SAPO-11分子筛的性质与催化应用

随着世界经济的增长，对能源的需求日益加大．石油作为当今世界最重要的能源之一，必将进一步得到发展，因此炼油工业在21世纪仍将保持其在能源利用方面的主导地位．在我国，流化催化裂化装置(FCCU)因对原料的适应性强、轻质油产品收率高、汽油的辛烷值高等优点，一直是炼油厂     

SAPO-11分子筛的合成

以二正丙胺(DPA)为模板剂、利用水热法合成SAPO-11分子筛，系统考察了硅源、硅含量、模板剂用量以及晶化条件（晶化温度、时间以及pH值）对SAPO-11分子筛合成的作用。研究结果表明：硅源是决定SAPO-11分子筛合成及结构的关键组分之一，其释放出活性硅物种的速率要与磷酸铝分子筛的前驱体生成的速度相一致；酸性硅溶胶是合成SAPO-11的合适硅源；在SiO2/Al2O3=0～0.7，DPA/P2O5=0.8～1.8，pH=5.8～7.8条件下，可合成纯SAPO-11分子筛。此外，SAPO-11分子筛的合成，还存在明显的诱导期以及晶型的转化过程。在合成条件下，晶化时间4?h时，SAPO-11开始晶化，至24 h，SAPO-11分子筛可晶化完全。继续延长晶化时间，SAPO-11分子筛与SAPO-31分子筛之间发生转晶现象。     

小晶粒SAPO-11分子筛的合成及其催化异构化性能

在常规静态水热法的基础上,不使用除有机模板剂以外的其它有机物,通过调整反应物凝胶的老化处理条件,可以合成出结晶良好的小晶粒SAPO-11分子筛,晶粒尺寸由常规方法合成的5～15μm减小至400～500nm;采用改进方法合成的小晶粒SAPO-11分子筛具有较大的外比表面积.小晶粒Pt/SAPO-11分子筛催化剂对正十六烷临氢异构化反应的活性和选择性均明显高于常规方法合成的催化剂.     

含HF体系中SAPO-11分子筛的合成与表征

 在含HF体系中合成了SAPO-11分子筛,并采用X射线衍射、扫描电镜、低温氮物理吸附、红外光谱和吸附氨的程序升温脱附等手段对其进行了表征. 结果表明,相对于常规无HF合成体系,在HF体系中合成的SAPO-11分子筛样品结晶度提高,结晶速度加快,分子筛单晶增大,分子筛晶粒聚集体的粒径减小,比表面积降低,孔体积与平均孔径增大. 合成体系中加入HF后SAPO-11分子筛上B酸中心的总酸量和弱酸量降低,中强酸中心的比例有所提高,而L酸的酸量和酸强度无明显改变.     

离子胶束诱导微波合成SAPO-11分子筛微球

以十六烷基三甲基氯化铵(CTAC)与正丁醇(n-butanol)形成的胶束为外模板, 采用微波法制备了SAPO-11分子筛微球.考察了CTAC浓度、晶化时间以及HF用量对SAPO-11分子筛形成的影响, 并利用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)、热分析(TG-DTA)、电子衍射能谱(EDS)和N2物理吸附等技术对所得产物进行了系统表征. 结果表明: 当c(CTAC)+c(n-butanol)=0.180 mol·L-1时可得到结晶度较高的SAPO-11分子筛微球; 延长反应时间, 所得产物结晶度逐渐提高; 适量的HF, 有助于分子筛中Si物种的取代以及分子筛微球的形成. 通过对比实验, 提出了离子胶束诱导微波合成SAPO-11分子筛微球的反应机理.     

水蒸气处理改性的SAPO-11分子筛催化合成2,6-二甲基萘的研究

采用水蒸气对SAPO-11分子筛进行改性.通过XRD、SEM、NH3-TPD以及N2吸脱附等表征手段对改性前后SAPO-11分子筛的结构、酸性进行表征,并研究了改性后分子筛催化合成2,6-二甲基萘反应性能的影响规律.结果表明,水蒸气处理使SAPO-11分子筛发生骨架脱铝,酸中心数量减少,比表面积和孔体积有所下降,从而使2,6-二甲基萘的选择性、2,6-二甲基萘与2,7-二甲基萘的比值及催化稳定性提高.     

