Analytical Chemistry in Russia

Analytical Chemistry in the former Soviet Union and Russia is considered. Areas of the present analytical science in the country are noted and significant achievements are mentioned. Important centers of the researches are listed and education in Analytical Chemistry is examined. Received: 7 July 1997 / Revised: 28 August 1997 / Accepted: 7 September 1997     

Advances in voltammetry

The possibilities of voltammetry as a source of information in bioelectrochemistry, electro-chemistry solid-state chemistry and analytical chemistry are reviewed. Attention is drawn to the use of catalytic currents and adsorption, inverse voltammetry, and solid and modified electrodes. The review mainly covers papers published in 1983 and 1984, especially those in the Soviet literature.     

Analytical chemistry teaching in the USSR

The paper reviews the state of analytical chemistry teaching at Soviet higher educational establishments, discussing specifics of teaching techniques at various schools of higher learning, viz. universities and technological and non-chemical institutes. It describes the curricula and methods of continuous assessment. Particular attention is paid to the subject matter of courses in analytical chemistry and its future improvement, with special focus on problems related to training specialists in analytical chemistry at universities and other institutions of higher education. The paper also deals with facilities and opportunities offered for research projects, and finally touches on the problem of text books.     

History of Analytical Chemistry in Estonia (1800–1950)

The history of analytical chemistry, started in 1802, can be divided into different periods: 1802–1892 the Baltic German period in Universitas Dorpatensis, 1892–1917 the period of russification in the University, 1918–1939 the independent Estonian University of Tartu and opening of the chair of inorganic and analytical chemistry at Tallinn Technical University, 1940–1944 loss of independence and years of war, 1945–1991 the years in the Soviet Union, 1991-up to now the re-establishment of independence. The first chemical laboratory was founded at Universitas Dorpatensis by Prof. Ph. Arzt in 1802. The first practice in analytical chemistry was opened in 1847 by Prof. C. Göbel. The chair of chemistry was separated from pharmacy in 1850. A separate chair of analytical chemistry was opened at Tartu University in 1947.     

论延安文艺体制的两个主要来源

延安文艺体制融合了1930年代中国共产党领导左联和苏区文艺运动的经验。它承继了左联曾用烈士的鲜血书写的“文艺大众化”传统,又将苏区和红军筚路蓝缕开创的“苏维埃文艺传统”发扬光大。左联和苏区尝试的文艺运动组织体制及其开展文艺大众化运动的成功经验,共同为延安文艺体制的形成做好了铺垫。     

The role and fate of female electrochemists in the Soviet Union: Ol’ga Al’fredovna Songina—a pioneer of electrochemical solid-state analysis and Yevgeniya Nikolayevna Varasova—a pioneer of polarography

Women played and still play an outstanding role in the development of electrochemistry and electroanalysis at the universities and research institutes of the former Soviet Union. This paper is focussed on the life and achievements of Ol’ga Al’fredovna Songina and her contributions to the development of solid-state electroanalysis are discussed. Yevgeniya Nikolayevna Varasova, a guest scientist who worked with Jaroslav Heyrovský in Prague from 1927 to 1930 became the pioneer of polarography in the Soviet Union. She was executed during the great purges in 1938.     

Multielement neutron-activation analysis of plants and fertilizers

The report considers the results of the development of the automated technique for simultaneous, multielement activation analysis of plants and fertilizers for the macronutrient elements N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Cl, and Si. On the basis of analytical procedures, algorithms and software developed, the first automatic (computer based) installation for multielement analyses of plants and fertilizers has been completed and is in routine use in the agrochemical and plant breeding research program at Soviet Union. The proposed technique together with the full automatic real time process of measurement and processing of data by computer, provides a throughput of 250–500 samples (1250–2500 elements determinations) per 8-hour shift, with the accuracy of ±3% for N and ±5–10% for P, K, Mg, Cl and ±15% for Ca.     

Zur photographischen Registrierung in der Emissionsspektralanalyse

Zusammenfassung Für einige sowjetische und ORWO-Spektralplatten wurden die photometrischen Eigenschaften (Steilheit, sensitometrische Empfindlichkeit, Körnigkeit) in Abhängigkeit von der Schwärzung untersucht. Ausgehend von Modellvorstellungen für das zu registrierende optische Signal konnten dadurch die einzelnen Emulsionen hinsichtlich ihrer Eignung für bestimmte analytische Aufgabenstellungen (Optimierung des relativen und absoluten Nachweisvermögens) verglichen und Hinweise zur bestmöglichen photographischen Registrierung schwacher Spektrallinien erhalten werden.

