关于室温磁制冷材料的评价

如何评价开发的新型材料是否适合在室温磁制冷机中使用，有不同的看法。将最近报道的有影响的磁制冷材料如Gd-Si-Ge系列合金，La-Fe-Si系列合金与金属钆进行对比，说明不能仅仅根据等温磁熵变的数据判断它是否适用于磁制冷机中。应该以金属钆作为室温磁制冷材料的基准材料，全面评定各个新开发的磁制冷材料的绝热温变、使用温度区间、单位体积磁熵变等参数。数据说明，金属钆在综合性能上具有优势，是目前室温磁制冷机主要采用的磁制冷剂。     

An NMR-relaxation study of the effect of albumin on aggregation of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles

The dependence of the aggregation of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles in aqueous suspensions under the action of human serum albumin is analyzed based on the data of proton magnetic relaxation. It is shown that albumin adsorption on magnetic nanoparticles gives rise to the formation of a protein corona and clusters of magnetic nanoparticles, decreasing the aggregation stability of the suspension in a 7.1-T magnetic field. Clustering of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles enhances the relaxation efficiency of magnetic suspensions during NMR measurements.     

Self-Assembly Anisotropic Magnetic Nanowire Films Induced by External Magnetic Field

Self-assembly generated materials induced by an external magnetic field have attracted considerable interest following the development of nanodevices. However, the fabrication of macroscopic and anisotropic magnetic films at the nanoscale remains a challenge. Here, anisotropic magnetic films are successfully prepared using a solution-based nanowire assembly strategy under a magnetic field. The assembly process is manipulated by changing the thickness of silica shell coated on the surface of magnetic nanowires. The anisotropic magnetic films show highly anisotropic magnetization under different angles of magnetic field and better magnetization properties than that of disordered magnetic films. The well-defined nanowire arrays enable magnetization anisotropic property which may be useful in the magnetic energy conversion technologies and biomedical sciences which lie far beyond those achievable with traditional magnetic materials.     

Magnetic sponge prepared with an alkanedithiol-bridged network of nanomagnets

The magnetic dipole-dipole interaction between nanomagnets having huge magnetic moments can have a strength comparable to that of the van der Waals interaction between them, and it can be manipulated by applying an external magnetic field of conventional strength. Therefore, the cooperation between the dipole-dipole interaction and the applied magnetic field allows the magnetic moments of nanomagnets to be aligned and organized in an ordered manner. In this work, a network of magnetic nanoparticles connected with flexible long-alkyl-chain linkers was designed to develop a "magnetic sponge" capable of absorbing and desorbing guest molecules with changes in the applied magnetic field. The magnetization of the sponge with long-alkyl-chain bridges (30 C atoms) exhibited a 500% increase after cooling in the presence of an applied field of 7 T relative to that in the absence of a magnetic field. Cooling in a magnetic field leads to anisotropic stretching in the sponge due to reorganization of the nanomagnets along the applied field, in contrast to the isotropic organization under zero-field conditions. Such magnetic-responsive organization and reorganization of the magnetic particle network significantly influences the gas absorption capacity of the nanopores inside the material. The absorption and desorption of guests in an applied magnetic field at low temperature can be regarded as a fascinating "breathing feature" of our magnetic sponge.     

Adsorption of Eu(III) on iron oxide/multiwalled carbon nanotube magnetic composites

Iron oxide/multiwalled carbon nanotube magnetic composites (denoted as magnetic composites) were synthesized and characterized in detail. The magnetic composites can be separated from aqueous solution easily by using magnetic separation method. The application of magnetic composites in the removal of Eu(III) from large volumes of aqueous solutions was studied. The results indicated that the sorption of Eu(III) on the magnetic composites was strongly dependent on pH values and weakly dependent on ionic strength. The sorption of Eu(III) on the magnetic composites was mainly dominated by inner-sphere surface complexation. The linear sorption isotherms of Eu(III) suggested that Eu(III) sorption on the magnetic composites was far from saturation. The large sorption capacity and the easy magnetic separation method indicate that the magnetic composites may be a promising suitable material in nuclear waste management in future.     

