Supercapacitors based on self-assembled graphene organogel

Self-assembled graphene organogel (SGO) with 3-dimensional (3D) macrostructure was prepared by solvothermal reduction of a graphene oxide (GO) dispersion in propylene carbonate (PC). This SGO was used as an electrode material for fabricating supercapacitors with a PC electrolyte. The supercapacitor can be operated in a wide voltage range of 0-3 V and exhibits a high specific capacitance of 140 F g(-1) at a discharge current density of 1 A g(-1). Furthermore, it can still keep a specific capacitance of 90 F g(-1) at a high current density of 30 A g(-1). The maximum energy density of the SGO based supercapacitor was tested to be 43.5 Wh kg(-1), and this value is higher than those of the graphene based supercapacitors with aqueous or PC electrolytes reported previously. Furthermore, at a high discharge current density of 30 A g(-1), the energy and power densities of the supercapacitor were measured to be 15.4 Wh kg(-1) and 16,300 W kg(-1), respectively. These results indicate that the supercapacitor has a high specific capacitance and power density, and excellent rate capability.     

Supercapacitor electrodes with especially high rate capability and cyclability based on a novel Pt nanosphere and cysteine-generated graphene

In the present work, supercapacitors based on graphene/Pt films show especially high rate capability (120 F g(-1) even at 50 A g(-1)) and cyclability (no attenuation over 10,000 cycles) and peculiar nanosphere morphology after electrochemical cycling. Furthermore, supercapacitors based on the graphene powder with a binder exhibit high specific capacitance (249 F g(-1) at 0.1 A g(-1)), long cycle life (no attenuation over 40,000 cycles) and high rate capability (150 F g(-1) even at 50 A g(-1)), which are much better than those of most graphene electrode materials. These indicate the great potential of the cysteine reduced graphene electrodes in energy storage.     

Highly super capacitive electrodes made of graphene/poly(pyrrole)

We report on the development and characterization of high performance supercapacitor electrodes synthesized using electrophoretic deposition of graphene, upon which the poly(pyrrole)-layer was electropolymerised. The highly capacitive electrode had a specific capacitance of 1510 F g(-1), area capacitance of 151 mF cm(-2) and volume capacitance of 151 F cm(-3) at 10 mV s(-1).     

Polymerization of pyrrole induced by pillar[5]arene functionalized graphene for supercapacitor electrode

Conducting polymer is an important electrode material for supercapacitors because of its high initial specific capacitance. Herein, a novel nanocomposite composed of polypyrrole (PPy) film homogeneously immobilized on the pillar[5]arene functionalized reduced graphene oxide nanosheets (RGO-HP5A-PPy) was successfully prepared. RGO-HP5A induced pyrrole to polymerize on the graphene surface and the specific capacitance loss caused by PPy agglomeration was avoided. Noticeably, the specific capacitance of RGO-HP5A-PPy was up to 495 F/g at 1 A/g. Compared with pure PPy (319 F/g), the specific capacitance was increased by 55%. The specific capacitance retention of the assembled symmetric supercapacitor reached 76% after 10,000 cycles at 5 A/g. This study gave full play to the advantages of pillar[5]arene, graphene and PPy, and was expected to promote the development of supramolecular functionalized composites in energy storage.     

Development of a Glucose Biosensor Using Advanced Electrode Modified by Nanohybrid Composing Chemically Modified Graphene and Ionic Liquid

Nanohybrids of chemically modified graphene (CMG) and ionic liquid (IL) were prepared by sonication to modify the electrode. The modified CMG‐IL electrodes showed a higher current and smaller peak‐to‐peak potential separation than a bare electrode due to the promoted electron transfer rate. Furthermore, the glucose oxidase (GOx) immobilized on the modified electrode displayed direct electron transfer rate and symmetrical redox potentials with a linear relationship at different scan rates. The fabricated GOx/CMG‐IL electrodes were developed selective glucose biosensor with respect to a sensitivity of 0.64 μA mM^?1, detection limit of 0.376 mM, and response time of <5 s.     