SAPO-11分子筛的粒度调控

采用干凝胶法,通过向合成体系中添加适量的十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)或氟化氢(HF)控制SAPO-11分子筛的粒度。采用SEM、XRD、IR、MAS NMR、TPD、TEM、TG-DSC以及低温N2吸附脱附对产物进行表征。结果表明,CTAB或HF的加入不仅能够减小分子筛的粒度,而且能调控分子筛骨架元素组成、表观形貌、孔道结构及酸性质等。其中,CTAB的加入有利于Si进入分子筛骨架,增加产物的酸量;HF的加入使样品由不规则的微米级颗粒调控为500 nm左右的棒状单晶,增强了分子筛的稳定性,但阻止了硅进入骨架,降低产物的酸量。     

新型磷酸硅铝分子筛SAPO-53的合成与表征

以氢氧化已烷双铵(R(OH)2)为模板剂,采用水热条件合成了高结晶度的SAPO-53分子筛。并采用XRD、SEMEDX、FT-IR、MAS NMR、电泳仪、N2吸附-脱附、TG-DTG等手段对合成的分子筛进行表征。考察了硅铝比、磷铝比、模板剂的用量以及晶化时间等条件对合成SAPO-53分子筛的作用。29Si MAS NMR表明,Si主要以四配位形式进入了AlPO4-53的骨架中,SAPO-53相对结晶度先增加后开始缓慢下降,Zeta电位值先增加后保持不变,与以甲胺为模板剂合成相比,氢氧化已烷双铵的用量比甲胺减少了一半,同时缩短了晶化时间,降低了合成的难度。通过计算得到SAPO-53的表观生长速率大于成核速率,说明成核过程是速率控制步骤。     

SAPO—11分子筛的酸性及催化性能

用IR及TPD法研究了SAPO-11分子筛的表面酸性质,并以正庚烷裂解和乙醇脱水为探针研究其催化性能。结果表明,SAPO-11分子筛上既有L酸中心,又有B酸中心,表面上存在4个羟基峰。NH_3-TPD测定了SAPO-11的酸强度和酸中心数,并用矩形法求得脱附活化能,SAPO-11系属中等酸强度的分子筛。     

SAPO-34分子筛的合成及甲醇制烯烃催化性能

以三乙胺为模版剂,系统研究了合成凝胶中硅含量、磷酸含量以及水含量对SAPO-34分子筛晶化及其MTO催化性能的影响,Si对SAPO-34的形成具有结构导向作用,只有当SiO2/Al2O3 ≥ 0.25时才可以得到纯相SAPO-34分子筛. 然而随着凝胶中Si含量增大,合成样品中出现氧化铝物种,结晶度、比表面积逐渐下降,催化稳定性降低. 进一步研究发现,凝胶P2O5/Al2O3和H2O/Al2O3比对SAPO-34的合成和催化性能也有很大影响. 当P2O5/Al2O3=1.1,H2O/Al2O3=36时,合成样品具有较高的比表面积、较为理想的(P+Si)/Al比和适宜的酸性,单程寿命达到520 min. 在此基础上研究了焙烧条件对SAPO-34分子筛催化性能的影响,结果表明SAPO-34在流动的空气气氛中焙烧8 h得到的样品比焙烧10 h的样品残留了更多的模版剂,且部分残留的模版剂以二烯烃的形式存在,催化寿命明显比焙烧10 h的样品长,达到580 min.     

水-丁醇两相介质合成SAPO-11和MgAPO-11分子筛

在水-丁醇两相介质中合成了SAPO-11和MgAPO-11分子筛.水-丁醇两相介质有利于在SAPO-11中引入更多的Si,从而产生较多的酸性位,以所得SAPO-11为载体的Pt催化剂在正十二烷临氢异构化反应中表现出较高的催化活性.相反,水-丁醇两相介质不利于Mg进入分子筛骨架,导致MgAPO-11上的酸性位减少,Pt/MgAPO-11催化剂的催化活性降低.     

