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1.
2.
This paper proposes a theoretical framework for the study of contact-wear. Wear phenomena due to contact and relative motion between two solids are characterized by a loss of material. The detached particles as well as damaged contact areas of the solids form an interface with complex mechanical properties. Using an analysis of the dissipation in this interface, an energy release rate and then a wear criterion are defined. This dissipation associated with loss of material will be called wear dissipation. An application to steady-state wear processes is then given.  相似文献   

3.
《European Polymer Journal》1986,22(9):711-717
Steady state flow properties of molten polypropene reinforced with short glass fibres confirm the existence of an interphase less mobile than the matrix. Moreover, knowledge of the flow behaviour of these reinforced materials lead to the prediction that their processing by injection molding must be achieved under the same conditions as the matrix itself.  相似文献   

4.
Abstract

On étudie l'établissement du régime final dans l'évolution électrohydrodynamique d'un liquide isolant soumis à un flux de charges dans le cas d'un substrat conducteur et dans le cas d'un substrat plus ou moins isolant; le cas d'un substrat ferroélectrique est envisagé plus particulièrement. Dans le cas d'un substrat isolant on étudie des mouvements latéraux du liquide. On montre que l'analyse de la déformation du liquide permet des études de substrats.

The establishment of the final behaviour is studied concerning the electrohydrodynamical evolution of an insulating liquid submitted to a flux of charges, for a conducting and for an insulating substrate of variable resistivity. In the case of an insulating substrate, lateral movements of the liquid are studied. One shows that analysis of the deformation of the liquid allows studies of substrates.  相似文献   

5.
6.
《European Polymer Journal》1987,23(6):423-431
We present two initiating techniques for synthesis in non-polar solvent of hydroxy terminated polybutadiene (HTPB) with high 1–4 content and which may be used as combustible binder for solid progergols.  相似文献   

7.
The theoretical bases of oxidation-reduction phenomena, from the point of view of analytical use, have been surveyed.The phenomena mainly considered have been: apparent potentials, dismutation, measured electrode-potentials, and allied to these the very important practical case of so-called irreversible systems.  相似文献   

8.
Numerical results of the behaviour of a low dimensional system show that the electric resistivity depends on the friction coefficient generated by the defects. We also show that the electric field dependence of the response time at different friction coefficients follows a power law. The divergence of the charge density wave response time near the threshold field indicates that depinning may be viewed as a dynamical critical phenomenon.  相似文献   

9.
A study of rheological properties in the molten state of two short glass fibre reinforced polyesters (polyethylene terephthalate and polybutylene terephthalate) was carried out, both in steady and dynamic flow. The results lead to information on the flow behaviour of these composite materials. Moreover, this study confirms the presence of fibre tied entanglements and shows the influence of the matrix.  相似文献   

10.
Lévy  R. 《Mikrochimica acta》1951,36(2):741-768
Résumé Une méthode des plus simples et des plus rapides de minéralisation des composés organiques en vue du dosage des halogènes est sans aucun doute l'attaque de ces substances par le peroxyde de sodium dans la microbombe deParr. Il convenait de lui associer une méthode ayant des qualités comparables pour le dosage ultérieur des halogènes ainsi minéralisés.La gravimétrie des précipités d'halogénures d'argent est longue et délicate et les facteurs de calcul deviennent défavorables pour le brome et surtout pour l'iode.Les méthodes volumétriques argentométriques sont rendues difficiles ou impossibles du fait de la haute concentration en sels des solutions d'ions halogènes.L'argentométrie potentiométrique a permis de doser à l'échelle semimicroanalytique les ions chlore et brome avec une solution de nitrate d'argent 0,02 N mesurée dans une macroburette. La haute concentration en sels ne permet pas, lorsqu'on utilise la méthode potentiométrique habituelle, de faire des dosages à l'échelle microanalytique; en outre cette méthode est encore de durée relativement longue.La méthode des potentiels d'équivalence repérés utilisée par l'auteur permet les dosages à l'échelle microanalytique de l'ion chlore avec une solution de nitrate d'argent 0,01 N, et des ions brome et iode avec une solution de nitrate d'argent 0,002 N, ces solutions étant mesurées dans une semi-microburette. Le faible titre de la solution de nitrate d'argent employée permet à cette méthode de concurrencer, pour l'iode, la méthode iodométrique au thiosulfate de sodium 0,01 N où l'on dose 6 équivalents d'iode pour un seul à déterminer. Cette méthode est, en outre, beaucoup plus rapide que les autres méthodes volumétriques y compris la méthode potentiométrique habituelle, et se prête, comme la minéralisation à la microbombe, aux dosages en grande série.
Summary One of the most simple and most rapid methods of mineralizing organic compounds for the purpose of determining halogens is doubtless the attack of these materials by sodium peroxyde in theParr microbomb.A method having comparable qualities for the subsequent determination of the halogens thus mineralized is described here.The gravimetric determination of silver halide precipitates is long and delicate, and the factors become unfavorable for bromine and especially for iodine. The argentometric volumetric methods are made difficult or impossible because of the high concentration of salts in the halide solutions.Potentiometric argentometry provides a method of determining chloride and bromide on a semi-microanalytical scale by means of 0,02 N silver nitrate solution added from a macroburette. When the usual potentiometric method is employed, the high concentration of salts does not permit determinations on the microanalytical scale; furthermore this method still requires a considerable expenditure of time.The method of equivalence potentiale, used by the author, permits the determination, on the microanalytical scale, of chloride with 0,01 N silver nitrate solution, and of bromide and iodide with 0,002 N silver nitrate. These solutions are measured in a semi-microburette. The low titre of the silver nitrate solution used allows this method to compete for iodide, with the iodometric method (when 0,01 N sodium thiosulfate is used) where six equivalents are titrated for each equivalent being determined. Moreover, the present method is faster then the other volumetric methods including the ordinary potentiometric method, and lends itself, like the mineralization in the microbomb, to series determinations.