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Summary The photometric properties (contrast factor, speed, granularity) of several Soviet and ORWO spectral plates were investigated as functions of density. Using model conceptions of optical signals it was possible to compare the individual emulsions with regard to certain analytical problems (optimization of relative resp. absolute detection capacity). Recommendations for optimum photographic registration of weak spectral lines were obtained.

     

Actinide accumulation and some radiochemical problems

The state of Soviet research on the improvement of spent fuel reprocessing (deep TPE extraction included) and some applied radiochemicstry problems are discussed.     

新中国早期的清华大学校园规划研究(1949—1966年)*

本文以新中国成立后至二十世纪六十年代清华大学先后经历的两小两大 4 次规划为研究对象,在综述既有研究的基础上,根据新史料综论其规划背景、设计机构、 规划内容等,着重评述 1954 年和 1960 年两版总体规划的目标、原则、方法及其实施,其中 1960 年版总体规划堪称彼时清华乃至全国校园规划的集大成者。同时阐述历次规划间的差别与联系,论证苏联教育模式和规划思想对我国校园空间规划的深刻影响。二十世纪五、六十年代清华校园规划是毛泽东时代校园规划的集大成者,其发展经历了新中国成立初的短暂过渡、全面学苏和自辟蹊径三个阶段, 通过校园规划在空间形态上体现了二十世纪五十年代教育体制的巨大变革,折射出那一时期新中国的国家建构过程。     

History of voltammetry in Russia

The paper considers the evolution of electroanalytical methods in the former Soviet Union and Russia for more than 50 years, including the establishment of scientific research centers, the development of new methods, and the formation of scientific schools. The history of voltammetry (VA) can be conventionally subdivided into two periods, the history of polarography (from the late 1930s to 1981–1987) and the history of VA in different versions. The material is obtained from original publications, reviews, and proceedings of specialized conferences. The role of academicians V.I. Vernadsky and A.P. Vinogradov in the formation and development of VA in the former Soviet Union is noted. It is shown that the first work on polarography in the former Soviet Union was published by E.N. Varasova, a colleague of Vernadsky and a former student of J. Heyrovsky and the translator of his first monograph. The statistics of conferences on polarography and conferences on electrochemical methods of analysis is presented; the high scientific and experimental level of Russian research centers is demonstrated; and the role of the school of electrochemistry established by A.N. Frumkin is shown.     

Basic theory and methods of X-ray fluorescence analysis

Summary The Soviet analysts' major advances in both theory and application of X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis are reviewed. The focus is on issues concerning XRF analysis of heterogeneous samples, a theoretical account of interelement effects, and employment of scattered radiation as the internal standard.

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Grundlegende Theorie und Methoden der Röntgenfluorescenz-Analyse

     

Research on the electrochemistry of oxygen ion conductors in the former Soviet Union. I. ZrO2-based ceramic materials

Developments of solid electrolytes and mixed conductors based on stabilized zirconia in the former Soviet Union are reviewed. Primary attention is given to experimental data on high-conducting electrolytes, mixed conductors obtained by doping zirconia with transition metal oxides, oxygen exchange and oxygen permeation processes, as well as properties of metal electrodes in contact with the stabilized zirconia. Received: 26 March 1998 / Accepted: 4 June 1998     

Development of the HS-SPME-GC-MS/MS method for analysis of chemical warfare agent and their degradation products in environmental samples

After World War II approximately 50,000 tons of chemical weapons were dumped in the Baltic Sea by the Soviet Union under the provisions of the Potsdam Conference on Disarmament. These dumped chemical warfare agents still possess a major threat to the marine environment and to human life. Therefore, continue monitoring of these munitions is essential. In this work, we present the application of new solid phase microextraction fibers in analysis of chemical warfare agents and their degradation products. It can be concluded that the best fiber for analysis of sulfur mustard and its degradation products is butyl acrylate (BA), whereas for analysis of organoarsenic compounds and chloroacetophenone, the best fiber is a co-polymer of methyl acrylate and methyl methacrylate (MA/MMA). In order to achieve the lowest LOD and LOQ the samples should be divided into two subsamples. One of them should be analyzed using a BA fiber, and the second one using a MA/MMA fiber. When the fast analysis is required, the microextraction should be performed by use of a butyl acrylate fiber because the extraction efficiency of organoarsenic compounds for this fiber is acceptable. Next, we have elaborated of the HS-SPME-GC-MS/MS method for analysis of CWA degradation products in environmental samples using laboratory obtained fibers The analytical method for analysis of organosulfur and organoarsenic compounds was optimized and validated. The LOD's for all target chemicals were between 0.03 and 0.65 ppb. Then, the analytical method developed by us, was used for the analysis of sediment and pore water samples from the Baltic Sea. During these studies, 80 samples were analyzed. It was found that 25 sediments and 5 pore water samples contained CWA degradation products such as 1,4-dithiane, 1,4-oxathiane or triphenylarsine, the latter being a component of arsine oil. The obtained data is evidence that the CWAs present in the Baltic Sea have leaked into the general marine environment.     

