碳氟表面活性剂与碳氢表面活性剂混合水溶液的表面吸附和胶团形成 I: 全氟辛酸钠-溴化辛基三甲铵体系

The surface adsorption and micelle formation of the mixed aqueous solutions of sodium perfluorooctanoate (7CFNa) and n-octyltrimethylamonium bromide (C8NBr) have been investigated by studying the surface tension-concentration relations of the solutions. It has been found that (1) The surface activity of the mixed system is much higher than that of 7CFNa and C8NBr. C8NBr is a very effective synergist for 7CFNa in surface activity, and vice versa. (2) By applying Gibbs adsorption equation, the total amount of adsorption (It), the individual adsorption amount of the single surfactants (I7CF-, IC8N+) and the average molecular areas of them have been calculated. The adsorption value (saturated, IT) increases by 54% as the molal ratio of 7CFNa-C8NBr varies from 100:1 to 1:300. (3) From the adsorption data, it appears that the structure of surface layer of the 7CFNa-C8NBr solutions is peculiar and quite different from that of the cationic-anionic hydrocarbon surfactants. Firstly, the molal ratio of the two components in the surface layer of the 1:1 mixed solution is not 1:1 (7CFNa is adsorbed perferentially). Secondly, the molecular area at the maximum adsorption is very small (22.7A2). This could be attributed to the balancing of the electrical attraction between positive and negative ions and the mutual phobicity between the fluorocarbon and hydrocarbon chains. It has been concluded that the saturated adsorption film would possibly have a double-layer structure: the upper layer consists of the oriented 7CF- with the fluorocarbon chain toward the gaseous phase and the lower layer consists of randomly oriented C8N+ with the positive ionic head attached to the negative ionic head of 7CF- -- thus the 7CF- adsorption layer would behave as a platform for the adsorption of C8N+. (4) The limiting surface tension of the mixed solutions is very low (-15mNm-1) even if the molal ratio of 7CFNa-C8NBr is small, and so is the oil-water interfacial tension. Therefore it is capable of spreading the dilute aqu     

多烷基苯磺酸钠水溶液的表面性质

研究了多烷基苯磺酸钠的结构, 特别是侧链碳原子数的增加, 对其表面活性的影响, 并与其它烷基苯磺酸钠进行了比较. 结果表明, 随着苯环上侧链碳原子数的增加, 多烷基苯磺酸钠的临界胶束浓度(cmc)降低, 但侧链上CH2降低cmc的程度远小于主链上CH2的作用. 当侧链碳原子数增加时, 多烷基苯磺酸钠的饱和吸附量(Γmax)降低, 表现出与主链不同的变化规律. 从多烷基苯磺酸钠的结构解释了cmc和Γmax的变化规律.     

多支链烷基苯磺酸钠水溶液的表面性质

用自制的四种高纯度多支链烷基苯磺酸钠,研究了支链结构对其表面性质的影响.结果表明,随支链烷基碳数增加,临界胶束浓度降低,标准吸附自由能DGadӨ更负;但是,饱和吸附量Γmax却随支链烷基碳数增加而减小,且临界胶束浓度时的表面张力γcmc随吸附量减小而降低,表现出与一般表面活性剂不同的变化趋势.从多支链烷基苯磺酸钠的分子结构特点,解释了随支链烷基碳数增加Γmax和γcmc的变化规律,探讨了分子的独占面积(as)对Γmax及γcmc的影响.     

全氟辛酸钠与十二烷基三甲基溴化铵混合胶束微环境性质的NMR, ESR研究

应用表面张力法、NMR法和ESR法研究了全氟辛酸钠(SPFO)-十二烷基三甲基溴化铵(DTAB)混合体系水溶液胶束形成及混合胶束的微环境性质(微观粘度、微观极性等).结果表明,碳氟表面活性剂碳氟链和碳氢表面活性剂碳氢链之间具有强烈的相互作用,DTAB与SPFO在水溶液中形成混合胶束.DTAB与SPFO混合体系的表面活性高于单一的DTAB或SPFO,混合体系cmc较单一的DTAB和SPFO低.DTAB与SPFO混合胶束的微观粘度较DTAB胶束的大,而微观极性较DTAB的小.     

