钙－芦丁极谱络合吸附波的研究

在０．０１ｍｏｌ／ＬＫＯＨ底液中（ｐＨ＝１１．７），用单扫示波极谱法可获得钙－芦丁络合吸附波，检出限为８．０×１０－７ｍｏｌ／Ｌ．测得电活性络合物组成为Ｃａ（Ⅱ）∶Ｒｔ＝１∶２，条件稳定常数为β＝４．８×１０１０．电极表面反应速率常数为ｋｓ＝１．２７ｓ－１．     

钒－槲皮素－氯酸盐体系极谱催化波的研究

在醋酸盐缓冲底液中，钒能与槲皮素形成络合物，并吸附在汞电极上，在氯酸盐存在下，在Ⅴ（Ⅳ）还原至Ⅴ（Ⅲ）过程中，形成催化波。用单扫二阶导数极谱法测定时，钒浓度在１．０×１０￣（－９）～５．０×１０￣（－６）ｍｏｌ／Ｌ与峰高有正比关系，检出下限为５．０×１０￣（－１０）ｍｏ１／ｍＬ。测得电活性络合物的组成为Ⅴ（Ⅳ：Ｑｕ＝１：２。平行催化反应的速率常数Ｋ＝１．５×１０￣（４）（ｍｏｌ／Ｌ）￣（－１）ｓ（－１）。     

油页岩燃烧释放二氧化硫的本征动力学和机理

将油页岩通过酸处理和低温灰化，获得高纯度的有机质和矿物质，利用程序升温装置与二氧化硫在线分析仪，在升温速率为５℃／ｍｉｎ的条件下，分别研究了在燃烧过程中茂名油页岩及其有机质与矿物质释放二氧化硫的本征动力学。结果表明，有机硫释放二氧化硫的温度范围为２１０～４７０℃，按两段处理得到的动力学参数为：反应级数皆为１，在２１０～３４０℃，活化能Ｅ＝７６．１８ｋＪ／ｍｏｌ，频率因子Ａ＝９．９１×１０￣３ｓ￣（－１），在３４０～４７０℃，Ｅ＝１５４．７０ｋＪ／ｍｏｌ，Ａ＝７．８５×１０￣８ｓ￣（－１）ＭＰａ￣（－１）；黄铁矿硫释放二氧化硫的温度范围为２９０～５１０℃，动力学参数为Ｅ＝１９９．１０ｋＪ／ｍｏｌ，Ａ＝４．３０×１０￣（１１）ｓ￣（－１）ＭＰａ￣（－１），ｎ＝１．４。文中对油页岩中硫的燃烧转化机理进行了初步探讨。     

Eu~（3＋）在EastmanAQ－29D化学修饰电极上的电化学行为

研究了Ｅｕ￣（３＋）在ＥａｓｔｍａｎＡＱ－２９Ｄ化学修饰电极上的电化学行为。研究表明，在ｐＨ４．４的０．１ｍｏｌ．Ｌ￣１ＮａＣｌＯ＿４底液中，Ｅｕ￣（３＋）的还原一氧化过程是一种半无限状态；在最佳测试条件下，Ｅｕ￣（３＋）的还原峰高在１．０×１０￣７～１．０×１０￣（－５）ｍｏｌ·Ｌ￣（－１）范围内有良好的线世关系。用计时库伦法测定Ｅｕ￣（３＋）在聚合物涂层中有效电荷迁越的扩散系数Ｄ＿（ａｐｐ），其平均值为（３．２±１．１）×１０￣（－１１）ｍ￣２·ｓ￣（－１）。     

安非拉酮示波极谱法研究

在０．ｌｍｏ１／ＬＨ＿２ＳＯ＿４溶液中，安非拉酮出现一灵敏的示波极谱导数还原波，Ｅ＿ｐ＝－０．８０Ｖ（ｖｓ．ＳＣＥ），峰高与安非拉酮的浓度在１．０×ｌ０￣－７～６．０×１Ｏ６ｍｏｌ／Ｌ范围内成线性关系，检出限为１．０×１０￣－７ｍｏｌ／Ｌ用于片剂测定，得到满意的结果。用循环伏安法等手段研究体系的极谱和伏安行为，测得吸附量，吸附系数β＝５．６×１０￣－４，吸引因素ａ＝０．４９，吸附自由能△Ｇ＝－２７ｋＪ／ｍｏｌ。实验表明，该体系属不可逆吸附波。     