磁场对醋酸乙烯酯乳液聚合反应的影响

迄令为止,有关磁场对化学反应影响的研究,主要是小分子自由基反应,而对聚合反应的研究甚少。1981年周朝华、苏致兴报道了磁场对聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯立体构型的影响。随后,N.J.Turro研究了磁场对苯乙烯乳液聚合的影响。结果表明,磁场对苯乙烯的聚合速率及聚合物分子量有影响。 本文首次报道磁场对醋酸乙烯酯乳液聚合反应速率,聚合物分子量及热稳定性的影响。     

Effects of structural transformations in magnetic emulsions

Structural transformations and relevant changes in the magnetic and optical properties of magnetosensitive emulsions based on magnetic fluids are experimentally studied. Peculiarities of the changes in the magnetic susceptibility of emulsions associated with the deformation of their microdroplets and the effect of phase inversion (the transformation of dispersions of magnetic droplets in nonmagnetic media into dispersions of nonmagnetic droplets in magnetic fluids) are established. Optical effects occurring in magnetic emulsions under the combined action of a shear flow and a magnetic field are studied. It is concluded that optically active composition media may be developed on the basis of magnetic fluids.     

Nanodrop of an Ising magnetic fluid on a solid surface

The density functional theory of inhomogeneous simple fluids is extended to an Ising magnetic fluid in contact with a solid surface, which is subjected to an external uniform or nonuniform magnetic field. The system is described by two coupled integral equations regarding the magnetic moment and fluid density distributions. The dependence of the contact angle that a nanodrop makes with the solid surface on the parameters involved in the magnetic interactions between the molecules of fluid and between the molecules of fluid and an external magnetic field is calculated. For the uniform magnetic field, the contact angle increases with increasing magnetic field, approaching an asymptotic value that depends on the strength of the fluid-fluid magnetic interactions. In the nonuniform field generated by a permanent magnet, the contact angle first increases with increasing magnetic field B(M) and then decreases, with the decrease being almost linear for large values of B(M). The obtained results are in qualitative agreement with the experimental data on the contact angle of magnetic drops on a solid surface available in the literature.     

Rheology and orientational distributions of rodlike particles with magnetic moment normal to the particle axis for semi-dense dispersions (analysis by means of mean field approximation)

We have considered a semi-dense dispersion composed of ferromagnetic rodlike particles with a magnetic moment normal to the particle axis to investigate the rheological properties and particle orientational distribution in a simple shear flow as well as an external magnetic field. We have adopted the mean field approximation to take into account magnetic particle-particle interactions. The basic equation of the orientational distribution function has been derived from the balance of the torques and solved numerically. The results obtained here are summarized as follows. For a very strong magnetic field, the magnetic moment of the rodlike particle is strongly restricted in the field direction, so that the particle points to directions normal to the flow direction (and also to the magnetic field direction). This characteristic of the particle orientational distribution is also valid for the case of a strong particle-particle interaction, as in the strong magnetic field case. To the contrary, for a weak interaction among particles, the particle orientational distribution is governed by a shear flow as well as an applied magnetic field. When the magnetic particle-particle interaction is strong under circumstances of an applied magnetic field, the magnetic moment has a tendency to incline to the magnetic field direction more strongly. This leads to the characteristic that the viscosity decreases with decreasing the distance between particles, and this tendency becomes more significant for a stronger particle-particle interaction. These characteristics concerning the viscosity are quite different from those for a semi-dense dispersion composed of rodlike particles with a magnetic moment along the particle direction.     

Different methods for the fractionation of magnetic fluids

 Magnetic fluids are used in many fields of application, such as material separation and biomedicine. Magnetic fluids consist of magnetic nanoparticles, which commonly display a broad distribution of magnetic and nonmagnetic parameters. Therefore, upon application only a small number of particles contribute to the desired magnetic effect. In order to optimize magnetic fluids for applications preference is given to methods that separate magnetic nanoparticles according to their magnetic properties. Hence, a magnetic method was developed for the fractionation of magnetic fluids. Familiar size-exclusion chromatography of two different magnetic fluids was carried out for comparison. The fractions obtained and the original samples were also magnetically characterized by magnetic resonance and magnetorelaxometry, two biomedical applications. The size-exclusion fractions are similar to those of magnetic fractionation, despite the different separation mechanisms. In this respect, magnetic fractionation has several advantages in practical use over size-exclusion chromatography: the magnetic method is faster and has a higher capacity. The fractions obtained by both methods show distinctly different magnetic properties compared to the original samples and are therefore especially suited for applications such as magnetorelaxometry. Received: 12 July 1999/Accepted in revised form: 9 November 1999     

On-chip magnetic bead microarray using hydrodynamic focusing in a passive magnetic separator

Implementing DNA and protein microarrays into lab-on-a-chip systems can be problematic since these are sensitive to heat and strong chemicals. Here, we describe the functionalization of a microchannel with two types of magnetic beads using hydrodynamic focusing combined with a passive magnetic separator with arrays of soft magnetic elements. The soft magnetic elements placed on both sides of the channel are magnetized by a relatively weak applied external magnetic field (21 mT) and provide magnetic field gradients attracting magnetic beads. Flows with two differently functionalized magnetic beads and a separating barrier flow are introduced simultaneously at the two channel sides and the centre of the microfluidic channel, respectively. On-chip experiments with fluorescence labeled beads demonstrate that the two types of beads are captured at each of the channel sidewalls. On-chip hybridization experiments show that the microfluidic systems can be functionalized with two sets of beads carrying different probes that selectively recognize a single base pair mismatch in target DNA. By switching the places of the two types of beads it is shown that the microsystem can be cleaned and functionalized repeatedly with different beads with no cross-talk between experiments.     

