Substituent effect on the molecular stability, group interaction, detonation performance, and thermolysis mechanism of nitroamino-substituted cyclopentanes and cyclohexanes

Density functional theory (DFT) method has been employed to study the effect of nitroamino group as a substituent in cyclopentane and cyclohexane, which usually construct the polycyclic or caged nitra-mines. Molecular structures were investigated at the B3LYP/6-31G** level, and isodesmic reactions were designed for calculating the group interactions. The results show that the group interactions ac-cord with the group additivity, increasing with the increasing number of nitroamino groups. The dis-tance between substituents influences the interactions. Detonation performances were evaluated by the Kamlet-Jacobs equations based on the predicted densities and heats of formation, while thermal stability and pyrolysis mechanism were studied by the computations of bond dissociation energy (BDE). It is found that the contributions of nitroamino groups to the detonation heat, detonation velocity, detonation pressure, and stability all deviate from the group additivity. Only 3a, 3b, and 9a-9c may be novel potential candidates of high energy density materials (HEDMs) according to the quantitative cri-teria of HEDM (ρ≈ 1.9 g/cm3, D ≈ 9.0 km/s, P ≈ 40.0 GPa). Stability decreases with the increasing number of N-NO2 groups, and homolysis of N-NO2 bond is the initial step in the thermolysis of the title com-pounds. Coupled with the demand of thermal stability (BDE > 20 kcal/mol), only 1,2,4-trinitrotriazacy-clohexane and 1,2,4,5-tetranitrotetraazacyclohexane are suggested as feasible energetic materials. These results may provide basic information for the molecular design of HEDMs.     

From N‐Nitro to N‐Nitroamino: Preparation of High‐Performance Energetic Materials by Introducing Nitrogen‐Containing Ions

In the design of energetic materials, high energetic performance and good molecular stability are two main goals. Energetic functionalization which strives for maximum energy often results in unstable chemical bonds and causes safety problems in practical production and storage operations. In this work, N‐nitro‐ and N‐nitroamino‐functionalized mono‐ and bis(1,2,4‐triazoles) were synthesized and characterized by infrared, and multinuclear NMR spectra, and elemental analyses. The N‐nitroamino‐functionalization strategy was employed for bis(imidazole), leading to high density compound 14 (2.007 g cm^?3 at 100 K; 1.94 g cm^?3 at room temperature) and energetic salt 15 . While N‐nitro‐functionalized products are thermally unstable and highly moisture sensitive, N‐nitroamino‐functionalized energetic salts, which are comprised of additional nitrogen‐containing ions, exhibit good density, moderate to excellent structural stabilities, and high performance.     

2-Nitroguanidine Derivatives: V. Synthesis and Structure of 3,5-Bis(nitroamino)-1,2,4-triazole Salts. Acid–Base Properties of 3,5-Bis(nitroamino)-1,2,4-triazole

Heterocyclization of hydrazine-1,2-bis(N ²-nitrocarboximidamide) and salts derived therefrom provides a procedure for the synthesis of 3,5-bis(nitroamino)-1,2,4-triazole salts. The presence of two acceptor nitroamino groups conjugated with the triazole ring considerably enhances the acidity of 3,5-bis(nitroamino)-1,2,4-triazole (pK a¹= –2.0, pKa² = 4.8, pKa³ = 10.6) as compared to mononitroaminotriazole, so that formation of salts with the corresponding dianion becomes possible.     

Mass spectral fragmentation pathways in cyclic difluoramino and nitro compounds

The recently synthesized compounds 4, 4-bis(difluoramino)-1-nitropiperidine (I), 1,4,4-trinitropiperidine (II), 1,1,4,4-tetranitrocyclohexane (III), 1,1,4, 4-tetrakis(difluoramino)cyclohexane (IV) and 3,3,7, 7-tetrakis(difluora-mino)octahydro-1,5-dinitro-1,5-diazocine (HNFX, V) are being considered as potential energetic materials. The mass spectra of these compounds were studied using electron ionization (EI) mass spectrometry. A collision-induced dissociation (CID) study of the major EI peaks was carried out using a Finnigan TSQ 700 tandem mass spectrometer. The mass fragmentation pathways are constructed and discussed. The decomposition of HNFX (V), under EI, appeared to parallel the thermal decomposition of nitramines where N-NO(2) cleavage is often the first step. However, the two nitramines with a six-membered ring structure (I and II) underwent initial loss of a geminal substituent; loss of a nitramine nitro group was the secondary step. The two cyclohexane structures (III and IV) showed similar initial fragmentation pathways, featuring successive losses of nitro or difluoramino groups. Copyright 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