十二烷基硫酸钠水溶液的动态表面吸附性质

利用MPTC型气泡压力张仪研究了十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)溶液在不同NaCl 浓度下的动态表面吸附性质, 分析了离子型表面活性剂在表面吸附层和胶束中形成双电层结构产生表面电荷对动态表面扩散过程和胶束性质的影响. 结果表明, SDS在表面吸附过程中, 表面电荷的存在会产生5.5 kJ·mol^-1的吸附势垒(E_a), 显著降低十二烷基硫酸根离子(DS^-)的有效扩散系数(D_eff). 十二烷基硫酸根离子的有效扩散系数与自扩散系数(D)的比值(D_eff/D)仅为0.013, 这表明SDS与非离子型表面活性剂不同, 在吸附初期为混合动力控制吸附机制. 加入NaCl可以降低吸附势垒. 当加入不小于80 mmol·L^-1 NaCl后, E_a小于0.3 kJ·mol^-1, D_eff/D在0.8-1.2之间, 表现出与非离子型表面活性剂相同的扩散控制吸附机制. 同时, 通过分析SDS胶束溶液的动态表面张力获得了表征胶束解体速度的常数(k₂). 发现随着NaCl 浓度的增大, k₂减小, 表明SDS胶束表面电荷的存在会增加十二烷基硫酸根离子间的排斥力, 促进胶束解体.     

羧甲基纤维素-十二烷基醇聚氧乙烯醚丙烯酸酯共聚物表面活性剂在水溶液中的胶束形态

采用动态激光光散射及环境扫描电镜研究了羧甲基纤维素型高分子表面活性剂在水溶液中的胶束形态 .结果表明 ,共聚物在水溶液中的形态完全不同于羧甲基纤维素分子 ,亲水疏水链段的引入 ,使共聚物分子聚集形成了以疏水链段为核心的棍状胶束结构 .高分子表面活性剂水溶液体系的归一化一级相关函数不符合单指数衰减 ,表明胶束形态的多分散性 .在 0 .0 0 5%～ 1 %浓度范围内 ,胶束粒子大小均分布在两个区域 ,随共聚物浓度增大 ,低粒径区保持在 3 0～ 1 0 0nm范围 ,为单分子区 ;而高粒径区随浓度增大移向更高值 ,表明多分子胶束不断长大 .     

碳氟醇对全氟辛酸钠表面活性及胶团反离子结合度的影响

The surface and micelle property of C_7F_(15)COONa/C_3F_7CH_2OH aqueous solution are investigated by surface tension, conductance, electromotive force methods. The results show that when adding C_3F_7CH_2OH into C_7F_(15)COONa solution the surface activity of C_7F_(15)COONa and the counterion binding degree of micelle can be enhanced.     

双烃链正,负离子表面活性剂复合物水溶液的表面化学性质研究

中图分类号:     

十一烯酸钠与十一酸钠水溶液的表面化学

决定表面活性剂性能的首要因素是其分子结构．关于表面活性剂性能随极性头类型、疏水基化学组成、疏水链数目、长度及分支等因素的影响已有许多研究[1]．相比之下，疏水基中含有双键的影响研究较少．实际上，在由两亲分子组成的生物膜中，不饱和脂肪酸酯的存在有重要意义，它使     

PREPARATION AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF BLEND FILMS FROM SODIUM ALGINATE AND POLYACRYLAMIDE SOLUTIONS

Blend films of sodium alginate and polyacrylamide (PAAm) were prepared by mixing the aqueous solution of both samples at a different ratio. All blend films obtained are optically clear to the naked eye. The structure and physical properties of the films were studied by FT-infrared (FT-IR), wide angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD), differential thermal analysis (DTA), thermogravimetic analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and tensile strength test. The results showed that the occurrence of interactions between -COO^?, -OH groups of sodium alginate and -CONH₂ groups of PAAm in the blends through hydrogen formation. The blend films exhibited the higher thermal stability and improved mechanical properties in dry states. These properties had the maximum value around 20 wt% PAAm content in the blend film. The morphological transition of the blend films from sodium alginate-like to PAAm-like was observed by scanning electron microscopy.     