超顺磁性高分子微球的制备与表征

用化学共沉淀方法制备了Fe3O4纳米微粒,并用油酸(十八烯酸)和十二烷基苯磺酸钠为双层表面活性剂进行表面修饰,制备了稳定的水分散性纳米Fe3O4可聚合磁流体.在Fe3O4磁流体存在下,将苯乙烯与甲基丙烯酸通过乳液聚合方法制备了磁性高分子微球.透射电镜研究表明,Fe3O4微粒的平均粒径在10nm左右,乳液聚合形成的磁性高分子微球的粒径平均约为130nm;用超导量子干涉仪对微粒及高分子微球进行了磁性表征,结果表明,合成的Fe3O4纳米微粒以及磁性高分子微球均具有超顺磁性.同时,还用红外光谱及X射线衍射表征了磁性高分子微球的化学成分和晶体结构.用热失重方法测得磁性高分子微球中磁性物质的含量为23.6%.     

多孔磁性明胶微球的制备与结构表征

首先通过乳化法得到磁性明胶微球, 然后在高速搅拌条件下向乳液中直接加入正硅酸乙酯(TEOS), 制备出多孔磁性明胶微球. 用SEM, TEM观察了微球的微观形貌, 发现微球呈疏松多孔状结构. 用FT-IR, TGA, VSM等测试手段对微球的结构和性能进行表征. 结果表明, 二氧化硅掺杂于磁性明胶微球中. TEOS在反应中作为明胶微球的交联固化剂, 推测其固化机理是物理交联固化. 实验证实二氧化硅改性后, 磁性明胶微球内部磁性颗粒氧化速度有所降低. 所得到的多孔磁性明胶微球表现出铁磁性.     

Multi-Domain versus Single-Domain: A Magnetic Field is Not a Must for Promoting Spin-Polarized Water Oxidation

The reaction kinetics of spin-polarized oxygen evolution reaction (OER) can be enhanced by ferromagnetic (FM) catalysts under an external magnetic field. However, applying a magnetic field necessitates additional energy consumption and creates design difficulties for OER. Herein, we demonstrate that a single-domain FM catalyst without external magnetic fields exhibits a similar OER increment to its magnetized multi-domain one. The evidence is given by comparing the pH-dependent increment of OER on multi- and single-domain FM catalysts with or without a magnetic field. The intrinsic activity of a single-domain catalyst is higher than that of a multi-domain counterpart. The latter can be promoted to approach the former by the magnetization effect. Reducing the FM catalyst size into the single-domain region, the spin-polarized OER performance can be achieved without a magnetic field, illustrating an external magnetic field is not a requirement to reap the benefits of magnetic catalysts.     

Periodic structure of spicular magnetic clusters in a magnetic liquid

The behavior of clusters formed by magnetic particles of magnetic liquid placed into a cylindrical capillary tube in magnetic field is described. Spicular clusters are formed from the sediment at the application of a magnetic field. They arrange themselves along the capillary repeating the direction of external magnetic field. Clusters distribute uniformly in the region of a magnetic field maximum. Such a state remains steady with respect to changes of the magnetic field gradient profile in definite limits. The structure of the uniformly ordered clusters is obtained experimentally. The capability of control of the structure period is shown. It is observed that increasing of magnetic field gradient up to the magnitude higher than a certain threshold value results in rearrangement of the clusters row into a multi-row hexagonal structure.     