meso－5，10，15，20－四（3，4，5－三甲氧基苯基）卟啉的晶体和分子结构

用Ｘ－射线测定了ｍｅｓｏ－５，１０，１５，２０－四（３，４，５－三甲氧基苯基）卟啉的溶剂（正庚烷）合物（ＴＴＯＭＰＰ·２Ｃ＿７Ｈ＿（１６））的晶体结构。实验表明，该化合物（Ｃ＿（７０）Ｈ＿（８６）Ｎ＿４Ｏ＿（１２））的晶体属三斜晶系，空间群Ｐ１，ａ＝８．７４９（６），ｂ＝１５．１２９（６），ｃ＝１６．４４９（３），ａ＝６０．０７（３），β＝７０．６４（４），γ＝８１．７０（５），Ｖ＝１７７９．６，Ｍ＿ｒ＝１１７５．４９，Ｚ＝１，Ｄ＿ｃ＝１．０９７ｇ／ｃｍ￣３，μ＝０．６９７ｃｍ￣（－１），Ｆ（０００）＝６３０。讨论了卟啉环上取代基的电子和立体效应及卟啉与铁（Ⅲ）离子配位后铁（Ⅲ）离于对卟啉结构参数的影响。     

无机还原剂与光泽精化学发光反应的研究Ⅲ．钒（Ⅱ）－光泽精体系的化学发光反应

本文采用装有Ｊｏｎｅｓ柱的流动注射系统，研究了钒（Ⅱ）－光泽精体系的化学发光反应。在此基础上建立了痕量钒测定的新方法。方法的检出限３×１０￣（－１０）ｇ·ｍＬ￣（－１）；对于１．０×１０￣（－７）ｇ·ｍＬ￣（－１）钒标准溶液测定的相对标准偏差为２％（ｎ＝１１）；线性范围１．０×１０￣（－９）～９．０×１０￣（－５）ｇ·ｍＬ￣（－１），相关系数大于０．９９８０。该方法已用于水样中痕量钒的测定。对于反应机理，本文也进行了探讨。     

meso－5，10，15，20－四（3，4，5－三甲氧基苯基）卟啉的晶体和分子结构

用Ｘ－射线测定了ｍｅｓｏ－５，１０，１５，２０－四（３，４，５－三甲氧基苯基）卟啉的溶剂（正庚烷）合物（ＴＴＯＭＰＰ·２Ｃ＿７Ｈ＿（１６））的晶体结构。实验表明，该化合物（Ｃ＿（７０）Ｈ＿（８６）Ｎ＿４Ｏ＿（１２））的晶体属三斜晶系，空间群Ｐ１，ａ＝８．７４９（６），ｂ＝１５．１２９（６），ｃ＝１６．４４９（３），ａ＝６０．０７（３），β＝７０．６４（４），γ＝８１．７０（５），Ｖ＝１７７９．６，Ｍ＿ｒ＝１１７５．４９，Ｚ＝１，Ｄ＿ｃ＝１．０９７ｇ／ｃｍ￣３，μ＝０．６９７ｃｍ￣（－１），Ｆ（０００）＝６３０。讨论了卟啉环上取代基的电子和立体效应及卟啉与铁（Ⅲ）离子配位后铁（Ⅲ）离于对卟啉结构参数的影响。     

钴、镍──间氯偶氮安替比林配合物吸附波研究

本文提出钴、镍在间氯偶氮安替比林（ｍ─ＣＡＡ、ａ，ａ＇——联吡啶（Ｄｉｐｙ）、二苯胍（ＤＰＧ）、氨性底液（ｐＨ１０．３０）中的配合物吸附波连测体系。铸、镍配合物的峰电位分别为─０．８１Ｖ─０。９３ｖ（ＶＳ，ＳＣＥ），在最佳条件下，Ｃ＿０（Ⅱ）浓度在（８．５０×１Ｏ￣－６）ｍｏｌ／Ｌ，Ｎｉ（Ⅱ）浓度在（３．４０×１０￣－８─３．７０×１Ｏ￣－６）ｍｏｌ／Ｌ与相应的峰高呈线性关系。应用多种极谱技术研究了体系电极反应的性质，证明配合物在滴汞电极上的吸附符合Ｆｒｕｍｋｉｎ吸附等温式，并测得吸附系数和吸附因素。     