盐酸滴定碳酸钠第二化学计量点碳酸浓度的探讨

盐酸滴定碳酸钠第二化学计量点碳酸的浓度是溶液的pH值的计算依据,碳酸的浓度应该根据等物质的量反应原理,利用反应溶液的浓度具体计算得出,同时,应该明确说明计算时忽略碳酸的分解这一前提条件。     

添加剂对十二烷基磺酸钠溶液性质影响的研究

添加剂对十二烷基磺酸钠溶液性质影响的研究＊鲁润华郝京诚汪汉卿（中国科学院兰州化学物理研究所兰州７３００００）关键词表面张力电导添加剂Ａｓ中图分类号Ｏ５５２．４添加剂对表面活性剂溶液物理化学性质影响的研究是人们极感兴趣的研究内容［１］，因为表面活性剂实...     

烷基磷（膦）酸萃取剂钠盐与非离子表面活性剂AEO_9混合体系胶团的形成和分子间的相互作用

本文研究了烷基磷（膦）酸萃取剂钠盐ＮａＥＨＥＨＰ，ＮａＤＴＭＰＰ，Ｎａ_２（ＭＥＨＰ）与非离子表面活性剂ＡＥＯ_９以不同比例复配后水溶液胶团的形成及分子间的相互作用，结果表明混合胶团的形成使ＣＭＣ大大降低。分子间在胶团中的相互作用强弱为：Ｎａ_２（ＭＥＨＰ）体系＞ＮａＤＴＭＰＰ体系＞ＮａＥＨＥＨＰ体系，分子间在表面层的吸引作用小于同体系分子间在胶团中的相互作用，这一结果有利于混合胶团的形成。     

煤中钠在燃料初期行为的研究

煤中钠是影响增压流化床（PFBC）和整体煤气化（IGCC）发展的一个重要因素。本文对煤中钠分别在800℃和900℃以及富氧和贫氧两种气氛下燃烧初期的释放规律进行了研究。结果表明,煤中钠在燃烧初期变化不大,钠的释放将主要发生在煤燃烧的后期。不同形态钠在燃烧初期的变化规律不同。随燃烧时间的增加水溶钠线性减小,盐酸溶钠线性增加。醋酸铵溶钠在燃烧初期总体表现为增加,不可溶钠则总体减少。研究显示,不同形态钠在燃烧初期存在转化,并主要表现咪水溶钠向盐酸溶钠的转化。温度和气氛对钠释放的影响主要取决于煤种。     

氢氧化钠标准溶液浓度不确定度的评定

评定了按照GB／T601-2002方法配制和标定氢氧化钠标准溶液浓度的不确定度。从仪器、试剂、操作及实验环境方面分析了不确定度来源,对不确定度分量进行了分析、计算、合成。氢氧化钠标准溶液浓度的不确定度主要由标定时消耗体积的读数误差产生。在试剂纯度、仪器精度符合规定时,氢氧化钠标准溶液浓度的相对扩展不确定度为0．14％。     

Solutions of alkali soaps and water in fatty acids IX. The location of theL 2-phase in three-component systems of sodium soap — fatty acid — water,in view of the occurrence of acid soaps