苯和苯胺类硝基衍生物的红外光谱和热力学性质的理论研究

用量子化学密度泛函理论方法,在B3LYP/6-31G*水平下,对苯和苯胺类硝基衍生物进行了几何构型全优化和电子结构计算。通过振动分析,求得它们的红外光谱并作归属。将理论计算IR谱与已知实验结果进行比较,表明本文所提供的计算结果是可靠的。对谐振频率以0.96进行标度后基于统计热力学原理求得它们的热力学性质,探讨了热力学性质随硝基数、氨基数和温度变化的规律,发现有很好的线性关系,体现了很好的基团加和性。     

反式-1,4,5,8-四硝基-1,4,5,8-四氮杂萘烷异构体热解机理与稳定性的理论研究

运用密度泛函理论和半经验分子轨道方法,对一系列高能杂环硝胺—反式-1,4,5,8-四硝基-1,4,5,8-四氮杂萘烷异构体的热解机理和稳定性进行了系统地计算研究。在B3LYP/6-31G**和PM3水平上,分别计算了标题物的化学键离解能(BDE)和热解反应活化能(Ea),并根据BDE和Ea数值考察了硝胺取代基对化合物稳定性和热解机理的影响;同时,还详细考察了BDE与Ea、化学键重叠布居数、前线轨道能级以及能隙之间的相关性。结果表明,由BDE、Ea和静态电子结构参数推断的标题物热稳定性和热解机理的结论基本是一致的,N-NO2键均裂是标题物的热解引发步骤,间位取代异构体较对位取代异构体稳定,而邻位取代的异构体稳定性最差。     

Interpretation of the vibrational spectra of nitramines on the basis ofab initio calculations

It is shown that, unlike conventional methods of vibrational spectroscopy, the use ofab initia harmonic force fields, IR and Raman intensities, and depolarizations makes possible a rigorous interpretation of the experimental spectra of the simplest aliphatic nitramines (CH₃)₂NNO₂, CH₃NHNO₂, H₂NNO₂, and their isotopomers. The scale factors, which were introduced for each compound to remove the systematic errors of the SCF MO LCAO calculation by fitting the parameters to the observed frequencies, were mutually adjusted during the solution of the inverse vibrational problem. The set of transferable scale factors established in this work can be used directly to analyze spectra of larger molecules. Some common patterns of the force fields and vibrational spectra of nitramines are discussed.Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya No. 12, pp. 2106–2117, December, 1994.The authors are grateful to the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (Project No. 93-03-4410) and to the Robert A. Welch Foundation for financial support of the parts of this work performed at the Department of Chemistry of Moscow State University and at the University of Texas at Austin, USA. The authors also acknowledge the support by the Scientific Technical Program Universities of Russia.     

Electron-impact fragmentation of some secondary aliphatic nitramines. Migration of the nitro group in heterocyclic nitramines

The mass spectra of a series of nitramines, including the explosives RDX and HMX, are reported. The nature of the major fragment ions is established by labeling with ¹⁵N or¹³C and by high resolution mass spectrometry. Electron-impact-induced fragmentation pathways including the migration of the nitro group in the heterocyclic nitramines, RDX and HMX, are postulated.     

Theoretical study of the structures and properties of cyclic nitramines: Tetranitrotetraazadecalin (TNAD) and its isomers

Density Functional Theory (DFT) was employed to study the geometries, electronic structures, infrared vibrational spectra, and thermodynamic properties of seven isomeric cyclic nitramines of C₆H₁₀N₈O₈ (i.e., TNAD and its six isomers) at the B3LYP/6‐31G* level of theory. The experimental results available for TNAD were used to determine the reliability of the DFT method for generating structural and IR spectroscopic values for these molecular systems. The relative stabilities of the conformers were evaluated from the energy differences of the structures. Detonation properties of various conformers were evaluated using the Kamlet‐Jacobs equations, and it was found that all the calculated results are comparable to the available experimental data. In addition, the calculated results demonstrate that all title compounds can be used as excellent propellant ingredients. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2005     

Relationship between Activation Energy of Thermolysis and Friction Sensitivity of Cyclic and Acyclic Nitramines

The knowledge of sensitiveness of an energetic compound to friction stimuli is important to ensure the safety of people and protection of property during shipment. The information on sensitivity to friction is considered very valuable for nitramines, which show relatively higher sensitivity with respect to the other classes of secondary explosives. This study presents a novel general simple model for prediction of the relationship between friction sensitivity and activation energy of thermolysis of cyclic and acyclic nitramines on the basis of their molecular structures. This methodology assumes that friction sensitivity of an energetic compound with general formula C_aH_bN_cO_d can be expressed as a function of activation energy of thermolysis and the contribution of specific molecular structural parameters. For 21 nitramines with different molecular structures, the new correlation has the root mean square and the average standard deviations of 14.2 and 17.8 N, respectively, as compared to experimental values. The proposed new method is also tested for further 8 nitramines containing complex molecular structures, which gives good predictions.     

