透镜焦距及球面曲率的测量

概述目前透镜焦距及球面曲率半径的测量方法，介绍透镜焦距及球面曲率半径的准直光束补偿测量法的原理，指出该方法的关键是对补偿光束准直性的检测，提出一种用准直光束补偿和横向错位进行干涉测量透镜焦距及球面曲率的新方法。     

Measuring optical properties of an eye lens using magnetic resonance imaging

We compare the focal lengths of porcine lenses measured optically and by using a novel MRI technique. The geometric properties of the lenses were also measured and compared. The MRI technique exploits the dependence of both the lens refractive index and relaxation rates on the local protein concentration. By measuring the refractive index and corresponding values of R2 (=1/T2) for samples of lens homogenates with different protein concentrations, the dependence of refractive index on R2 was determined empirically. R2 maps, constructed from monoexponential fits to multiecho images of a slice through the lens containing the optical axis, were converted to refractive index maps using this relationship. A simulated ray trace through the refractive index map provided an estimate of lens focal length that was compared to a direct optical measurement of focal length using a laser ray-tracing method. It was found that the mean focal lengths estimated from the two techniques agreed within experimental uncertainty. The refractive index profile along the optical axis was found to be well described by a simple function of the form n=n0 + n1 x ra where r is the (normalized) lens radius.     

基于平行光管法的薄凸透镜焦距测量

薄凸透镜是光学仪器中最重要、最基本的元件,在天文、军事、医学等众多领域发挥着重要作用。焦距是薄透镜、反射镜等光学系统最重要的特性参量,因而准确测量薄透镜的焦距则显得尤为重要。实验室测量薄凸透镜焦距的方法有物距像距法、自准直法、光电法、平行光管法等。由于采用前3种方法测量透镜焦距的精度偏低,针对该问题,提出利用平行光管法测量薄凸透镜的焦距,并对实验误差作简单分析。实验结果表明,该方法可以高精度地测量薄凸透镜焦距,相对误差仅为0.138%。因此,采用平行光管法的薄凸透镜焦距测量方法是有效可行的。     

Focal length measurement of a varifocal liquid lens with capacitance detection

This paper reports on a detailed deformation model of varifocal liquid lenses fabricated by Parylene-on-liquid-deposition (POLD), which can be applied to measure and adjust the focal length of such lenses without using extra sensors or sensing mechanisms. The lens was fabricated by encapsulating a liquid between a transparent electrode and a polymer film that was covered with a metal electrode. When voltage is applied to the two electrodes, the lens deforms due to the electrostatic force, and its focal length and the capacitance between the two electrodes change simultaneously. This characteristic enables the focal length of the lens to be adjusted and detected by measuring the capacitance change. The focal length of the fabricated varifocal liquid lens changed from 153.6 to 82.6 mm by applying 150-V. The focal length change of the liquid lens was calculated from the change in its capacitance. Finally, to confirm the efficiency of this varifocal liquid lens, we fabricated a confocal distance sensor using the lens for laser scanning and demonstrated that this system can be used to measure distances of 94–140 mm with an average error of 0.83 mm and a standard deviation of 0.77 mm.     

Analysis of moiré fringes for measuring the focal length of lenses

We describe a technique based on fast Fourier transform and least-squares fit for automated analysis of moiré fringe patterns for accurately measuring the focal length of lenses. An interference fringe pattern is produced by a reflective diffraction grating interferometer and illuminates the test lens. Moiré fringes are generated by digitally superimposing the magnified fringe pattern imaged by the lens on the interference fringe pattern without the test lens. We analyze two common ways to generate the digital moiré effect: multiplication and subtraction with successive rectification of the two digitally stored intensity distributions, and we show that in the latter case by means of the described technique it is possible to determine the moiré spatial frequency by a simple and fully automated procedure.     

全息透镜的焦距测量

本文首先给出了全息透镜像散成像的焦距公式,介绍了用全息光栅法测量全息透镜焦距的原理,对两块自制的全息透镜在原光路再现情况下测量了其焦距,并用另一种参数测量方法对测量结果进行了验证,两者基本相符。通过分别测量全息透镜两个焦距,从而可得出其像散大小。最后指出了使用这种方法应注意的问题。     