Previous studies of the occurrence of acid soaps in systems containing a longchain sodium soap and the corresponding fatty acid, and the study of phase equilibria in the system sodium octanoate — octanoic acid — water, performed by our group at the beginning of the 1960s, show that the isotropic liquidL ₂-phase of the last mentioned system in its whole region of existence is situated in that part in which acid soaps occur. This provides an explanation for the fact that theL ₂-phase itself contains acid sodium octanoates in all regions. TheL ₂-phase has its origin in the water-free melt of fatty acid and neutral soap in which these components react with each other under the formation of an acid soap. When water is added to the system, this water-free acid soap is transformed into different hydrated acid soaps. In a large region of concentration, there is an extremely close relation between theL ₂-phase and the liquid-crystalline lamellarD-phase, which itself consists of hydrated acid soaps. At its outermost water-rich tip, theL ₂-phase is in equilibrium with theL ₁-phase of the system, just above the+LAC, that is, with the most dilute aqueous soap solution in which acid soap still may be formed in aqueous environment. Formation of acid soap is a fundamental requirement for the existence of this isotropic liquidL ₂-phase.     

笼形聚偕氨肟树脂的研究：酸处理树脂的吸附性能

笼形聚偕氨肟树脂（ＣＡＯ）经盐酸处理垢，伯胺基转变成胺盐。酸处理笼形聚偕氨肟树脂（ＡＣＡＯ）对Ｍｇ＾２＋，Ｃａ＾２＋，Ｂａ＾２＋，Ｍｎ＾２＋，Ｃｏ＾２＋，Ｎｉ＾２＋离子不吸附；对Ｚｎ＾２＋，Ｃｄ＾２＋，Ｃｕ＾２＋，Ｐｂ＾２＋离子的吸附效率在２０％以下，但对Ｈｇ＾２＋离子的吸附效率则高达７１．２％；对一些金属络阴离子的吸附效率顺序是Ｆｅ（ＣＮ）＾２－６＞Ｃｒ２Ｏ＾２－７＞ＭｏＯ＾２－４＞ＰｔＣｌ＾２     

Solutions of alkali soaps and water in fatty acid V. Measurements of water vapour pressure and electrical conductivity

Measurements of water pressure and electrical conductivity have contributed to show that the extended, isotropic liquid L₂-phase region in the system sodium octanoate/ octanoic acid/water may be divided into several subregions, inside which the character of the system is different. In the non-aqueous part of the phase and at low contents of water and more than about three moles of octanoic acid per mole of sodium octanoate the character is that of a solution of acid sodium octanoate in octanoic acid. At high water contents the L₂-phase has the character of a solution of acid sodium octanoate in water. Intermediately there is a large region where the character of the phase is reminiscent of a hydrated acid sodium octanoate in fluid state. In this region the content of octanoic acid is below three moles per mole of sodium octanoate and the maximal water content is about that bound to the polar groups.In the intermediate region the water vapour pressure is regulated mainly by the extent and type of the bonding of the water to the polar groups, and the electrical conductivity by the migration of free hydrated sodium ions in an environment of hydrated polar groups. In the part of the L₂-phase where the character of the phase is that of an aqueous solution the vapour pressure and conductivity are regulated by the concentration of molecularly dispersed acid sodium octanoate and its ions in water.     

BEHAVIOR OF ANIONIC SURFACTANT MICELLES IN THE PRESENCE OF Al3+ AND Ca2+

The estimation of the C-potential of ionic surfactant micelles may be useful for the study of adsorption of solutes onto the micellar surface, which causes a reduction of the net electrostatic charge. This work presents results on the variation of ζ-potential of alkylsulfate and fatty carboxylate micelles with the bulk concentrations of Al³⁺ and Ca²⁺ cations. Combined with results from the literature about the effect of micellar surfactant concentration on reducing surfactant precipitation in the presence of polyvalent cations, these allow to conclude that micelles of anionic surfactants will have a higher chance of electroneutralization of their surface charge by adsorbing cations if the end functional group of the surfactant is smaller.