前概念对物理概念教学的影响及教学策略

物理概念是“整个物理学理论的基石”，是“物理思维的细胞”．学生对物理概念的掌握程度会直接影响到其物理学的学习质量，物理概念教学的重要性是不言而喻的．但是，物理概念教学却并非易事，一般来讲，它要受到诸多因素的影响和制约，其中，学生头脑中前概念的存在就是一个很重要的影     

物理教学中如何转变学生头脑中的错误概念

物理概念是物理知识体系中重要的组成部分，是用浓缩了的形式表现大量知识的手段，是科学抽象的直接产物，它反映自然界各种丰富多彩复杂的物理现象中最基本的质的规律性．物理概念掌握不好，会直接影响物理规律的掌握，直接影响对物理世界的认识．因此，在物理教学中，重视学生对基本物理概念的理解，已成为物理教师和研究者的共识．本文以建构主义学习理论为指导，分析了学生头脑中错误概念形成的途径，阐述了教师如何制造“冲突”来转变学生头脑中错误概念．     

普通物理学中的几种物理概念

在物理教学过程中，“物理概念”这个名词一般情况下并没有正面向学生作过解释，而是把它的逻辑学的定义看作是不言而喻的．在逻辑学中，概念是思维的基本形式之一，它反映客观事物的一般的、本质的特征．在人类的认识过程中，把感觉到的事物的共同特点抽象出来，加以概括，就形成了概念．在实际教学过程中，面对众多的物理概念，我们不可能也没有必要按照逻辑学的定义逐一对每个物理概念的形成过程进行讨论，但只要抓住物理概念的特征，使其植根于学生头脑中，就能促进对其正确理解和运用．对普通物理学涉及到的物理概念，常见的可以有以下几种类型．     

评估学生的已有知识 促进大学物理教学

学生在上大学前储备了一定的数理知识,称之为己有知识.学生的己有知识来源于课堂、课外的各种环节.对于一个将要学习的物理概念,学生在上大学前至少可能带有3种类型的已有知识.只有了解学生具有的己有知识,才能对学生的学习初始状态有一个合理的评估,进而拟定有的放矢的教学计划.这对于大学物理基础课教学是至关重要的.     

"探究液体压强与哪些因素有关"教学设计

全日制义务教育《物理课程标准》主题二“运动和相互作用”中，对液体压强知识提出的教学要求是：“通过实验探究，学习压强的概念；能用压强公式进行简单计算；知道增大和减小压强的方法．”与过去的教学大纲相比，新课标降低了对知识层次的要求，强调学生通过实验探究学习压强的概念，对压强的概念没有终结性的要求．另外，新课标还强调了压强公式的应用和在实际问题中知道增大和减小压强的方法．这一要求上的变化，体现了要鼓励学生积极投入到探究知识、联系丰富多彩的生活和生产活动中去的教育理念．     

物理教学与"挫折教育"

在传统的物理教学中，教师总是习惯于把物理规律的演绎过程和正确结果一步一步地传授给学生，把教学的重点放在知识的理解和应用上．这种作法似乎是无可非议的．然而，从现代教育的角度看，它忽略了一个非常重要的问题——应当重视对学生进行物理学习的“挫折教育”．     

中学物理教学中的“ 文字迷思”

“ 迷思概念” ( m i s c o n c e p t i o n)是学生头脑中存在的错误概念或与科学概念不完全一致的认识. “ 迷思概 念”是中学物理教师在日常教学中常常遇到的问题. 本文在总结“ 迷思概念”产生原因的基础上, 提出了“ 文字迷思” 这一新概念, 指出“ 迷思概念”的形成与汉语语系中的词汇意义有着密切的联系. 了解“ 文字迷思”有助于学生更加 有效地将迷思概念向科学概念进行转变     

物理演示实验的"四要"

实验是物理学的基础，是检验物理理论的标准．在学生建立完整的物理概念和导出正确物理规律的课堂教学中，实验是最活跃最具生命力的部分．演示实验是指为配合教学内容由教师操作表演示范的实验．是深受学生欢迎的实验形式，是教师施展教学艺术的独特方法．它能化抽象为具体，化枯燥为生动，把要研究的物理现象清楚地展示在学生面前．能引导学生观察，并进行思考，配合讲授使学生认识物理概念和规律，达到“事半功倍”的效果．     