Dipropargyl ethers possessing nitramine units

The syntheses and characterization of novel propargyl ethers of N-(hydroxymethyl)nitramines that contain from one to four nitramine units are reported. All nitramine-functionalized ethers were well characterized by IR and multinuclear NMR spectroscopy as well as CHN analysis, and the X-ray crystal structures of two of them are described. For ethers bearing two or three nitramine units, the standard molar enthalpies of formation at 298.15 K were determined from the experimental standard molar energies of combustion in oxygen measured by static bomb combustion calorimetry     

Nitramine anion fragmentation: A mass spectrometric and Ab initio study

The fragment ion formation characteristics of the radical anions generated from hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitrotriazine (RDX) and its three nitroso metabolites were studied using GC/MS with negative chemical ionization (NCI) to understand the fragmentation mechanisms responsible for the formation of the most abundant ions observed in their NCI mass spectra. Ab initio and density functional theory calculations were used to calculate relative free energies for different fragment ion structures suggested by the m/z values of the most abundant ions observed in the NCI mass spectra. The NCI mass spectra of the four nitramines are dominated by ions formed by the cleavage of nitrogen-nitrogen and carbon-nitrogen bonds in the atrazine ring. The most abundant anions in the NCI mass spectra of these nitramines have the general formulas C(2)H(4)N(3)O (m/z 86) and C(2)H(4)N(3)O(2) (m/z 102). The analyses of isotope-labeled standards indicate that these two ions are formed by neutral losses that include two exocylic nitrogens and one atrazine ring nitrogen. Our calculations and observations of the nitramine mass spectra suggest that the m/z 86 and m/z 102 ions are formed from either the (M--NO)(-) or (M--NO(2))(-) fragment anions by a single fragmentation reaction producing neutral losses of CH(2)N(2)O or CH(2)N(2)O(2) rather than a set of sequential reactions involving neutral losses of HNO(2) or HNO and HCN.     

FT–IR spectroscopic study on the thermal and thermal oxidative degradation of nylons

The effects of heat and oxygen on nylon films were studied by FT–IR spectroscopy. Nylons 6, 66 and nylons containing carbonyl groups in either the diamine or the diacid moiety were prepared. Nylon films cast on aluminum were studied in an environmental chamber under controlled conditions. The progress of chemical and physical changes was monitored by FT–IR spectroscopy. Thermal energy caused largely an increase in crystallinity due to annealing and also an increase of nonhydrogen-bonded amide groups, which seemed to entail mainly amide groups from the amorphous region. The intensities of IR absorption bands related to the folded structure reduced as soon as heating began. The IR spectra of the carbonyl groups formed by thermal oxidation showed band shapes that indicated that the formed carbonyl groups were of many different origins. The presence of keto groups purposely inserted into the backbone chains increased the rate of oxidation. Pyrolysis of the nylons was also studied to supplement data obtained at lower temperatures.     

Theoretical studies on the structures, thermodynamic properties, detonation properties, and pyrolysis mechanisms of spiro nitramines

Density function theory (DFT) has been employed to study the geometric and electronic structures of a series of spiro nitramines at the B3LYP/6-31G level. The calculated results agree reasonably with available experimental data. Thermodynamic properties derived from the infrared spectra on the basis of statistical thermodynamic principles are linearly correlated with the number of nitramine groups as well as the temperature. Detonation performances were evaluated by the Kamlet-Jacobs equations based on the calculated densities and heats of formation. It is found that some compounds with the predicted densities of ca. 1.9 g/cm3, detonation velocities over 9 km/s, and detonation pressures of about 39 GPa (some even over 40 GPa) may be novel potential candidates of high energy density materials (HEDMs). Thermal stability and the pyrolysis mechanism of the title compounds were investigated by calculating the bond dissociation energies (BDE) at the B3LYP/6-31G level and the activation energies (E(a)) with the selected PM3 semiempirical molecular orbital (MO) based on the unrestricted Hartree-Fock model. The relationships between BDE, E(a), and the electronic structures of the spiro nitramines were discussed in detail. Thermal stabilities and decomposition mechanisms of the title compounds derived from the B3LYP/6-31G BDE and the UHF-PM3 E(a) are basically consistent. Considering the thermal stability, TNSHe (tetranitrotetraazaspirohexane), TNSH (tetranitrotetraazaspiroheptane), and TNSO (tetranitrotetraazaspirooctane) are recommended as the preferred candidates of HEDMs. These results may provide basic information for the molecular design of HEDMs.     

