甲酸在Aucore@Ptshell/Pt电极上电催化氧化的原位SERS

用化学还原法合成了Aucore@Ptshell纳米粒子, 并用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)及X射线衍射(XRD)等技术对纳米粒子进行表征; 采用电化学原位表面增强拉曼光谱(SERS)技术对甲酸的电催化氧化过程进行了研究, 成功地获得了甲酸在Aucore@Ptshell/Pt电极上解离吸附的原位SERS. 结果显示, 在开路电位时, 甲酸能在Aucore@Ptshell/Pt电极表面自发氧化, 解离生成强吸附中间体COad和弱吸附中间体HCOOad, 在电位为+0.10 V时检测到氧化产物CO2的谱峰. 研究结果表明, Aucore@Ptshell/Pt电极对甲酸的氧化具有较高的催化活性和较强的SERS效应, 甲酸在Aucore@Ptshell/Pt电极上的电催化氧化过程遵循双途径机理.     

甲酸在Pt-Ru/GC电极上氧化的SERS研究

采用循环伏安(CV)法、计时电流法和电化学原位表面增强拉曼散射光谱(SERS)技术研究了甲酸在Pt-Ru/GC电极上的氧化行为, 发现甲酸在Pt-Ru/GC电极上与在粗糙Pt电极上一样, 也能自发解离出强吸附中间体CO和活性中间体—COO－. 从分子水平证实钌的加入有利于提高电极对甲酸的电催化氧化活性, 当镀液中Pt：Ru的摩尔比从10∶1变化到1∶1, CO的氧化峰电位从0.41 V负移至0.35 V, 约负移了60 mV. Pt-Ru/GC(1∶1)电极与粗糙Pt电极相比, CO在电极表面氧化完毕的电位亦负移了约200 mV. 该研究结果表明, 电化学原位表面增强拉曼散射光谱技术可望成为研究电催化反应机理的普适谱学工具.     

A novel strategy to assemble colloidal gold nanoparticles at the water-air interface by the vapor of formic acid

We report a novel strategy on the controlled assembly of gold nanoparticles (NPs) at the air-water interface by designing a concentration gradient of electrolytes utilizing volatile weak acidic electrolytes. Films of close-packed Au NPs can be facilely obtained by exposing citrate-protected gold colloids to the vapor of formic acid for several hours in an airtight desiccator at room temperature. Both the higher interfacial concentration of formic acid and the buffer effect of citrate solution play the key roles in the assembly. They engender a gradient distribution of hydrogen ions such that to trigger the interfacial assembly of gold NPs while preventing the bulk colloid from aggregation and coagulation. Comparative investigations have also been performed either using other volatile electrolytes like weaker acetic acid and stronger hydrochloric acid or adding an electrolyte directly into the colloids. The as-prepared films of gold NPs can serve as good substrates for surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). This strategy has also been applied to the assembly of some other NPs like colloidal Pt at the air-water interface.     

SnO2纳米粒子作为SERS基底的研究

采用溶胶-水热法制备了不同尺寸的SnO2纳米粒子, 并将其作为表面增强拉曼散射(Surface-enhanced Raman scattering, SERS)活性基底, 重点探讨了表面缺陷能级与SERS性能的关系. 观察到4-巯基苯甲酸(4-MBA)吸附在150 ℃水热合成的SnO2纳米粒子上的SERS 信号最强, 随着在空气中煅烧温度的升高, SERS信号逐渐减弱. 分别用透射电子显微镜、 紫外-可见光谱、 荧光光谱、 X射线衍射和X射线光电子能谱对SnO2纳米粒子进行了表征. 结果表明, SnO2纳米粒子的表面氧空位和缺陷等表面性质在增强拉曼散射性能中发挥着重要的作用, 表面氧空位和缺陷等含量越高其SERS信号就越强.     