CaO与SO2反应的热重法研究

真空下ＣａＯ与ＳＯ＿２的ＴＧ反应按两阶段进行，即初始快速（约７ｓ）和产物层扩散控制反应，活化能分别为３６．７、７５．２ｋＪ／ｍｏｌ．石灰石类型、微孔结构、颗粒尺寸和温度影响反应速率，在１０００℃和１×１０￣２ｐａ反应３０ｓ，ＣａＯ转化率达５９％．     

Flow immunoassay of trinitrophenol based on a surface plasmon resonance sensor using a one-pot immunoreaction with a high molecular weight conjugate

A surface plasmon resonance (SPR) immunosensor based on a competitive immunoreaction for the determination of trinitrophenol (TNP) is described. A goat anti-mouse IgG (1st antibody), which recognizes an Fc moiety of an antibody, was immobilized on a gold film of an SPR sensor chip by physical adsorption. A TNP solution containing a fixed concentration of a mouse anti-TNP monoclonal antibody (2nd antibody) and a TNP-keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) conjugate was incubated in one-pot and introduced into the sensor chip. The TNP-KLH conjugate competes with TNP for binding with the 2nd antibody. The resulting complex of the 2nd antibody with the TNP-KLH conjugate was bound to the 1st antibody, which is immobilized on the sensor chip. The SPR sensor signal based on resonance angle shift is dependent on the concentration of TNP in the incubation solution in the range from 25 ppt to 25 ppb, and the coefficient of variation of the SPR signals for the 25 ppb TNP solution was determined to be 13% (n = 4). The experimental results for the adsorption constant of the 1st antibody on the sensor chip and the binding constant of the 1st antibody complex with the 2nd antibody are discussed, together with theoretical considerations.     

基于巯基自组装单层膜的植物生长激素吲哚乙酸电化学免疫传感器的研究

提出了一种酶标识抗原与待测样品的竞争免疫反应定量测定IAA的方法．该方 法是基于金基底上形成了均一、稳定、有序的硫基自组装单层膜，能以共价方式固 定抗体．利用循环伏安法探讨了底物在不同条件下的反应特征，并研究了最佳实验 条件．在浓度5．68×10^-7～2.83×10^-5mol/L范围内、-200mV电位下，响应电流 与lg[IAA]呈线性关系，其回归方程；i(nA)=-20.8333×lg(10^6[IAA])+68.9167， 相关系数0.9915。对样品IAA的含量进行测定，结果令人满意．     

一种简便灵敏测定C反应蛋白的免疫共振散射光谱分析新方法

在pH 6.0的柠檬酸-Na₂HPO₄缓冲溶液中及PEG-6000存在下, C反应蛋白(CRP)与羊抗人C反应蛋白可聚集形成免疫复合物微粒, 在350, 390, 440 nm处有三个共振散射峰. 激光散射法测得免疫复合物微粒的平均粒径为1720.0 nm. 在最佳实验条件下, CRP浓度在0.03～1.80 μg•mL^－1的范围内与390, 440 nm处共振散射强度都呈良好的线性关系, 其回归方程、相关系数、检出限分别为ΔI_{390 nm}＝306.4c＋17.3, ΔI_{440 nm}＝296.0c＋10.7; 0.9993, 0.9996; 0.011, 0.012 μg•mL^－1. 该方法选择性较好, 操作简便, 用于人血清中C反应蛋白的测定, 结果与免疫透射比浊法结果一致, 相对标准偏差在0.90%～4.12%.     

The sandwich-type electrochemiluminescence immunosensor for α-fetoprotein based on enrichment by Fe3O4-Au magnetic nano probes and signal amplification by CdS-Au composite nanoparticles labeled anti-AFP