The local dynamics of polyetherimides: Conformational probes, IR Fourier transform spectra, and quantum-chemical calculations

The IR Fourier transform absorption spectra were used to study the rotational mobility of macromolecule fragments (local dynamics) of several vitreous polyetherimides by the method of conformational probes. The temperatures of the freezing of conformational equilibria of probes were determined. The IR spectra of diphenyl ether, 2,2-diphenylpropane, phthalimide, and N-phthalimide were studied; these molecules were used as models of fragments of monomeric units of polyetherimides. Quantum-chemical calculations of the energies and vibrational spectra of these molecules were performed by the B3LYP method with the 6–31G(d,p) basis set. The rotational mobility of benzene rings in the main chain of polyetherimide macromolecules was estimated, and the nature of secondary relaxation transitions was determined. The IR spectra of polyetherimides were interpreted. The rotational mobility of the CH₃ and CF₃ groups of polyetherimides was estimated from the temperature dependence of absorption band contours of these groups.     

Dimethyl ether and dimethyl-d6 ether chemical ionization mass spectrometry of nitramines,nitroaromatics and related compounds

Dimethyl ether (DME) chemical ionization mass spectrometry with introduction by direct exposure desorption was utilized for the characterization of a variety of nitramines, nitroaromatics and related compounds. For the nitramines and for many of the nitroaromatics the most abundant ions were fragment-molecule adduct ions resulting from ion-molecule reactions with the reagent gas. Nitroaromatic positional isomers were readily distinguished by large differences in the abundances of the various adduct ions. For the nitramines, collision-induced dissociations of the prominent methoxymethylene adduct ions were studied and contrasted with those of the corresponding adducts derived from DME-d₆ as reagent gas.     

六硝基芪衍生物的红外光谱和热力学性质的理论研究

用量子化学密度泛函理论方法,在B3LYP/6-31G*水平下,对六硝基芪衍生物进行了几何构型全优化和电子结构计算。通过振动分析,求得它们的红外光谱并作归属。将理论计算IR谱与已知实验结果进行比较,表明本文所提供的计算结果是可靠的。对谐振频率以0.96进行标度后基于统计热力学原理求得它们的热力学性质,探讨了热力学性质随硝基数、氨基数、羟基数和温度变化的规律,发现有很好的线性关系,体现了很好的基团加和性。     

Studies on the Structures and Spectra of Benzothiophene Oligomers

Theoretical studies on a series of oligobenzothiophenes were carded out with the AM 1 and DFT methods. Based on B3LYP/6-31G（D） optimized geometries, the electronic spectra, IR spectra and NMR spectra of the oligomers were calculated by INDO/CIS, AM1 and B3LYP/6-31G（D） methods, respectively. The energy gaps decrease, and the absorption in elec- tronic spectra exhibits a red-shift as polymerization increases. The IR frequencies are little affected by the polymerization and substituents. The ^13C chemical shifts are changed to be upfield since the electron-donating groups increase the electron density of carbon atoms but remain unchanged with the increase of polymerization.     

稀土噻吩甲酰三氟丙酮喹啉螯合物的振动光谱

本文测定了系列稀土螯合物(TTA)_4LnQH的振动光谱, 讨论了螯合物的结构, 低波数谱带和Ln-O振动。     

A Theoretical Study on the Vibrational Spectra and Thermodynamic Properties for the Derivatives of 2,5-Dipicryl-1,3,4-oxadiazole with N3, ONO2, and NNO2 Groups

The derivatives of 2,5‐dipicryl‐1,3,4‐oxadiazole (DPO) were optimized to obtain their molecular geometries and electronic structures at the DFT‐B3LYP/6‐31G^* level. Their IR spectra were obtained and assigned by vibrational analysis. Compared with the experimental results, all the calculated IR data were found to be reliable. Based on the frequencies scaled by 0.96 and the principle of statistic thermodynamics, the thermodynamic properties were evaluated, which are respectively linearly related with the number of azido, nitrate and nitramine groups as well as the temperature, obviously showing good group additivity.