Self-assembled metal colloid films: two approaches for preparing new SERS active substrates

In this paper, we propose two new approaches for preparing active substrates for surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). In the first approach (method 1), one transfers AgI nanoparticles capped by negatively charged mercaptoacetic acid from a AgI colloid solution onto a quartz slide and then deoxidizes AgI to Ag nanoparticles on the substrate. The second approach (method 2) deoxidizes AgI to Ag nanoparticles in a colloid solution and then transfers the Ag nanoparticles capped by negatively charged mercaptoacetic acid onto a quartz slide. By transfer of the AgI/Ag nanoparticles from the colloid solutions to the solid substrates, the problem of instability of the colloid solutions can largely be overcome. The films thus prepared by both approaches retain the merits of metal colloid solutions while they discharge their shortcomings. Accordingly, the obtained Ag particle films are very suitable as SERS active substrates. SERS active substrates with different coverages can be formed in a layer-by-layer electrostatic assembly by exposing positively charged surfaces to the colloid solutions containing oppositely charged AgI/Ag nanoparticles. The SERS active substrates fabricated by the two novel methods have been characterized by means of atomic force microscopy (AFM) and ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy. The results of AFM and UV-vis spectroscopy show that the Ag nanoparticles grow with the increase in the number of coverage and that most of them remain isolated even at high coverages. Consequently, the surface optical properties are dominated by the absorption due to the isolated Ag nanoparticles. The relationship between SERS intensity and surface morphology of the new active substrates has been investigated for Rhodamine 6G (R6G) adsorbed on them. It has been found that the SERS enhancement depends on the size and aggregation of the Ag particles on the substrates. Especially, we can obtain a stronger SERS signal from the substrate prepared by method 1, implying that for the metal nanoparticles capped with stabilizer molecules such as mercaptoacetic acid, the in situ deoxidization in the film is of great use in preparing SERS active substrates. Furthermore, we have found that the addition of Cl- into the AgI colloid solution changes the surface morphology of the SERS active substrates and favors stronger SERS enhancement.     

Oxidation of formic acid and carbon monoxide on gold electrodes studied by surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy and DFT.

The oxidation of formic acid and carbon monoxide was studied at a gold electrode by a combination of electrochemistry, in situ surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), differential electrochemical mass spectrometry, and first-principles DFT calculations. Comparison of the SERS results and the (field-dependent) DFT calculations strongly suggests that the relevant surface-bonded intermediate during oxidation of formic acid on gold is formate HCOO- ad*. Formate reacts to form carbon dioxide via two pathways: at low potentials, with a nearby water to produce carbon dioxide and a hydronium ion; at higher potentials, with surface-bonded hydroxyl (or oxide) to give carbon dioxide and water. In the former pathway, the rate-determining step is probably related to the reaction of surface-bonded formate with water, as measurements of the reaction order imply a surface almost completely saturated with adsorbate. The potential dependence of the rate of the low-potential pathway is presumably governed by the potential dependence of formate coverage. There is no evidence for CO formation on gold during oxidation of formic acid. The oxidation of carbon monoxide must involve the carboxyhydroxyl intermediate, but SERS measurements do not reveal this intermediate during CO oxidation, most likely because of its low surface coverage, as it is formed after the rate-determining step. Based on inconclusive spectroscopic evidence for the formation of surface-bonded OH at potentials substantially below the surface oxidation region, the question whether surface-bonded carbon monoxide reacts with surface hydroxyl or with water to form carboxyhydroxyl and carbon dioxide remains open. The SERS measurements show the existence of both atop and bridge-bonded CO on gold from two distinguishable low-frequency modes that agree very well with DFT calculations.     