Fe3O4/N-rGO复合材料的制备及其电化学电容性能

通过简单的一步水热法成功制备了Fe_3O_4/氮掺杂还原石墨烯(Fe_3O_4/N-r GO)复合物电极材料。采用X-射线衍射、X-射线光电子能谱、扫描电镜和透射电镜等手段对其结构和形貌进行了表征,用循环伏安法、交流阻抗和恒电流充放电等方法研究了所制备材料的电化学性能。结果表明,Fe_3O_4/N-rGO具有更高的比电容和更好的循环稳定性,在0.5A/g的电流密度下,其比电容高达291.7F/g,远高于纯的Fe_3O_4和纯的NrGO的比电容。这是由于小粒径Fe_3O_4的加入大大降低了石墨烯的团聚,两者间的协同作用使复合物的比电容得到了提高。     

碳纳米管/聚苯胺/石墨烯复合纳米碳纸及其电化学电容行为

通过真空抽滤的方法制备碳纳米管纸,并对其进行循环伏安电化学氧化处理.以该电化学氧化处理的碳纳米管(CV-CNT)纸为基体,采用电化学聚合沉积聚苯胺(PANI),随后吸附石墨烯(GR),制备具有三明治夹心结构的碳纳米管/聚苯胺/石墨烯(CV-CNT/PANI/GR)复合纳米碳纸.该结构外层为GR,内层由PANI包裹的CNT形成网络骨架,充分发挥三者各自优势构建柔性电极材料.用场发射扫描电镜(FE-SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、拉曼光谱对其形貌与结构进行表征,并测试其电化学性能.研究发现:PANI呈纳米晶须状,并均匀包裹在CV-CNT表面;该复合碳纸具有良好的电容特性、大电流充放电特性以及良好的循环稳定性能.电流密度为0.5A·g-1时,比电容可达415F·g-1;20A·g-1时仍能保持106F·g-1的比电容.由于GR的保护作用,1000次循环之后较CV-CNT/PANI保持更高的有效比电容.该CV-CNT/PANI/GR复合碳纸展现出在高性能超级电容器柔性电极材料的潜在应用价值.     

自支撑三维功能化石墨烯/聚苯胺电极材料的制备及超级电容性能

采用水热法制备了三维石墨烯(3D-G),并以十八胺(ODA)为接枝剂对部分还原的氧化石墨烯进行氨基化处理,再利用原位聚合法在氨基化石墨烯表面生长聚苯胺,制备了十八胺功能化石墨烯/聚苯胺(G-ODA/PANI).对材料进行了结构表征、电化学性能分析和材料结构的比电容贡献分析.结果显示,电极材料的电容贡献大部分体现为材料的表面电容,G-ODA/PANI电极片在1 A/g电流密度时的比电容最高可达1080 F/g,是未功能化石墨烯/聚苯胺电极材料(G/PANI)的2.57倍,且循环稳定性也有很大的提高,循环10000周后的比容量保持率为90.8%,比G/PANI高9.6%.     

Three-dimensional flower-like nickel oxide supported on graphene sheets as electrode material for supercapacitors

Dispersed three-dimensional (3D) flower-like nickel oxide on graphene sheets was synthesized by incorporating a facile hydrothermal process with a thermal treatment process. The possible growth mechanism of 3D flower-like NiO is discussed. When used as electrode materials for supercapacitors, the resultant composite exhibits a specific capacitance of 346F/g (1.5A/g), a good rate performance and cycle stability in 2?M KOH. NiO in the composite could provide a specific capacitance as high as 778.7F/g, compared to that of bare NiO of only 220F/g. The functional features of unique 3D flower-like NiO morphology, high conductivity of graphene sheets and its protective effect to the structure of NiO result in an improved electrochemical performance.     

Design and Preparation of Graphene/Fe2O3 Nanocomposite as Negative Material for Supercapacitor

The development of high specific capacitance electrode materials with high efficiency, scalability and economic feasibility is significant for the application of supercapacitors, however, the synthesis of electrode material still faces huge challenges. Herein, graphene(G)/Fe₂O₃ nanocomposite was prepared via a simple hydrothermal method connected with subsequent thermal reduction process. Scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and transmission electron microscopy(TEM) results showed rod-like Fe₂O₃ nanoparticles were prepared and well-dispersed on graphene layers, providing a rich active site and effectively buffering the aggregation of Fe₂O₃ nanoparticles in the process of electrochemical reaction. The specific capacitance of the obtained G/Fe₂O₃ nanocomposite as negative electrode for supercapacitor was 378.7 F/g at the current density of 1.5 A/g, and the specific capacitance retention was 88.76% after 3000 cycles. Furthermore, the asymmetric supercapacitor(ASC) was fabricated with G/Fe₂O₃ nanocomposite as negative electrode, graphene as positive electrode, which achieved a high energy density of 64.09 W∙h/kg at a power density of 800.01 W/kg, maintained 30.07 W∙h/kg at a power density of 8004.89 W/kg, and retained its initial capacitance by 78.04% after 3000 cycles. The excellent result offered a promising way for the G/Fe₂O₃ nanocomposite to be applied in high energy density storage systems.     