To turn the tide in the Soviet scientific instrumentation: in memoriam Erlen I. Fedin (1926–2009)

Structural Chemistry - A brief account of Soviet magnetic resonance (MR) scientific instrumentation in the 1970s–1980s is given. The impact of Erlen Ilyich Fedin (1926–2009), the head...     

Influence of LiCl on the structure of the complex of Yb(III) with L-histidine in an aqueous solution

Correspondence Institute of Soviet Commerce, Krasnodar Faculty. Translated from Zhurnal Strukturnoi Khimii, Vol. 31, No. 3, pp. 139–141, May–June, 1990.     

分析化学发展中的几个问题

分析化学在迅速发展中出现了一些令人关注的问题。它们是：如何确定现代分析化学煌范围，如何给字以明确的定义；对分析化学煌前沿的预测；当今分析化学在化学中的地位；对分析介的批评意见的反思；分析化学应注意克有孤自身的弱点；如何培养高水平的分析化学专业人材等。本文就这些问题介绍国内外同行的一些看法发表本人的浅见。     

N. S. Kurnakov’s contribution to coordination chemistry

N.S. Kurnakov’s most important works in coordination chemistry are overviewed. Special attention is given to Kurnakov’s dissertation “On Complex Metal Bases,” to his understanding of the structure of coordination compounds, to the mutual effects of ligands, and to the key ideas in coordination chemistry developed by Chugaev and Chernyaev’s school. Kurnakov’s role in the foundation of the Soviet platinum industry is pointed out.     

The current state of analytical control in Lithuania

In Lithuania research and development in chemical analysis are concentrated in scientific institutes and universities. The main fields of interest focus on biosensors, electrochemical sensors, sampling techniques and methods, study of atomization processes in spectrochemical analysis and noise evaluation in analytical measurements. Some laboratories also take part in international environmental monitoring programmes. There are about 50 researchers at the Ph.D. level engaged in analytical chemistry and several hundred technicians specialized in the field of analytical control. About one hundred chemical laboratories are active in scientific institutes, universities and factories. Specialized laboratories of chemical analysis are at the disposal of Environmental Control and Health Protection Departments and forensic investigation organizations. So far no laboratories are accredited according to the ISO 9000 norms. Special courses on analytical chemistry are offered at a few schools of higher education in the country. Only at the Department of Analytical Chemistry of the University of Vilnius specialized programmes are available to postgraduate students working towards a Ph.D. to improve their skills in current techniques of analytical chemistry. Recently the Technical Committee TC-16 for Chemical Analysis was formed within the standardization system of Lithuania. Its main activities are centered on issues such as national terminology, certified reference materials (CRMs), analytical methods and analytical quality assurance. There are numerous problems related to national terminology, the preparation of special documents in the field of analytical control and the production of regional environmental CRMs. Problems, also arise in obtaining and using CRMs for analytical instrument calibration and validation.     

The role of analytical chemistry in Niger Delta petroleum exploration: A review

Petroleum and organic matter from which the petroleum is derived are composed of organic compounds with some trace elements. These compounds give an insight into the origin, thermal maturity and paleoenvironmental history of petroleum, which are essential elements in petroleum exploration. The main tool to acquire the geochemical data is analytical techniques. Due to progress in the development of new analytical techniques, many hitherto petroleum exploration problems have been resolved. Analytical chemistry has played a significant role in the development of petroleum resources of Niger Delta. Various analytical techniques that have aided the success of petroleum exploration in the Niger Delta are discussed. The analytical techniques that have helped to understand the petroleum system of the basin are also described. Recent and emerging analytical methodologies including green analytical methods as applicable to petroleum exploration particularly Niger Delta petroleum province are discussed in this paper. Analytical chemistry is an invaluable tool in finding the Niger Delta oils.