Establishment and implications of a characterization method for magnetic nanoparticle using cell tracking velocimetry and magnetic susceptibility modified solutions

Magnetic micro and nanoparticles conjugated to affinity labels have become a significant, commercial reagent. It has been demonstrated that the performance of cell separation systems using magnetic labels is a function of the magnitude of the magnetic force that can be generated through labeling. This magnetic force is proportional to the number of magnetic particles bound to the cell, the magnetic energy gradient, and the particle-field interaction parameter. This particle-field interaction parameter, which is the product of the relative volumetric, magnetic susceptibility and the volume of the micro or nanoparticle, is a fundamental parameter which can be used to characterize the magnetic particles. An experimental technique is presented which measures the volumetric magnetic susceptibility of particles through the use of susceptibility modified solutions and an experimental instrument, Cell Tracking Velocimetry, CTV. Experimental studies were conducted on polystyrene microspheres alone and those bound to four different magnetic nanoparticles. The experimentally determined values of the magnetic susceptibility of the polystyrene microspheres are consistent with values found from literature. Consequently, magnetic susceptibility measurements of these polystyrene microspheres bound with the magnetic nanoparticles combined with particle size measurements using commercial dynamic light scattering instrument allowed estimates of the particle-field interaction parameter to be made for four commercial, magnetic nanoparticles. The value found for MACS beads is close to what is reported from an independent study. The values for MACS beads and Imag beads are found to agree with what is observed from experiments. Finally, an experimental demonstration of the impact that differences in this field interaction parameter has on the labeling of human lymphocytes is presented.     

Pt/TiO2上苯和乙烯光催化氧化过程的磁场效应

以Pt/TiO₂为催化剂和365 nm紫外光为光源, 在低于0.2 T的磁场强度范围考察了磁场对苯和乙烯光催化氧化反应的影响. 实验发现, 当用紫外灯管作光源并靠近磁场磁极或者置于磁场磁极间隙内照射反应器时, 磁场可显著提高气相苯和乙烯的光催化转化率和矿化率; 而当光源远离磁场磁极而通过光导纤维传导照射到反应器上时, 磁场对这两个反应没有促进作用. 在前一种情况下, 紫外灯管的发光强度随磁场的增强而提高, 磁场对这两个光催化降解反应的促进作用被证实是由于磁场提高了紫外灯管的发光强度, 进而为反应提供了更多的光能和使反应温度升高所致；在后一种光照方式下, 由于光源不受磁场影响, 磁场对这两个光催化反应不产生影响. 这一研究结果表明, 在所研究磁场强度范围, 磁场对气-固相光催化反应没有任何本征影响.     

Quantitative Evaluation of the Total Magnetic Moments of Colloidal Magnetic Nanoparticles: A Kinetics‐based Method

A kinetics‐based method is proposed to quantitatively characterize the collective magnetization of colloidal magnetic nanoparticles. The method is based on the relationship between the magnetic force on a colloidal droplet and the movement of the droplet under a gradient magnetic field. Through computational analysis of the kinetic parameters, such as displacement, velocity, and acceleration, the magnetization of colloidal magnetic nanoparticles can be calculated. In our experiments, the values measured by using our method exhibited a better linear correlation with magnetothermal heating, than those obtained by using a vibrating sample magnetometer and magnetic balance. This finding indicates that this method may be more suitable to evaluate the collective magnetism of colloidal magnetic nanoparticles under low magnetic fields than the commonly used methods. Accurate evaluation of the magnetic properties of colloidal nanoparticles is of great importance for the standardization of magnetic nanomaterials and for their practical application in biomedicine.     

Thermal properties of ferromagnetic clusters

The magnetic moments and heat capacities of small iron, cobalt and nickel clusters in a molecular beam have been measured as a function of their size and temperature. The magnetic moment of nickel and cobalt clusters decreases with increasing size and with increasing temperature, slowly converging to the bulk magnetization curve as the cluster size increases. Heat capacity measurement of the clusters in the beam reveals that the magnetic contribution to the heat capacity is well approximated using mean field concepts, combined with measured magnetic properties. In contrast, iron clusters show anomalies, both in the magnetic moments as well as in the heat capacities. We speculate that these effects reflect a sensitivity of the magnetic order on structure as in bulk iron.     

Twelve hours exposure to inhomogeneous high magnetic field after logarithmic growth phase is sufficient for drastic suppression of Escherichia coli death.

When Escherichia coli B was aerobically grown at 43 degrees C in a medium whose concentration was one-fourth that of the Luria-Bertani (LB) medium supplemented with 1.5 g/l of glutamic acid, drastic cell death was observed after the end of the logarithmic growth phase. However, when the same experiment was conducted under inhomogeneous 5.2-6.1 T magnetic field, cell death was extremely suppressed and the ratio of viable cell number under high magnetic field to that under geomagnetic field reached as much as 100,000. When the magnetic field exposure was restricted to 12 h after the logarithmic growth phase, a similar high degree of suppressive effect on the death was observed. The findings that the amount of sigma S protein encoded by the rpoS gene under the high magnetic field was larger than that under the geomagnetic field, and that the magnetic field effect disappeared when the rpoS gene-deficient strain was cultivated under the high magnetic field, suggest the interaction of magnetic field with a stationary phase specific gene.