多层衍射光学元件设计原理与衍射效率的研究

叙述了多层衍射光学元件的设计原理.通过对多层衍射光学元件结构、位相延迟表达式、材料选择匹配的研究,使得优化最大光栅高度后的多层衍射光学元件能够实现大幅度提高宽光谱范围内衍射效率的作用.其衍射效率在从g谱线（435.834 3 nm）到C谱线（656.272 5 nm）的可见光范围内的任何波长上的理论衍射效率均在99％以上,带宽积分平均衍射效率为99.7％,能够满足高质量成像光学系统应用的需要,并利用该元件设计了长焦距复消色差物镜.     

多层衍射光学元件成像特性的研究

讨论了多层衍射光学元件的光学成像性质.给出了优化设计多层衍射光学元件最大光栅厚度的方法,分析了构成多层结构的每块单层衍射元件的衍射效率对整体衍射效率的贡献作用.在0.436～0.656 μm的可见光波段,多层衍射光学元件最低衍射效率可达到98%以上,克服了单层衍射元件偏离设计波长后衍射效率显著下降的缺点,改善了宽波段衍射效率.将多层衍射光学元件应用在折、衍射混合光学系统中能够明显提高系统的成像质量,同时使得光学系统体积减小,重量减轻,并且在某些系统中可以避免使用昂贵的特殊材料,从而可以降低光学系统的成本价格.     

多层衍射光学元件成像特性的研究

讨论了多层衍射光学元件的光学成像性质.给出了优化设计多层衍射光学元件最大光栅厚度的方法,分析了构成多层结构的每块单层衍射元件的衍射效率对整体衍射效率的贡献作用.在0.436～0.656 μm的可见光波段,多层衍射光学元件最低衍射效率可达到98%以上,克服了单层衍射元件偏离设计波长后衍射效率显著下降的缺点,改善了宽波段衍射效率.将多层衍射光学元件应用在折、衍射混合光学系统中能够明显提高系统的成像质量,同时使得光学系统体积减小,重量减轻,并且在某些系统中可以避免使用昂贵的特殊材料,从而可以降低光学系统的成本价格.     

斜入射下双波段双层衍射光学元件优化设计与分析

基于斜入射衍射光学元件的正常工作模式,建立了斜入射下入射角度和入射波长对双波段双层衍射光学元件衍射效率影响的数学模型,给出了对应双层衍射光学元件的优化设计方法。通过在入射角度范围内优化设计波长对,计算双层衍射光学元件微结构高度,确保了斜入射时双层衍射光学元件仍具有高衍射效率,弥补了双层衍射光学元件的缺陷。该方法能够指导双波段折衍混合成像系统的设计,也可以扩展至多波段多层衍射光学元件的设计中。依据该方法,设计了一套基于双层衍射光学元件的中/长波双波段折衍混合光学系统。结果表明,与常规设计相比,该方法的设计理论更加合理,设计结果更优。     

衍射光学元件衍射效率的测量

根据衍射光学元件衍射效率的测量原理,建立衍射光学元件衍射效率测量的双光路装置,简要介绍了双光路测量的优点。针对衍射光学元件衍射效率的测量装置,讨论了影响衍射效率测量精度的因素,合理地选择测量装置中的针孔光阑,即可以让主衍射级次的光全部通过被探测器接收,又可以滤掉次级衍射光,保证测量结果的准确度。针对所设计研制的一个折衍射混合成像光学系统,测量了可见光波段3个激光波长的衍射效率,并对测量结果进行了模拟和分析。在473～632.8nm波段范围内任意一个波长处,衍射效率的测量结果同理论值的偏差均小于5.0%。实验证明,双光路测量装置可以用于测量衍射光学元件的衍射效率。     

基于柯西色散公式的多层衍射光学元件的设计和分析

以衍射光学元件相位延迟表达式为理论基础,采用光学材料的折射率柯西色散近似公式,研究并得到了多层衍射光学元件的相位延迟与材料的关系,以及衍射效率与设计波长的关系.在400～700 nm可见光波段,以聚甲基丙烯酸酯和聚碳酸酯为基底材料,由柯西色散近似公式设计的多层衍射光学元件的最大带宽积分平均衍射效率为99.62%,相应的...     