Adsorption Behaviors of 4-Mercaptobenzoic Acid on Silver and Gold Films

The adsorption behaviors of 4-mercaptobenzoic acid on silver and gold nanoparticles were studied by surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) and density functional theory. The silver and gold films by electrodeposition have the same excellent characteristics as SERS-active substrates. At the same, the SERS spectra indicate that 4-mercaptobenzoic acid molecules are adsorbed on the surfaces of gold nanoparticles through the S atom, and that the carboxyl group is far away from surface of gold nanoparticles, and that there is a certain angle between the plane of benzene ring and gold film. However, 4-mercaptobenzoic acid molecules are adsorbed on the surfaces of silver nanoparticles through the carboxyl group, and the S atom is far away from surface of silver nanoparticles, and there is also a certain angle between the plane of benzene ring and the surface of silver nanoparticles. Here it is demonstrated the calculated Raman frequencies are in good agreement with experimental values, and the calculated Raman frequencies are also helpful to infer the adsorption behaviors of 4-mercaptobenzoic acid molecules.     

pH值和阴离子对吡啶2,6-二羧酸在金纳米颗粒表面的增强拉曼散射的影响

表面增强拉曼散射(SERS)被用于检测细菌芽孢中的一种重要的标志物吡啶2,6-二羧酸(DPA)。以聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)为粘合剂,将60 nm的金粒子组装到表面打磨光滑的金电极上,制备稳定、灵敏的SERS基底。通过不同pH值下吸附在金基底上的DPA的SERS特征,考察DPA分子吸附构型发生的变化,并分析酸根离子对其吸附的影响。结果表明:在强酸条件下,DPA在Au NPs/PVP/Au基底上的SERS信号能达到最大增强;当pH值大于DPA二级解离常数时,DPA的SERS特征逐渐减弱。在DPA中引入不同酸根盐时,后者会取代纳米金表面的柠檬酸根所占的部分位点,改变Au NPs-Au基底的SERS增强性能。3种酸根吸附性能不同,所以获得的光谱强度存在差异。     

ZnGa2O4 Nanorod Arrays Decorated with Ag Nanoparticles as Surface‐Enhanced Raman‐Scattering Substrates for Melamine Detection

The availability of sensitive, reproducible, and stable substrates is critically important for surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS)‐based applications, but it presently remains a challenge. In this work, well‐aligned zinc gallate (ZnGa₂O₄) nanorod arrays grown on a Si substrate by chemical vapor deposition were used as templates to fabricate SERS substrates by deposition of Ag nanoparticles onto the ZnGa₂O₄ nanorod surfaces. The coverage of the Ag nanoparticles on the ZnGa₂O₄ nanorod surfaces was easily controlled by varying the amount of AgNO₃. SERS measurements showed that the number density of Ag nanoparticles on the ZnGa₂O₄ nanorod surfaces had a great effect on SERS activity. The SERS signals collected by point‐to‐point and SERS mapping images showed that as‐prepared SERS substrates exhibited good spatial uniformity and reproducibility. Detection of melamine molecules at low concentrations (1.0×10^?7 M ) was used as an example to show the possible application of such a substrate. In addition, the effect of benzoic acid on the detection of melamine was also investigated. It was found that the SERS signal intensity of melamine decreased greatly as the concentration of benzoic acid was increased.     

Thin films of Ag nanoparticles prepared from the reduction of AgI nanoparticles in self-assembled films

A novel method for the preparation of thin films of Ag nanoparticles is reported. Using mercaptoacetic acid as the stabilizing agent, AgI nanoparticles were prepared in aqueous solution. And based on electrostatic interactions, the thiol-passivated AgI nanoparticles were assembled in a self-assembled film by alternative deposition with a cationic polyelectrolyte. Then the AgI nanoparticles in the composite film were reduced by NaBH(4), which resulted in the formation of a thin film of Ag nanoparticles. UV-visible spectra and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy data confirmed the transformation from AgI to Ag. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) showed that the formed Ag nanoparticles distributed on the film homogeneously. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) measurement indicated that the prepared thin films could be used as effective SERS substrates. The reduction process was also carried out by UV light at selective surface regions, which resulted in the formation of patterned nanoparticle arrays.     