Synthesis and Electrochemical Performance of Co3O4/Graphene

Co3O4/reduced graphene oxide composites were synthesized via a simple electrochemical method from graphene oxide and Co（NO3）2·6H2O as raw materials.Co3O4 nanoparticles with sizes of around 30-50 nm were distributed on the surface of graphene nanosheets confirmed by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy.Electrochemical properties of Co3O4/graphene composite were tested by cyclic voltammetry,galvanostatic charge-discharge,and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy.The Co3O4/reduced graphene oxide composite was used as the pseudocapacitor electrode in the 2 mol/L NaOH aqueous electrolyte solution.The Co3O4/reduced graphene oxide composite electrode exhibited a specific capacitance of 357 F/g at a current density of 0.5 A/g in a three-electrode system.72％ of capacitance was retained when the current density increased to 3 A/g.The Co3O4/reduced graphene oxide composite prepared electrodes show a high rate capability and excellent long-term stability.After 1000 cycles of charge and discharge,the capacitance is still maintained 87％ at a current density of 1 A/g,indicating that the composite is a oromising alternative electrode material used for supercapacitors.     

Synthesis and Electrochemical Characterization of Modified Graphene/Polypyrrole Nanocomposites

Nanocomposites based on both modified/unmodified graphene and polypyrrole, were investigated as electrode materials for supercapacitor application. All the nanocomposites were prepared by in-situ oxidative polymerization method using ammonium persulfate as oxidant. The amine functionalization of Graphene was confirmed by FTIR and X-ray Photo Electron Spectroscopy (XPS). Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) and High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRTEM) analysis were performed to study the morphology of the nanocomposites. The maximum capacitance value was found as 240 F/g for unmodified graphene based composite. Though the capacitance value was found to be lower for modified graphene based composite, the cyclic stability was found to be higher as compared to unmodified graphene/polypyrrole nanocomposite.     

Free‐Radical‐Promoted Conversion of Graphite Oxide into Chemically Modified Graphene

The preparation of chemically modified graphene (CMG) generally involves the reduction of graphite oxide (GO) by using various reducing reagents. Herein, we report a free‐radical‐promoted synthesis of CMG, which does not require any conventional reductant. We demonstrated that the phenyl free radical can efficiently promote the conversion of GO into CMG under mild conditions and produces phenyl‐functionalized CMG. This pseudo‐“reduction” process is attributed to a free‐radical‐mediated elimination of the surface‐attached oxygen‐containing functionalities. This work illustrates a new strategy for preparing CMG that is alternative to the conventional means of chemical reduction. Furthermore, the phenyl‐functionalized graphene shows an excellent performance as an electrode material for lithium‐battery applications.     

In situ synthesized heteropoly acid/polyaniline/graphene nanocomposites to simultaneously boost both double layer- and pseudo-capacitance for supercapacitors

It is challenging to simultaneously increase double layer- and pseudo-capacitance for supercapacitors. Phosphomolybdic acid/polyaniline/graphene nanocomposites (PMo(12)-PANI/GS) were prepared by using PMo(12) as a bifunctional reagent for not only well dispersing graphene for high electrochemical double layer capacitance but also in situ chemically polymerizing aniline for high pseudocapacitance, resulting in a specific capacitance of 587 F g(-1), which is ～1.5 and 6 times higher than that of PANI/GS (392 F g(-1)) and GS (103 F g(-1)), respectively. The nanocomposites also exhibit good reversibility and stability. Other kinds of heteropolyacids such as molybdovanadophosphoric acids (PMo(12-x)V(x), x = 1, 2 and 3) were also used to prepare PMo(12-x)V(x)-PANI/GS nanocomposites, also showing enhanced double layer- and pseudo-capacitance. This further proves the proposed concept to simultaneously boost both double layer- and pseudo-capacitance and demonstrates that it could be a universal approach to significantly improve the capacitance for supercapacitors.     

Layer-by-layer engineered Co-Al hydroxide nanosheets/graphene multilayer films as flexible electrode for supercapacitor

Multilayer films of Co-Al layered double hydroxide nanosheets (Co-Al LDH-NS) and graphene oxide (GO) were fabricated through layer-by-layer (LBL) assembly. By using a three-electrode system, the electrochemical performances of the films were investigated to evaluate their potential as electrode materials to be used in flexible supercapacitor devices. The Co-Al LDH-NS/GO multilayer films exhibited a high specific capacitance of 880 F/g and area capacitance of 70 F/m(2) under the scan rate of 5 mV/s. And the film exhibited good cycle stability over 2000 cycles. After treating the films at 200 °C in H(2) atmosphere, the specific capacitance and area capacitance were largely increased up to 1204 F/g and 90 F/m(2) due to partial reduction of GO. A flexible electrode by depositing Co-Al LDH-NS/GO multilayer film onto PET substrate was prepared to show the potential of Co-Al LDH-NS/GO films for flexible energy storage.     