"探究-建构"型物理教学的案例及分析

“探究-建构”型物理教学是一种与新课改相协调的教学模型，它是以科学知识的建构主义为理论指导，以“探究”为基础，“建构”为目标的教学过程．20世纪80年代以来，以建构主义理论为指导，以探究性学习为基础的重构基础教育的课程已成为世界各国课程改革的突出特点．强调科学探究，不是不要建构知识，而是要把这两者有机地统一起来．从知识产生的本质来看，科学探究和知识的建构是一个统一体的两个侧面：     

新课程理念下如何"解惑"

在人们的心目中，似乎能把知识明白地传授给学生，把问题解释得清楚的老师就是好老师．但在大力提倡素质教育，进行新课程改革的今天，这样的观点显然有些偏颇．怎样“解惑”？教师怎样抓住“解惑”这个大好机会扩充学生学习的知识，提高其能力水平，增加师生情感，调动学生学习的主动性和积极性？笔者就此谈一点粗浅的看法．     

Radionuclides in deposition in the Ignalina NPP region in 2005

Results of radionuclide activity concentration measurements in deposition and ground-level air conducted at the station of the Institute of Physics situated 3.5 km from the Ignalina Nuclear Power Plant (Ignalina NPP) in 2005 are analyzed. Atmospheric depositional fluxes of ⁷Be, ⁶⁰Co and ¹³⁷Cs are estimated. Radionuclide particle deposition rates are calculated. The Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) model of the global dispersion and deposition is used to explain variations in the ¹³⁷Cs activity concentration in the ground-level air in the Ignalina NPP region in 2005. An increase in the ¹³⁷Cs activity concentration of up to 17.4 μBq m⁻³ on 30 October-5 November is studied. Modelling results show that the Chernobyl NPP Unit 4 Sarcophagus and the radiocaesium resuspension from the Chernobyl NPP accident polluted regions are sources of ¹³⁷Cs to the environment of the Ignalina NPP. Results on solubility in water of aerosols — carriers of ¹³⁷Cs — are discussed.     

Universal scaling in BCS superconductivity in three dimensions in non-s waves

The solutions of a renormalized BCS equation are studied in three space dimensions in s, p and d waves for finite-range separable potentials in the weak to medium coupling region. In the weak-coupling limit, the present BCS model yields a small coherence length and a large critical temperature, , appropriate for some high- materials. The BCS gap, , and specific heat as a function of zero-temperature condensation energy are found to exhibit potential-independent universal scalings. The entropy, specific heat, spin susceptibility and penetration depth as a function of temperature exhibit universal scaling below in p and d waves. Received: 18 July 1997 / Revised: 8 September 1997 / Accepted: 29 September 1997     

Thermal convection in Rivlin-Ericksen elastico-viscous fluid in porous medium in hydromagnetics

The thermal instability of a layer of Rivlin-Ericksen elastico-viscous fluid in porous medium acted on by a uniform magnetic field is considered. For stationary convection, Rivlin-Ericksen elastico-viscous fluid behaves like a Newtonian fluid. The magnetic field is found to have stabilizing effect whereas medium permeability has destabilizing effect. The magnetic field introduces oscillatory modes in the system, A sufficient condition for the non-existence of overstability is also obtained.     

Fano-type features in magnetoabsorption in semiconductors

It is shown that bulk semiconductors exhibit strongly asymmetric Fano-type resonance profiles in magnetoabsorption processes involving the formation of hot electron-hole pairs (EHPs) and accompanied by the scattering of the EHPs by defects. This result is valid for transitions to electronic states with large Landau quantum numbers, when the Coulomb interaction plays a small role. The physical reason for such a sharp change in the magnetoabsorption coefficient as compared with the expected result for the ordinary density of states in a quantizing magnetic field is that the electronic excitations are quasi-one-dimensional. The form of the resonance absorption is in good qualitative agreement with the experimental data. Pis’ma Zh. éksp. Teor. Fiz. 63, No. 8, 619–622 (25 April 1996)     

Uncertainty in prediction and in inference

The concepts of uncertainty in prediction and inference are introduced and illustrated using the diffraction of light as an example. The close relationship between the concepts of uncertainty in inference and resolving power is noted. A general quantitative measure of uncertainty in inference can be obtained by means of the so-called statistical distance between probability distributions. When applied to quantum mechanics, this distance leads to a measure of the distinguishability of quantum states, which essentially is the absolute value of the matrix element between the states. The importance of this result to the quantum mechanical uncertainty principle is noted. The second part of the paper provides a derivation of the statistical distance on the basis of the so-called method of support.     

Supergravity in theory in 11 dimensions

We present the action and transformation laws of supergravity in 11 dimensions which is expected to be closely related to the O(8) theory in 4 dimensions after dimensional reduction.