A novel and sensitive sandwich-type electrochemiluminescence (ECL) immunosensor was fabricated on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) for ultra trace levels of α-fetoprotein (AFP) based on sandwich immunoreaction strategy by enrichment using magnetic capture probes and quantum dots coated with Au shell (CdS-Au) as the signal tag. The capture probe was prepared by immobilizing the primary antibody of AFP (Ab1) on the core/shell Fe₃O₄-Au nanoparticles, which was first employed to capture AFP antigens to form Fe₃O₄-Au/Ab1/AFP complex from the serum after incubation. The product can be separated from the background solution through the magnetic separation. Then the CdS-Au labeled secondary antibody (Ab2) as signal tag (CdS-Au/Ab2) was conjugated successfully with Fe₃O₄-Au/Ab1/AFP complex to form a sandwich-type immunocomplex (Fe₃O₄-Au/Ab1/AFP/Ab2/CdS-Au), which can be further separated by an external magnetic field and produce ECL signals at a fixed voltage. The signal was proportional to a certain concentration range of AFP for quantification. Thus, an easy-to-use immunosensor with magnetic probes and a quantum dots signal tag was obtained. The immunosensor performed at a level of high sensitivity and a broad concentration range for AFP between 0.0005 and 5.0 ng mL⁻¹ with a detection limit of 0.2 pg mL⁻¹. The use of magnetic probes was combined with pre-concentration and separation for trace levels of tumor markers in the serum. Due to the amplification of the signal tag, the immunosensor is highly sensitive, which can offer great promise for rapid, simple, selective and cost-effective detection of effective biomonitoring for clinical application.     

Pseudo-homogeneous immunoextraction of epitestosterone from human urine samples based on gold-coated magnetic nanoparticles

A pseudo-homogeneous immunoextraction method based on gold-coated magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) for the specific extraction and quantitative analysis of epitestosterone (17α-hydroxy-4-androsten-3-one, abbreviated as “ET”) from human urine samples by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) has been developed. Half-IgG of anti-ET monoclonal antibodies were covalently immobilized onto (Fe₃O₄)_core-Au_shell (Fe₃O₄@Au) MNPs. An external magnetic field was applied to collect the MNPs which were then rinsed with distilled water followed by elution with absolute methanol to obtain ET as the analyte. The obtained extraction solution was analyzed by HPLC with UV detection (244 nm) within 12 min. The standard calibration curve for ET showed good linearity in the range of 20-200 ng mL⁻¹ in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) solutions with acceptable accuracy and precision. Limit of detection for ET was 0.06 ng mL⁻¹ due to an enrichment factor of 100-fold was achieved. The results obtained by the present method for spiked human urine samples were in agreement with those from indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunoadsorbent assays (ELISAs). The antibody-conjugated Fe₃O₄@Au MNPs are novel materials for immunoaffinity extraction. Compared with the conventional technique using immunoaffinity column, the method described here for sample pretreatment was fast, highly specific, and easy to operate.     

Evaluation of the molecular recognition of monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies for sensitive detection of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) by indirect competitive surface plasmon resonance immunoassay

Detection of TNT is an important environmental and security concern all over the world. We herein report the performance and comparison of four immunoassays for rapid and label-free detection of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) based on surface plasmon resonance (SPR). The immunosensor surface was constructed by immobilization of a home-made 2,4,6-trinitrophenyl–keyhole limpet hemocyanin (TNPh–KLH) conjugate onto an SPR gold surface by simple physical adsorption within 10 min. The immunoreaction of the TNPh–KLH conjugate with four different antibodies, namely, monoclonal anti-TNT antibody (M-TNT Ab), monoclonal anti-trinitrophenol antibody (M-TNP Ab), polyclonal anti-trinitrophenyl antibody (P-TNPh Ab), and polyclonal anti-TNP antibody (P-TNP Ab), was studied by SPR. The principle of indirect competitive immunoreaction was employed for quantification of TNT. Among the four antibodies, the P-TNPh Ab prepared by our group showed highest sensitivity with a detection limit of 0.002 ng/mL (2 ppt) TNT. The lowest detection limits observed with other commercial antibodies were 0.008 ng/mL (8 ppt), 0.25 ng/mL (250 ppt), and 40 ng/mL (ppb) for M-TNT Ab, P-TNP Ab, and M-TNP Ab, respectively, in the similar assay format. The concentration of the conjugate and the antibodies were optimized for use in the immunoassay. The response time for an immunoreaction was 36 s and a single immunocycle could be done within 2 min, including the sensor surface regeneration using pepsin solution. In addition to the quantification of TNT, all immunoassays were evaluated for robustness and cross-reactivity towards several TNT analogs.      