Mechanistic insights into electrocatalytic reactions provided by SERS

In situ vibrational spectroscopy can provide molecular-level mechanistic insights missing from purely electrochemical measurements. Surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is a particularly promising method and is used in aqueous and nonaqueous studies of a variety of electrode reactions. Enhancement of the weak Raman signal is achieved by structuring the electrode surface or by use of SERS probes. This review article highlights the recent use of SERS to study several important electrode reactions: oxygen reduction and evolution, carbon monoxide oxidation and carbon dioxide reduction and the electrocatalytic oxidation of small organic molecules such as formic acid.     

离子聚合物微球负载钯催化甲酸分解产氢

催化甲酸分解产氢是氢气储存和氢能利用的重要途径。以对乙烯基吡啶和1,3,5-三(溴甲基)-2,4,6-三甲基苯为原料,通过季胺化和聚合,制备了树枝状离子聚合物微球。负载Pd纳米粒子后用于催化甲酸分解产氢。微球的离子交换性能、含N特性以及分子内部空穴使制备的Pd 纳米粒子具有高分散性、小尺寸、均一粒径和优化的电子结构。考察了甲酸浓度和反应温度对产氢速率的影响。结果表明,在50℃、甲酸浓度为1 M、甲酸与钯摩尔比为200、甲酸与甲酸钠摩尔比为3的优化反应条件下,甲酸完全分解时间为30 min。催化剂使用4次后活性无明显下降。     

Nanoparticle-mirror sandwich substrates for surface-enhanced Raman scattering

Sandwich surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrates (3S) utilizing coupling between continuous metal films and plasmonic particles were fabricated using silver mirrors, electrochemically roughened films, and various sizes of silver nanoparticles. The effect of excitation wavelength and nanoparticle size on SERS spectra of poly(vinylpyridine), selected as a model compound, was studied to determine the optimum conditions for the strongest SERS signal. The Raman enhancement resulted from the plasmon coupling of silver nanoparticles to the underlying continuous film as well as the lateral plasmon coupling between the silver nanoparticles. The formation of the charge transfer complex was also observed. The 3S configuration was used to obtain SERS spectra of dipicolinic acid (DPA), a chemical signature for Bacillus anthracis.     

Synthesis and Characterization of Silver Nanoparticle Modified 3-Aminophenol Resin Microspheres with Application for Determination of Carcinoembryonic Antigens by Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering

Uniform phenolic resin microspheres were prepared by the polycondensation of 3-aminophenol and formaldehyde. On the surface of the 3-aminophenol resin microspheres, silver nanoparticles were synthesized in situ and immobilized by simple heating. The composite was employed as a substrate for surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). The SERS enhancement factor was evaluated using 4-mercaptobenzoic acid and Nile blue A as signal molecules. A highly sensitive SERS immunoassay that combined labeled antibody conjugated silver nanoparticle modified 3-aminophenol resin microspheres and coating antibody conjugated magnetic nanoparticles was fabricated to determine carcinoembryonic antigen. A linear relationship was obtained between the Raman intensity and the concentration of carcinoembryonic antigen. The limit of detection was 1.2 picograms per milliliter at a signal-to-noise ratio of three. This is believed to be the first report of a SERS immunoassay using silver nanoparticle modified 3-aminophenol resin microspheres as substrates.     

PdCu合金纳米晶体的制备和电催化活性研究

改变表面活性剂1-十八烯（ODE）和油胺（OLA）或油酸（OA）的配比,以1,2-二羟基十六烷二醇作还原剂同时还原乙酰丙酮铜Cu(acac)2和乙酰丙酮钯Pd(acac)2一步法制备了单分散的球形和米花形的PdCu纳米粒子.透射电子显微镜和XRD等结构表征表明,两种形状的PdCu纳米粒子均为（111）面占优的合金纳米晶体,其平均粒径分别为12.7 ± 0.18 和 20.4 ± 0.31 nm.电化学循环伏安法（CV）测定了两种PdCu合金纳米粒子对甲酸氧化的电催化活性.结果表明,在球形PdCu纳米粒子上得到的甲酸氧化峰电流密度约为米花状纳米粒子（PdCu-B）上的5.6倍.同时,前者显示出了更好的抗CO毒化能力.计时电流测量也表明,球状PdCu纳米粒子比米花状纳米粒子有更好的电催化稳定性能.     

