length of the interleaver is chosen as 40.5 μm.     

Acrylic and metal based Y-branch plastic optical fiber splitter with optical NOA63 polymer waveguide taper region

We proposed a simple low-cost acrylic and metal-based Y-branch plastic optical fiber (POF) splitter which utilizes a low cost optical polymer glue NOA63 as the main waveguiding medium at the waveguide taper region. The device is composed of three sections: an input POF waveguide, a middle waveguide taper region and output POF waveguides. A desktop high speed CNC engraver is utilized to produce the mold inserts used for the optical devices. Short POF fibers are inserted into the engraved slots at the input and output ports. UV curable optical polymer glue NOA63 is injected into the waveguide taper region and cured. The assembling is completed when the top plate is positioned to enclose the device structure and connecting screws are secured. Both POF splitters have an average insertion loss of 7.8 dB, coupling ratio of 55: 45 and 57: 43 for the acrylic and metal-based splitters respectively. The devices have excess loss of 4.82 and 4.73 dB for the acrylic and metal-based splitters respectively.     

Fabrication of 1×2 asymmetric plastic optical fiber coupler for portable optical access-card system

We proposed a simple low-cost acrylic and metal-based Y-branch plastic optical fiber (POF) splitter which utilizes a low cost optical polymer glue NOA63 as the main waveguiding medium at the waveguide taper region. The device is composed of three sections: an input POF waveguide, a middle waveguide taper region and output POF waveguides. A desktop high speed CNC engraver is utilized to produce the mold inserts used for the optical devices. Short POF fibers are inserted into the engraved slots at the input and output ports. UV curable optical polymer glue NOA63 is injected into the waveguide taper region and cured. The assembling is completed when the top plate is positioned to enclose the device structure and connecting screws are secured. Both POF splitters have an average insertion loss of 7.8 dB, coupling ratio of 55: 45 and 57: 43 for the acrylic and metal-based splitters respectively. The devices have excess loss of 4.82 and 4.73 dB for the acrylic and metal-based splitters respectively.     

Ultra-compact polarization beam splitter based on photonic crystal waveguides

The authors design an ultra-compact all-PC-integrated polarization beam splitter which is only composed of three waveguides: one input waveguide and two output waveguides. The input waveguide can support both TM and TE modes, but one of the two output waveguides can only support TM modes while the other can only support TE modes. So an incident beam will be separated into two different polarization beams which emerge from different output waveguides. By the simulation of finite-difference time-domain method, we know that the polarization beam splitter really works the way as we predict.     

数值模拟二维间隙表面等离子波导传输特性

利用表面等离子激元的新颖特性,设计了二维间隙表面等离子波导.以这种结构为基础通过变形和组合形成90°直角弯曲波导、T型光功率分配器和光开光,采用时域有限差分法研究了它们的传输特性.结果表明:不同于介质光波导的弯曲损耗来自于辐射泄漏,90°直角弯曲间隙表面等离子波导的能量损耗主要来自于金属中的欧姆热损耗.在间隙达到40 nm以上后,当直行段的长度适当时,弯曲段的透射率较相同长度的直波导的透射率要大.T型光功率分配器在两输出波导的间隙宽度比达到0.6及以上时,不同于传统介质波导的分光原则,能量主要沿等效折射率较小的输出臂流出.当两输入光的相位反相时,T型光开关处于输出截止的状态,当两输入光的相位同相时,T型光开关处于输出导通的状态.所有波导间隙均小于衍射极限,实现了超衍射极限传播,可用于未来了超大规模集成光路中.     

基于自映像的光子晶体波导分束器的设计

通过研究2维正方晶格光子晶体波导多模干涉的自映像效应,优化设计了一种新型1×2光子晶体波导分束器,采用时域有限差分法对其传输特性进行模拟分析。设计过程中,根据多模干涉耦合区中周期出现的双重像的位置确定两个单模输出波导的位置,通过在分束器输入和输出耦合区的连结处设置介质柱,改变输入和输出耦合区中的模场分布,实现模式匹配,从而明显减小分束器的反射损耗。计算结果表明:设置的介质柱归一化半径分别为0.08和0.177时,对于波长为1.55μm的入射光,该分束器的透射率可高达93%。     

Hybrid vertical directional coupling between a long range surface plasmon polariton waveguide and a dielectric waveguide

To investigate light coupling between a long range surface plasmon polariton (LRSPP) waveguide and a conventional integrated optical component, a hybrid vertical directional coupler consisting of a LRSPP waveguides and a dielectric waveguide is investigated and fabricated. In the proposed coupler the dielectric waveguide and LRSPP waveguide are vertically configured for dense integration and strong coupling. The characteristics of the even and odd super-modes of the coupler are also analyzed to design the device. The fabricated device exhibits damped sinusoidal behavior along the coupling length due to propagation loss of the LRSPP waveguide. The maximum power transfer of 86% from the LRSPP waveguide to the dielectric waveguide is achieved at the coupling length of 600 μm. The measured characteristics of the device are in relatively good agreement with a theoretical analysis.     

基于深刻蚀SiO2脊型波导的紧凑型多模干涉功分器

采用深刻蚀SiO2脊型波导,利用其弯曲半径小的优点,设计了一种紧凑型1×2多模干涉功分器.在输入/输出波导与多模干涉区域之间引入了逆向锥形波导,有效地减小了输出波导间距,从而减小了多模干涉区域宽度及其长度,进一步实现了多模干涉器件的小型化(仅为150 μm×20 μm).并采用三维束传播方法对多模干涉区域及输入/输出波导中的光场传输进行了模拟仿真,得到了一组最优参量设计值,从而实现其结构优化.     