Zusammenfassung Eine der einfachsten und raschesten Methoden der Veraschung organischer Substanzen für die Bestimmung der Halogene ist ohne Zweifel die mit Natriumperoxyd in derParr-Bombe. Es scheint zweckmäßig, sie mit einem ebenso zufriedenstellenden Verfahren für die eigentliche Halogenbestimmung zu kombinieren. Die Gravimetrie der Silberhalogenide ist langwierig und mißlich und deren Umrechnungsfaktoren insbesondere für Brom und Jod recht ungünstig. Die argentometrische Maßanalyse ist entweder schwierig oder gar nicht durchführbar in Gegenwart hoher Salzkonzentrationen. Im Halbmikromaßstab lassen sich Chlor und Brom mittels 0,02-n-Silbernitratlösung und Verwendung einer Makrobürette potentiometrisch titrieren. Hohe Salzkonzentration verhindert jedoch nach dem üblichen Verfahren den Übergang zum Mikromaßstab; im übrigen ist auch dieses Verfahren relativ langwierig. Die vom Verfasser angewendete Methode der gekennzeichneten Gleichgewichtspotentiale ermöglicht die maßanalytische Bestimmung der Chlorionen mittels 0,01-n-Silbernitrat, der Brom- und Jodionen mittels 0,002-n-Silbernitrat, wobei für diese Lösungen Halbmikrobüretten verwendet werden. Der niedere Titer der angewendeten Silberlösung läßt diese Methode der Jodbestimmung dem Multiplikationsverfahren mit 0,01-n-Thiosulfat gleichwertig erscheinen. Sie ist im übrigen viel rascher ausführbar als sonst übliche volumetrische und auch potentiometrische Methoden und läßt sich, kombiniert mit demParr-Verfahren, zur Serienbestimmung verwenden.


Avec 4 figures.  相似文献   

11.
《Comptes Rendus Chimie》2002,5(12):939-949
Oxydo-reduction phenomenon concerns glass manufacturing as well as its properties. Various oxidation scales have been used by glassmakers, the most widely used being the ratio between Fe2+ and the total iron content. Comparisons are made with others, such as the partial pressure of oxygen or the redox potential. The influence of the chemical composition of the glass is also studied as well as that of the temperature, through the results obtained in Saint-Gobain Recherche and in other laboratories. In industrial glass manufacturing, the oxidation equilibrium is usually achieved during the fining process, an intense ‘bubbling’ being necessary to obtain a homogeneous glass. Thus, the oxidoreduction state of the glass does not depend on the atmosphere under which it was made, but depends on the mixture of gases generated during the fining process, which is described through the reactions generated by the two main fining systems, arsenic oxide or antimony oxide + sodium nitrate and sodium sulphate + a reducing agent. The former provides oxygen and the latter, a mixture of oxygen and sulphur dioxide. Consequently, a glass melted with arsenic oxide is more oxidised than a glass melted with sodium sulphate. The equilibrium constant used to interpret the latter system, mostly used for soda lime silica glasses fining, is given as a function of the temperature and some of the consequences are examined. Obviously, the coloration by iron oxide impurities is influenced by the manufacturing process. Some other colouring oxides are submitted to a change of oxidation state and thus to a modification of their colouring action. A quick review is done of the transition metal coloration, of the electron-charge-transfer absorption due to sulphides or selenides, and of aggregate formation inducing the well-known red ruby glass, for instance.  相似文献   

12.
A simple solution to the difficult problem of the separation and determination of traces of rhenium contained in molybdenites is suggested. After the preliminary attack of the cres, rhenium is extracted quantitatively between, pH 8 and pH 9 by chloroform in the form of tetraphenylarsonium perrhenate. In this pH region the molybdenum remains in the aqueous phase.Calculation has allowed the determination of favourable conditions for the extraction of perrhenates by tetraphenylarsonium chloride and chloroform. Practical results are in satisfactory agreement with theory.The extracted rhenium, after conversion to the ions ReO4- in acid solution, is determined colorimetrically by reaction with thiocyanate and stannous chloride.By applying the method described it is possible to isolate and determine rhenium in molybdenites when the weight ratio rhenium/ore ecxeeds 10-7.  相似文献   