A Novel Amperometric Immunosensor for Phytohormone Abscisic Acid Based on In Situ Chemical Reductive Growth of Gold Nanoparticles on Glassy Carbon Electrode

Abstract

An amperometric immunosensor for phytohormone abscisic acid was developed based on in situ chemical reductive growth of gold nanoparticles on glassy carbon electrode. First, an approximate 10 nm gold layer was sputtered uniformly onto the electrode surface, and then gold nanoparticles were grown directly on the gold layer for antibody adsorption by immersing the electrode into the H₂AuCl₄ solution. Determination was based on an enzyme-linked competitive immunoreaction between free and enzyme-labeled abscisic acid to bind on immobilized antibody on electrode. The linear response was from 10 ng/ml to 10 µg/ml with a detection limit of 5 ng/ml.     

The Recognition of and Reactions to Nucleic Acid Nanoparticles by Human Immune Cells

The relatively straightforward methods of designing and assembling various functional nucleic acids into nanoparticles offer advantages for applications in diverse diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. However, due to the novelty of this approach, nucleic acid nanoparticles (NANPs) are not yet used in the clinic. The immune recognition of NANPs is among the areas of preclinical investigation aimed at enabling the translation of these novel materials into clinical settings. NANPs’ interactions with the complement system, coagulation systems, and immune cells are essential components of their preclinical safety portfolio. It has been established that NANPs’ physicochemical properties—composition, shape, and size—determine their interactions with immune cells (primarily blood plasmacytoid dendritic cells and monocytes), enable recognition by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs), and mediate the subsequent cytokine response. However, unlike traditional therapeutic nucleic acids (e.g., CpG oligonucleotides), NANPs do not trigger a cytokine response unless they are delivered into the cells using a carrier. Recently, it was discovered that the type of carrier provides an additional tool for regulating both the spectrum and the magnitude of the cytokine response to NANPs. Herein, we review the current knowledge of NANPs’ interactions with various components of the immune system to emphasize the unique properties of these nanomaterials and highlight opportunities for their use in vaccines and immunotherapy.     

A Novel Chemiluminescence Immunoassay Using Solid‐Phase Antigen for Free 17β‐Estradiol in Human Serum

A high‐performance chemiluminescence immunoassay, with long‐term durability, good precision and time‐saving, was proposed for the detection of free 17β‐estradiol (E₂) in human serum. Ninety‐six microplates were coated with bovine serum albumin conjugated E₂ antigen as solid phase for the immunoassay. The E₂‐BSA antigen coated on the microplate and the E₂ antigen in the sample competed for the binding sites on the horseradish peroxidase (HRP) labeled anti‐E₂ antibody. Chemiluminescence reaction was subsequently carried out by HRP catalyzing luminol‐H₂O₂ substrates, and the chemiluminescence intensity was inversely proportional to the amount of analyte in human sera samples. The concentration of immunoreagents, immunoreaction time, and other relevant variable conditions upon the immunoassay were studied and optimized. The proposed method exhibited detection limit as low as 5.94×10^?3 µg·L^?1 in a linear detection range from 0.01 to 1.00 µg·L^?1, good recoveries between 105% and 108%, and high precision with intra‐ and inter‐assay coefficients between 7.9% and 14.3%.     

Preparation of TiO2 nanosheet-carbon nanotube composite as immobilization platform for both primary and secondary antibodies in electrochemical immunoassay

TiO₂ nanosheets (TNSs) were synthesized and deposited on multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) to form a nano-composite through a hydrothermal method, followed by the characterization with various spectroscopic and microscopic techniques. The TNS-MWCNT composite was then applied as not only an electrode scaffold to immobilize primary antibody, but also as a carrier to load secondary antibody and horseradish peroxidase (HRP). In both cases, bis(sulfosuccinimidyl) suberate sodium salt acted as an amino cross-linker to covalently bind the biomolecules on TNS-MWCNT composite through their surface primary amino groups. After the sandwich-type immunoreaction, HPR was quantitatively captured on the electrode surface via the binding between secondary antibody and antigen, and electrochemical response of the immunosensor was then amplified by a H₂O₂ mediated HRP catalytic reaction. Using α-Fetoprotein as a model analyte, a linear range between 0.005 and 320 ng mL⁻¹ with a detection limit of 2.0 pg mL⁻¹ was achieved by differential pulse voltammetry. The improved immunosensor performance could be attributed to the biocompatibility and high specific surface area of TNS, and excellent electrical conductivity of MWCNTs, which accelerated the electron transfer at the electrode surface.