The adsorption behavior of p-hydroxybenzoic acid on a silver-coated filter paper by surface enhanced Raman scattering

On dried filter paper coated with silver nanoparticles, surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectra of p-hydroxybenzoic acid (PHBA) were studied, and high-quality SERS spectra were obtained, indicating that the silver-coated filter paper is a highly SERS-active substrate. The analysis showed that the adsorption behavior of PHBA molecules on silver nanoparticles coated on filter paper was different from that in silver aqueous colloids. On the filter paper, it was found that the SERS spectra of PHBA changed with the proportion of PHBA molecules and silver nanoparticles, indicating that the adsorption behavior of PHBA molecules changed with the proportion. The probable reasons are given.     

不同Pt壳厚度Au_(core)@Pt_(shell)纳米粒子SERS效应

以Au粒子(55nm)为核,抗坏血酸为还原剂,将不同量的Pt沉积在Au核上,制得可控壳层厚度(0.3～6nm)的Pt包Au纳米粒子(Aucore@Ptshell).用紫外-可见吸收光谱、扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)和电化学循环伏安法等观测Aucore@Ptshell纳米粒子的表面形貌、结构和性能.另以SCN-为探针,考察了Pt壳厚度对Aucore@Ptshell纳米粒子SERS信号的影响.结果表明,SCN-离子的SERS信号强度随Pt壳厚度的增加呈指数衰减,当Pt壳厚度为1.4nm时,Aucore@Ptshel纳米粒子表现出铂良好的电化学性能,又具有较强的SERS活性.     

Surfactantless photochemical deposition of gold nanoparticles on an optical fiber core for surface-enhanced Raman scattering

Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) probes based on gold nanoparticles modifying the core of the optical fiber were made by a surfactantless photochemical deposition method. The growth kinetics and shape evolution of gold nanoparticles depending on different experimental conditions were studied. It was found that, under the condition of detectable gold nanoparticle deposition, increasing the concentration of chloroauric acid (HAuCl(4)) was not conducive to the deposition whereas increasing the concentration of sodium citrate (Na(3)Ct) would speed up the deposition. By controlling the concentration of the reaction solution and irradiation time, we obtained fused spherical-like, spherical, and flowerlike gold nanoparticles. To test the SERS activity of the probes, the SERS spectra of a rhodamine 6G aqueous solution were recorded in direct detection mode and remote mode. We have also developed a new approach to improving the SERS sensitivity when detecting in remote mode.     

表面增强拉曼散射强度与金纳米粒子粒径关系

表面增强拉曼散射（SurfaceenhancedRamanscattering,简称SERS）的增强机理主要分为两类’‘－‘’：电磁增强和化学增强．通常SERS活性表面的获得需要粗糙化．MOSkovitS最先提出,可将粗糙化的SERS活性表面模型化为平整金属基底上排列的金属胶体粒子“’．这样的模型与实际体系比较符合,同时给理论处理提供了便利．在这一模型基础之上,人们提出了一系列SERS电磁增强的理论计算方法’‘－“．在这些理论计算中,大多包含有SERS强度与粒径关系的结果．粒径对SERS强度的影响体现在两方面：1）SERS与粗糙度有关,粒径可视为粗…     

AucoreCoshell纳米粒子的制备、表征及其表面增强拉曼光谱研究

在乙醇体系中和在制备好的Au纳米粒子表面, 用水合肼还原钴盐制备Co壳, 首次通过化学还原法制得核壳结构的Au-Co纳米粒子, 并通过控制钴盐的投料, 得到不同包裹层厚度的AucoreCoshell纳米粒子. 用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和电化学循环伏安法(CV)等测试方法对其进行表征, 并用吡啶(Py)作为探针分子研究了其SERS效应.