镀有增透膜的多层衍射光学元件的优化设计方法

基于等效介质理论和多层衍射元件的本体相位延迟,考虑增透膜相位调制的影响,对多层衍射光学元件的表面微结构参数进行优化;采用优化设计方法分析应用于可见光波段镀有增透膜的多层衍射光学元件。结果表明:优化设计方法在保证增透膜物理作用的前提下,实现了在设计波长处的衍射效率为100%以及在宽波段内具有高多色光积分衍射效率;该方法弥补了传统多层衍射光学元件的设计缺陷,完善了多层衍射光学元件的设计理论,为混合成像系统的设计提供了参考。     

入射角对双层衍射光学元件衍射效率的影响

基于单层衍射二元光学元件的相位延迟表达式,将双层衍射光学元件的衍射面用二元光学元件的台阶表面近似模拟,推导出光束斜入射时双层衍射光学元件的衍射面产生的相位延迟,揭示出含有斜入射角度的双层衍射光学元件衍射效率表达式.实例分析结果表明,双层衍射光学元件衍射效率仅在一定角度范围内对入射角的变化不敏感,当入射角度持续增大时,衍射效率随入射角的增加快速下降.当入射角从0°增大到4.5°时,衍射效率几乎没有下降;当入射角从4.5°增大到6.7°时,衍射效率开始缓慢下降到95%;当入射角从6.7°增大到9.5°时,衍射效率明显下降到80%;当入射角从9.5°增大到18°时,衍射效率快速下降到0.     

含双层衍射元件消热差长波红外光学系统设计

采用多层衍射元件是实现宽波段高衍射效率的有效方法,设计了一个含双层衍射元件-30℃～70℃消热差系统。通过合理选择衍射面的基底材料,优化衍射表面的浮雕深度,设计出红外宽波段高衍射效率的消热差光学系统。设计结果表明,在整个设计温度范围内,该光学系统成像质量良好,光学传递函数在16lp/mm时均在0.6以上。     

含单层衍射元件的可见宽波段计算成像系统设计

为消除单层衍射元件在可见光宽波段中低的衍射效率对成像质量的影响,根据探测器的量子效率,提出了设计波长的选择方法,构建了可见光宽波段折衍混合系统受衍射效率影响的点扩散函数（PSF）模型。使用构建的PSF模型进行图像复原,提高了折衍射混合系统的图像质量。为了验证所提方法的有效性,将单层衍射光学元件引入目前已有的专利物镜系统中进行优化设计,优化后的系统中不仅光学元件的数量得到了减少,还将波段范围从486.1～656.3 nm扩展至400.0～800.0 nm。利用所提方法对波段范围扩展后的低衍射效率图像进行复原,复原后的图像质量不论在主观上还是客观上都有明显提升,这说明所提方法可用于含单层衍射元件的可见光宽波段系统设计。     

Guided-Wave Two-Dimensional Acousto-Optic Scanner Using Proton-Exchanged Lithium Niobate Waveguide

Two-dimensional scanning of a 0.6328 mum guided-light beam has been realized using noncolinear acousto-optic (AO) coplanar Bragg diffraction together with colinear AO guided-mode to substrate radiation-mode conversion in a Z-cut Xpropagation LiNbO3 proton-exchanged (PE) waveguide. The two surface acoustic (SAW) waves utilized are at the center frequencies of 500 and 200 MHz, propagating in the Y and X axes, respectively. Two-dimensional scanning of approximately 720 resolvable light beam spots, namely, 18 40 (horizontal vertical) scanning, has been demonstrated using a light beam of 1.0 mm aperture. The total number of resolvable beam spots can be greatly increased from 720 by simply utilizing SAW transducers of larger bandwidth and a light beam of greater aperture. It should also be possible to significantly increase the diffraction efficiency from 3 % by optimizing the parameters of the PE waveguide and the SAWs.     

Hybrid Wavelength and Code Division Multiple Access in Optical Networks

A review of schemes for multiple access in fiber optic networks shows that a hybrid of wavelength and code division multiple access (WCDMA) combines the best features of both. In particular, the hybrid scheme retains the large information carrying capacity of wavelength division multiple access (WDMA) and flexibility of code division multiple access (CDMA). In this paper WDMA, optical CDMA (OCDMA), and WCDMA networks are discussed. In OCDMA networks, concept of incoherent and coherent coding including inverse decoding and matched filter is introduced. The delay performance of both WDMA and WCDMA networks, under the simple suboptimum access protocols based on cyclic search, is computed. It has been shown quantitatively that tuning delay significantly affects the delay performance of both WDMA and WCDMA networks. Futhermore, delay performance of WCDMA networks is always better than the WDMA networks for the same tuning delay, load, and number of users.     