13.
1° The use of hydrated ferric oxide is suggested for separating phosphate from a solution containing other salts.2° A new flask is proposed, which can be used in the decomposition of organic matters. By means of this flask, we can carry out the mineralization without any bumping.3° By using hydrated ferric oxide and the new flask, we can successfully carry out the determination of phosphorus in natural waters as well as in organic matter.  相似文献   

14.
Conclusion La variation des valeurs des grands espacements ou les différentes valeurs des espacements trouvés avec les mélanges binaires des sels alcalins des acides gras de différentes longueurs de chaîne peuvent être expliquées de la façon suivante: Plus les longueurs des chaînes des deux espèces de molécules sont voisines, plus elles ont tendance à cristalliser comme s'il s'agissait de molécules identiques et plus elles forment donc aisément des solutions solides. Ceci se produit pour des valeurs de la différence relative du nombre d'atomes de carbonex/n 0,14. Au fur et à mesure que cette différence croît, ces mélanges peuvent donner un composé stchiométrique, mais ne plus donner des solutions solides en toutes proportions. Ceci se produit pour des valeurs dex/n comprises entre 0,14 et 0,50. Enfin si la différence relativex/n est plus grande que 0,50 les savons cristallisent séparément; il n'y a ni solution solide, ni composé moléculaire.
Zusammenfassung Mit Hilfe von Röntgendiagrammen wurden binäre Gemische von Natriumsalzen der gesättigten Fettsäuren mit gerader Kohlenstoffatomzahl und mit unterschiedlicher Kettenlänge untersucht, um die Existenz von möglichen definierten Molekülverbindungen nachzuweisen.Zu diesem Zweck wurden systematisch alle möglichen binären Kombinationen der Seifen durchgemessen, wobei für jedes Seifenpaar eine Reihe Messungen in verschiedenem Verhältnis beider Konstituenten angefertigt wurde.Die einfache Betrachtung der absoluten unterschiedlichen Kettenlänge in einem solchen binären Gemisch gestattet nicht, die Ungleichheit der erhaltenen Resultate zu erklären, aber derrelative Unterschied n/n, das heißt bezogen auf die Anzahl der Kohlenstoffatome beider Ketten, läßt die Aufstellung einer allgemeinen Regel zu. Je nach der Größe dieses ansteigenden relativen Unterschieds beobachtet man zuerst eine Bildung von festen Lösungen, danach Molekülassoziationen mit definierten Proportionen, und schließlich eine getrennte Kristallisation der beiden Konstituenten. Diese Ergebnisse werden bestätigt durch die Solidus-Liquidus-Kurven derselben Seifengemische.
  相似文献   

15.
The phase diagrams of gallium with the transition elements from Group IV – Group VIII and with the Group IB and IIB elements are reviewed. A comprehensive survey of the crystal structures occuring is given and certain aspects of the structural chemistry and of the electronic properties are discussed.  相似文献   

16.
A criterion is proposed to predict delamination initiation in angle-ply laminates. An analytical model permits to calculate interface stresses between two layers in any laminate. The criterion is based on the maximum value of these stresses and takes into account the scale effects (number of layers). The numerical results are validated by a comparison with experimental data.  相似文献   

17.
Traces of rhenium, in the form of tetraphenylarsonium perrhenate, are extracted by chloroform, and determined absorptiometrically in the form of a complex thiocyanate in isoamyl alcohol solution.  相似文献   

18.
In this note, we adress the problem of theoretically describing interfaces covered with long polymer chains. The usual observable for this problem is the monomer volume fraction, , as a function of the distance from the surface, z. However, this function is not always relevant. For example, when the interface is made of a strongly attached polymer chain in the absence of any solvent: the -profile is flat and does not give us any insight into the intimate organization of the layer. We suggest that the function S, defined e.g. as an integral of the loop size distribution, is a powerful tool. In particular, we use this function S and straightforward scaling arguments to recover two important results concerning reversibly and irreversibly adsorbed polymer layers.  相似文献   

19.
We address the formulation of two-phase flows in the context of a Darcy-Muskat (DM) model in terms of a saturation/global stream-function (or global pressure) coupling in heterogeneous isotropic porous media. In two dimensions the coordinate system, associated with some infinite capillary limit global stream function-global pressure, allows the saturation evolution to be unidimensional. We show that the complete (DM) model projected on this coordinate system can be very efficiently solved numerically.  相似文献   

20.
The ethylene and tetrafluoroethylene polymerization in a “cold plasma” leads to polymers with considerable deficiencies of hydrogen or fluorine atoms. With electronic spin resonance, the various kinds of radicals trapped in the macromolecular structure have been detected and in some cases identified and determined. The mechanisms could be partly explained in thermodynamic terms. Irradiation of the corresponding commercial polymers gives some information about degradation processes in the plasma.  相似文献   

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