Design and fabrication of fluid controlled dynamic optical lens system

A novel small fluid controlled optical lens system that is capable of displaying dynamic variation of its focal length and field-of-view (FOV) is designed and fabricated. In this active lens system, appropriate volume of the optical fluid can be pumped into or out of the lens chamber to provide double-convex (DCX) or double-concave (DCV) lens effect. Simple optical imaging experiments were performed using different sets of glass lenses with fixed focal lengths to determine the optimum lens configuration required for designing a dynamic optical lens system. The experimental results obtained from the glass lenses demonstrate that a combination of a single DCX lens with three DCV lenses provides a wider FOV. The flexible membranes for fluid controlled lenses were fabricated using polydimethylsiloxane polymer material, which has good optical transparency and elasticity. A simple fluid injection system is used to vary the radius of curvature of the lenses, and thereby to change the focal length. A dynamic optical lens system with a combination of one DCX and multiple variable focal length DCV lenses as designed here can image an object with a wide range of focal length and FOV. With this fluid controlled optical system, the FOV and focal length could be continuously varied and a maximum FOV of 118.3° could be achieved. The smallest f-number (f_/#) for this fluid controlled single lens system was found to be 1.3, which corresponds to the numerical aperture value of 0.35.     

大孔径变焦投影镜头设计

为了实现某一大孔径定焦投影镜头作为初始结构, 经过优化设计后成为大孔径变焦投影镜头, 根据设计目标的DMD对角线尺寸, 利用AUTOCAD对选择的定焦距系统的初始结构尺寸进行测绘, 初步选择各镜材料, 规划成5组元变焦系统, 利用各种操作数对镜头的基本参数和外形尺寸进行限制, 并合理利用2个非球面, 在光学设计软件Zemax与CODE V中往返优化, 得到一款在可见光波段内, 短焦距为14.61 mm、视场角为60°、F数为1.5, 长焦距为29.31 mm、视场角为30°、F数为1.6的变焦投影镜头。设计结果表明:各视场的传递函数(MTF)值在截至频率60 lp/mm处不低于0.46, 各焦距处的弥散角不超出1.6', 镜头具有良好的像质。该镜头系统由11块透镜和1块平行平板组成, 其中透镜2使用了非球面镜, 该镜头片数较少, 透镜折射率不高, 材料容易选择。     

Effect of secondary lens concentrators on the output parameters of solar modules with cascade photovoltaic converters

The feasibility of increasing the concentration ratio and expanding the misorientation curve using secondary lens elements is considered for solar modules with triple-junction InGaP/GaAs/Ge photovoltaic converters and radiation-concentrating Fresnel lenses. Composite glass-silicone Fresnel lenses measuring 40 × 40 and 60 × 60 mm (plan view) with focal lengths of 70 and 110 mm, respectively, are used as primary concentrators. The focal length of secondary plane-convex glass lenses is varied from 5 to 25 mm. With the shortest-focal-length secondary lenses used, measurements of the parameters of the photovoltaic converter in a system with radiation concentrators that were made with a pulsed solar tester show the increase in the concentration ratio and the expansion of the misorientation curve by a factor of 2.5–3.0. The parameters of test modules with lens panels measured under solar illumination are found to be in good agreement with laboratory data.     

Focal Length Measurement Using Self-reference ShearingInterferometric Technique

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Focal Length Measurement Using Self-reference Shearing Interferometric Technique

A simple and convenient method for measuring the focal length of lens using self-reference shearing interferometric technique is described. Experimental results and error analysis are presented,and show that a high accuracy can be achieved using this method.     

Focus depth characteristics of lenses with long focal depth designed by a focal depth function

The validity of a focal length function is investigated in designing optical element with long focal depth and high lateral resolution. The designed lenses with different starting focal length are studied. Two focusing performance measures, focal depth and lateral resolution, are presented. Comparing with the conventional lens and optical element designed by other focal length function, numerical results of the designed optics element indicate that the long focal depth and high lateral resolution are achieved. The validity of the focal length function is confirmed. Meanwhile, the designed optical element is similar with the lens with spherical aberration. It means that one can easily implement long focal depth by applying appropriate phase modulation to a lens with spherical aberration.     

On the use of lenses to focus few-cycle pulses with controlled carrier–envelope phase

From a model of focusing with lenses that includes the effects of the lens variable thickness, material dispersion, aperture, spherical and chromatic aberrations, we characterize the conditions under which a lens can focus to few-cycle, transform-limited pulses propagating without distortion along the focal region. A lens also allows to control the carrier?Cenvelope phase shift along the focus. The carrier?Cenvelope phase shift is drastically reduced by focusing with specific focal lengths and input spot sizes, which are of the same order as those typically used in experiments involving focusing for phase-sensitive, light-matter interactions.     