Effect ofγ-radiation on the spectral luminescence characteristics of impure cadmium tungstate crystals

Results of a study of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of cadmium tungstate crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations are presented. Spectral characteristics of the nondnnnoped crystals are briefly described. Absorption and photo and X-ray luminescence spectra of the crystals taken before and after exposure to γ-radiation (5.5·10⁴ Gy) are compared. It is found that the spectral characteristics of the crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations do not change markedly after the exposure. The relation between the type of impurity-induced defects, individual characteristics of the impurity cations, and the character of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of impure crystals is analyzed (preliminarily). Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 55–60, January–February, 1997.     

Femtosecond Transform-Limited Pulse Generation by Compensating for the Linear Chirp of SPM Spectra in Dispersion Shifted Fibers

A simple technique of pulse compression, based on the linear chirp compensation of self-phase modulation (SPM) spectra in dispersion shifted fibers, is demonstrated. The optimization procedure is carried out, for a short span of a single-mode fiber, using a parabolic law, which describes the behavior of the squared output pulse width versus the pump peak power in the case of Gaussian pulses. The experimental results give a minimum pulse duration of 233 fs, which is in good agreement with the model. Shorter and coherent pulses, down to 90 fs, have been obtained by inserting an interference filter at the optical output.     

Sorting of bending magnets for the SSRF booster

The Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility(SSRF)booster ring,a full energy injector for the storage ring,is deigned to accelerate the electron beam energy from 150MeV to 3.5GeV that demands high extraction efficiency at the extraction energy with low beam loss rate when electrons are ramping.Closed orbit distortion(COD)caused by bending magnet field uniformity errors which affects the machine performance harmfully could be effectively reduced by bending magnet location sorting.Considering the affections of random errors in measurement,both ideal sorting and realistic sorting are studied based on measured bending magnet field uniformity errors and one reasonable combination of bending magnets which can reduce the horizontal COD by a factor of 5is given as the final installation sequence of the booster bending magnets in this paper.     

Measurement of nonlinear coefficient of optical fiber based on small chirped soliton transmission

We measure the waveform and phase curves of short optical pulses before and after transmission over different lengths of fibers by use of the pulse analyzer with the frequency-resolved optical gating (FROG),and numerically simulate pulse evolution under the experimental conditions.The nonlinear coefficient of the fiber is given by comparing the experimental results with the numerical ones.Difference between the experiment and numerical simulation is analyzed.     

Resonance scattering of canonical elastic shells in absorbing fluid medium

Resonance scattering of elastic spherical shell and cylindrical shell while the surrounding fluid medium has absorption is studied. The normal mode solution derived using exact elastic theory and the separation of variables is still applicable. However, the scattering form function has to be modified for the absorbing medium, otherwise the unreasonable result would be obtained. The backscattering form function in the absorbing medium is redefined, and the form function of elastic spherical and cylindrical shell with vacuum or solid matter filled is calculated in various absorption conditions. The results show that the absorption of surrounding fluid leads to notable attenuation of the coincidence resonances in the mid-frequency, but it has a little influence on the low-frequency resonance scattering induced by the filler inside the shell.     

Single-beam self-referenced phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance sensor with high detection resolution

A versatile and low-cost single-beam self-referenced phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance(SPR)sensing system with ultra-high resolution performance is presented.The system exhibits a root-mean-square phase fluctuation of ±0.0028.over a period of 45 min.i.e.a resolution of±5.2×10-9 refractive index units.The enhanced performance has been achieved through the incorporation of three design elements:a true single-beam configuration enabling complete self-referencing so that only the phase change associated with SPR gets detected,a differential measurement scheme to eliminate spurious signals not related to the sensor response,and the elimination of retardation drifts by incorporating temperature stabilization in the liquid crystal phase modulato .Our design should bring the detection sensitivity of non-labeling SPR biosensing closer to that achievable by conventional fluorescence-based techniques.     

Influences of SiO2 protective layers and annealing on the laser-induced damage threshold of Ta2O5 films

Ta2O5 films are prepared on BK7 substrates with conventional electron beam evaporation deposition.The effects of SiO2 protective layers and annealing on the laser-induced damage threshold (LIDT) of the films are investigated.The results show that SiO2 protective layers exert little influence on the electric field intensity(EFI)distribution,microstructure and microdefect density but increase the absorption slightly.Annealing iS effective on decreasing the microdefect density and the absorption of the films.Both SiO2 protective layers and annealing are beneficial to the damage resistance of the films and the latter is more effective to improve the LIDT.Moreover,the maximal LIDT of Ta2O5 films is achieved by the combination of SiO2 protective layers and annealing.