Negative index and indefinite media waveguide couplers

We study the coupling interaction between dielectric waveguides and coupling elements made from negative-refracting media. The coupling configuration consists of a length of dielectric waveguide, which terminates either directly into or near a planar layer composed of the negative-refracting medium, and is followed by a second waveguide. Radiation output from the first waveguide is refocused at the position of the second waveguide, so that the negative-refracting layer serves as a coupler between the waveguides. Because both isotropic negative-index layers and bilayers of indefinite media can recover the near-field, evanescent components of a source field distribution, the coupling between the input and output waveguides can be highly efficient – in principle providing perfect, lossless coupling. We present simulations and some initial experimental results illustrating the coupling effect, and speculate on the potential for optical fiber couplers and integrated modulators. PACS 42.79.Gn; 41.20.-q; 42.70.-a     

1×7锥形混合棒塑料光纤耦合器

利用光线追迹法进行数值仿真得到了锥形混合棒塑料光纤耦合器的分光比与其长度的关系.数值仿真表明:这种耦合器的分光比随锥形光波导长度增加,在0.143(即均分处)上下呈振荡型变化.选择一均分且分光比变化平缓的区域作为制作光波导的长度,通过拉伸粗的光波导棒成锥形且达到所需的长度,并采用精密的机械连接,制作出了1×7塑料光纤耦合器.测试数据表明:这种塑料光纤耦合器具有很高的均匀性.     

Design of Ultra Compact Polarization Splitter Based on the Complete Photonic Band Gap

A novel design of polarization splitter based on the complete photonic band gap has been proposed in this paper. The proposed Photonic Band Gap (PBG) polarization splitter is formed by two photonic crystal waveguides composed of dielectric rods in air in honeycomb structure for which complete photonic band gap is obtained using the plane wave expansion (PWE) method. The splitting properties (i.e. coupling length, extinction ratio and insertion loss) of PBG polarization splitter have numerically been investigated using the finite difference time domain (FDTD) method. It has been shown that polarization splitter of length as small as 32 μm can be designed at λ=1.55 μm. The proposed polarization splitter offers a large bandwidth of 120 nm.     

基于二维光子晶体点缺陷可调谐光功率分配器

在二维矩形阵列结构硅光子晶体中去除中间一排硅柱形成线波导,在线波导右侧引入点缺陷。利用时域有限差分法(FDTD)模拟仿真以及数值分析研究线波导中光耦合特性,计算出两个通道的分光比,发现改变光子晶体的温度可以明显改变这两个通道的光功率比。基于此结构,提出了一种新的光功率分配器,可以获得大范围的光功率比值,从1∶1～90∶1都可以通过改变光子晶体的温度来实现,并且当温度从0℃～200℃就可以实现这一功能,最后设计了一款三通道可调谐光功率分配器,通过调节两个点缺陷区域内温度来实现光功率的分配。     

A novel wavelength dispersive device with a dispersive element based on staircase-like straight and parallel arrayed waveguides

We propose a new type of arrayed waveguide grating (AWG) multiplexer/demultiplexer based on modified group refractive index. This device is composed by an array of straight and parallel waveguides of equal length and each waveguide consist of two sections with different width. The length of the two sections are changed from a waveguide to the adjacent one following a linear dependence resulting in a wavelength dispersive waveguide array. An example of the device design for silicon-on-insulator (SOI) platform is provided and numerical simulations have been carried out for various arrayed waveguide parameters. We demonstrate that the group index modification can be used for tailoring device dispersion properties, and that it can also result in new dispersion characteristics predicted numerically not observed in conventional AWGs. Additional advantages are that the demultiplexer does not necessarily require bending waveguide sections as in a conventional AWG (de)multiplexers, and thus yields highly compact devices with potentially very low insertion loss. Channel spacing of 1 nm have been predicted for sub-micron waveguides sizes. In this paper it is also proposed a novel wavefront converter based on waveguide array lens-like element with waveguides broadened sections. Numerical results for different input/output geometries are analized.     

光子晶体定向耦合三波长功分器

以二维三角晶格光子晶体为研究对象,在该光子晶体中引入两行以一行耦合介质柱为间距的平行单模线缺陷波导.通过分析和研究光子晶体波导耦合结构的耦合和解耦合特性,发现在不同频率下耦合波导的耦合长度不同.利用平面波展开法和定向耦合原理计算了在不同入射光频率下,缺陷波导间耦合波导的耦合长度,设计了一种新型超微光子晶体波导耦合型三波长功分器,实现了归一化频率分别为0.369、0.394、0.435的光波的分束效果.采用时域有限差分法验证了该功分器具有很好的功率分配效果.本文结果有助于光子晶体新型滤波器、定向耦合器、波分复用器、偏振光分束器以及光开关等光子器件的研究.     

基于硅纳米线波导的两级光子晶体缩束器

鉴于在微观领域光波的缩束对实现光电集成的重要意义,提出了基于硅纳米线波导的两级光子晶体缩束器。其中一级压缩基于W5型和W1型光子晶体波导间的高效耦合。二级压缩则由宽为0.1μm,长为3.06μm的纳米线波导和W1型光子晶体波导构成,通过二者的高效耦合实现光束压缩。当W1型光子晶体波导和纳米线波导间介质柱的半径为0.04μm时,对于1550nm波长的电磁波,缩束器的通光效率可达93.4%,压缩比为16.08,出射光束半峰全宽仅为0.148μm。