Modified nodal point method for the measurement of the large focal length of lenses

Some modifications have been suggested to the nodal slide and microscope method to suit the focal length measurement of large focal length lenses. In this procedure, the experimental set-up has to be accommodated on the two usual optical benches in line, and the position of the nodal point of the lens under test is easily located by introducing an extra lens of comparatively shorter focal length between the test lens and microscope. The results of the measurement of ‘f’ for a few lenses, and the experimental parameters, are presented.     

薄透镜组的焦点位于组合透镜两侧时应满足的条件

透镜组的焦距和焦点位置是透镜组的主要参数,本文通过对两薄透镜多种不同组合的讨论,总结出使组合透镜的焦点处在透镜组两侧需满足的条件．     

一款超薄800万像素手机镜头的设计

为了满足市场对超薄手机镜头的要求,运用光学软件CODEV,结合非球面理论,设计一款新的超薄800万像素手机镜头。该镜头由4片非球面塑料镜片,1片滤光镜片和1片保护玻璃组成,其中第1片透镜是正透镜,第2片镜片是负透镜,第3片镜片是正透镜,第4片镜片是负透镜,且光阑位于第1片透镜的前面。镜头光圈值F为2.4,视场角2为65.5,焦距为3.731 5 mm,后焦距0.31 mm,镜头总长度为4.6 mm,在最高频率1/2处大多数视场的MTF值均大于0.5,畸变小于2% 。     

Large‐aperture prism‐array lens for high‐energy X‐ray focusing

A new prism‐array lens for high‐energy X‐ray focusing has been constructed using an array of different prisms obtained from different parabolic structures by removal of passive parts of material leading to a multiple of 2π phase variation. Under the thin‐lens approximation the phase changes caused by this lens for a plane wave are exactly the same as those caused by a parabolic lens without any additional corrections when they have the same focal length, which will provide good focusing; at the same time, the total transmission and effective aperture of this lens are both larger than those of a compound kinoform lens with the same focal length, geometrical aperture and feature size. This geometry can have a large aperture that is not limited by the feature size of the lens. Prototype nickel lenses with an aperture of 1.77 mm and focal length of 3 m were fabricated by LIGA technology, and were tested using CCD camera and knife‐edge scan method at the X‐ray Imaging and Biomedical Application Beamline BL13W1 at Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, and provided a focal width of 7.7 µm and a photon flux gain of 14 at an X‐ray energy of 50 keV.     

莫尔偏折法测透镜焦距中的条纹二值化方法

当用莫尔偏折法测量透镜焦距时,条纹区域随着被测透镜和系统光学参数的不同而变化。针对此情况提出了确定条纹有效区域和选择二值化阈值的方法。该方法根据条纹图像数据的行列极值确定条纹的有效区域。介绍了该方法的实现过程,并分析了在有效区域内根据图像数据的灰度直方图自动选择二值化阈值的原理。给出了依据该方法提取条纹的示意图,以及用莫尔偏折法测量透镜焦距的实验结果。     

短焦段数字电影变焦放映镜头的设计

为了填补国内短焦段数字电影变焦放映镜头的空白及满足国内数字电影市场对大投射比镜头的需求,本文采用机械补偿式变焦原理,利用ZEMAX光学设计软件自主研发设计出一款适用于0.65英寸、单数字光处理器、1.3K数字电影放映机的短焦段连续变焦数字电影放映镜头.镜头包括前固定组、变倍组、补偿组和后固定组,由8组10片玻璃球面透镜组成,其中变倍组由一片负透镜构成,补偿组由两组双胶合透镜组构成.镜头总长170mm,全口径70mm,变焦范围为14.5～18.2mm,相对孔径为1/2,投射比范围为0.99∶1～1.23∶1,后工作距离为32.6mm.镜头凸轮曲线的设计采用等间隔变焦的方法,设计出了平滑稳定、斜率适宜、压力角小的凸轮曲线,具有加工方便、加工准确度高、变倍组升角容易控制且焦距变化均匀的优点.整个镜头结构简单、体形小、重量轻、成本低.     

焦距标准透镜的焦距精度标定的研究

焦距是光学透镜和光学仪器的重要光学特性参数。焦距值测量的准确性直接影响光学仪器的质量和军用光学仪器的性能发挥。因此，对测量焦距的仪器如焦距仪或光具座的精度标定工作就是极重要的问题。当前，最科学、最经济、最行之有效的方法就是研制出一套焦距标准透镜，对测量焦距的仪器进行精度标定。本文介绍了焦距标准透镜设计原则，标定焦距标准透镜所采用的一种高精度方法，并例举了其中一对焦距标准透镜最后精度标定的结果