α-Fe2O3/石墨烯水凝胶复合材料的自组装制备及电化学性能

采用水热法自组装合成超薄α-Fe₂O₃/还原氧化石墨烯水凝胶（3DGH）复合材料.复合材料的物性表征和电化学测试结果表明,α-Fe₂O₃/3DGH材料呈三维多孔结构,直径约100 nm的α-Fe₂O₃颗粒均匀生长在还原氧化石墨烯片层上;通过调节复合材料中Fe³⁺的负载量,可实现α-Fe₂O₃颗粒的可控生长,粒径为200~30 nm;作为超级电容器的电极材料,α-Fe₂O₃粒径为100 nm左右时,铁负载量为40%的α-Fe₂O₃/3DGH复合材料具有最大的比电容（750.8 F/g,1 A/g）和循环稳定性（在10 A/g电流密度下,充放电5000次后比电容保持率为81.9%）,高于纯α-Fe₂O₃材料的比电容（251.6 F/g,1 A/g）和循环稳定性（充放电5000次后比电容保持率为43.8%）.     

Layered graphene oxide nanostructures with sandwiched conducting polymers as supercapacitor electrodes

We demonstrate a general approach to the preparation of layered graphene oxide structures with sandwiched conducting polymers of different morphologies. The approach is conceptualized on the basis of the electrostatic interactions between negatively charged graphene oxide sheets and positively charged surfactant micelles. A graphene oxide-polypyrrole composite prepared from this approach exhibited an excellent electrocapacitive performance with a high specific capacitance over 500 F g(-1). Good rate performance and cycle ability were realized by the composite electrode. The simple method described here opens up a generalized route to making a wide range of graphene oxide-based and graphene-based composite materials for applications beyond electrochemical energy storage.     

Hybrid Hydrogels of Porous Graphene and Nickel Hydroxide as Advanced Supercapacitor Materials

Graphene‐based hydrogels can be used as supercapacitor electrodes because of their excellent conductivity, their large surface area and their high compatibility with electrolytes. Nevertheless, the large aspect ratio of graphene sheets limits the kinetics of processes occurring in the electrode of supercapacitors. In this study, we have introduced in‐plane and out‐of‐plane pores into a graphene–nickel hydroxide (Ni(OH)₂) hybrid hydrogel, which facilitates charge and ion transport in the electrode. Due to its optimised chemistry and architecture, the hybrid electrode demonstrates excellent electrochemical properties with a combination of high charge storage capacitance, fast rate capability and stable cycling performance. Remarkably, the Ni(OH)₂ in the hybrid contributes a capacitance as high as 3138.5 F g^?1, which is comparable to its theoretical capacitance, suggesting that such structure facilitates effectively charge‐transfer reactions in electrodes. This work provides a facile pathway for tailoring the porosity of graphene‐based materials for improved performances. Moreover, this work has also furthered our understanding in the effect of pore and hydrogel structures on the electrochemical properties of materials.     

High Performance Supercapacitors Based on Mesopore Structured Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes

A 3D CNT/few layered graphene construct (CNT−FLG) with mesopore structure was fabricated and applied in supercapacitors. The structure was acquired through a two-step method. Firstly, commercial multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MCNTs) were oxidized in a mixed solution of concentrated acid and modified with a couple of long-chain organic ions. Second, the above resultant product was carbonized at a high temperature. The achieved structure offers a 3D interconnected electrically conductive network as well as mesopore structure. It also significantly improves the specific surface area of MCNTs. Result of BET tests showed that the specific surface area of CNT−FLG reached to 2235 m²/g. When acted as electrode materials in a supercapacitor structure, specific capacitance was approximately 531.2 F/g at a current density of 0.8 A/g. At current density of 50 A/g, specific capacitance remained 204.4 F/g. Besides, the capacitance retention was as high as 96.18 % after 10000 cycles at the current density of 5 A/g.     

石墨烯纸的制备及电容特性

利用未经任何分散处理的氧化石墨溶胶在气-液界面自组装得到氧化石墨纸(ϕ=10 cm), 将氧化石墨纸在不同温度下用水合肼蒸气还原制得石墨烯纸. 采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、 X射线衍射(XRD)、 Raman光谱、 X射线光电子能谱(XPS)及氮吸附对还原前后样品的微观结构、 表面特性、 元素组成及比表面积进行了表征, 在此基础上考察了还原处理及还原温度对材料电容特性的影响. 结果表明, 在150 ℃下还原氧化石墨纸得到的石墨烯纸具有较好的电化学电容特性, 其在1000 mA/g恒定充放电电流密度下, 6 mol/L KOH电解质溶液中的质量比电容达到142 F/g, 1000次充放电循环后电容保持率为99.8%.