无铝V-β分子筛的合成、表征及催化性能研究

采用水热晶化法在SiO2-V2O5-(TEA)2O-NH4F-H2O体系中合成了无铝V-β分子筛,运用XRD,IR,UV-Vis漫反射,TG/DTA和SEM等技术表征了样品的物理化学特性,证明样品具有BEA拓扑结构,结晶良好,且钒原子进入了分子筛骨架. 探讨了反应混合物组成对V-β分子筛晶化的影响,在以H2O2为氧化剂的苯酚羟基化反应中,考察了V-β分子筛的催化氧化性能.     

Synthesis and Applications of SAPO-34 Molecular Sieves

Silicoaluminophosphate zeolite (SAPO-34) has been attracting increasing attention due to its excellent form selection and controllability in the chemical industry, as well as being one of the best industrial catalysts for methanol-to-olefin (MTO) reaction conversion. However, as a microporous molecular sieve, SAPO-34 easily generates carbon deposition and rapidly becomes inactivated. Therefore, it is necessary to reduce the crystal size of the zeolite or to introduce secondary macropores into the zeolite crystal to form a hierarchical structure in order to improve the catalytic effect. In this review, the synthesis methods of conventional SAPO-34 molecular sieves, hierarchical SAPO-34 molecular sieves and nanosized SAPO-34 molecular sieves are introduced, and the properties of the synthesized SAPO-34 molecular sieves are described, including the phase, morphology, pore structure, acid source, and catalytic performance, in particular with respect to the synthesis of hierarchical SAPO-34 molecular sieves. We hope that the review can provide guidance to the preparation of the SAPO-34 catalysts, and stimulate the future development of high-performance hierarchical SAPO-34 catalysts to meet the growing demands of the material and chemical industries.     

SAPO—11构型分子筛的合成及结构研究

以二正丙胺及二异丙胺为模板剂,采用水热法制得了SAPO-11分子筛,对3种不同的合成方法——异丙醇铝法、上清液法和氟离子法的产物及杂晶情况作了讨论,采用红外和二次微分红外光谱、XRD多晶结构分析及真空吸附等方法研究了SAPO-11的骨架结构和孔结构。     

In-situ Synthesis of Gallium-Containing SAPO-11 Molecular Sieves and Superior Catalytic Performance of Their NiWS Supported Catalysts for Hydroisomerization of n-Hexadecane

In order to prepare a high-performance SAPO-11 (silicoaluminophosphate-11) based non-noble metal supported catalyst for the hydroisomerization of long-chain n-alkanes, gallium-modified SAPO-11 molecular sieve was successfully synthesized by the in-situ synthesis method, and the NiWS supported catalyst was prepared for the hydroisomerization of n-hexadecane. The effects of Ga-modification on the physicochemical properties of SAPO-11 molecular sieve, the active phase properties, and the catalytic performance of the catalyst were studied. Through a series of physicochemical characterizations, it was found that the introduction of Ga increased the mesoporous volume of SAPO-11 molecular sieve, reduced their acid density and strength, but improved the amount of medium-strong Brønsted acid. The Ga-modification weakened the interaction between the active metals and the support, increased the sulfidation degree of active metals, and increased the stacking number and dispersion of active phase. The results of catalytic performance evaluation showed that the catalytic activity and isomerization selectivity of the Ga-modified SAPO-11 molecular sieve based catalysts were improved, and the yield of i-hexadecane of NiW/2Ga-SAPO-11 was the highest, which was 40.30 % higher than that of NiW/SAPO-11. By analyzing the distribution of isomeric products, it was found that the Ga-modified SAPO-11 molecular sieve was helpful in improving the hydroisomerization depth of n-hexadecane over the catalyst.     

Synthesis, Characterization and Catalytic Activity of Sn-SBA-15 Mesoporous Molecular Sieves

Our recent reports on the synthesis of Sn-incorporated mesoporous SBA-15 materials have been reviewed. The preparation of the samples with different Si/Sn ratios followed two procedures, the first is the post-synthesis modification of SBA-15 by impregnation with Sn chloride or acetate, and the second is the direct method in which Sn chloride was introduced in to Si precursor along with amphiphilic triblock copolymer, while varying the ratio of the synthesis gel. Detailed characterization of the Sn-SBA-15 samples by a variety of techniques shows how the synthesis procedures influence the properties of the samples that reflect on the differences in (a) the structural features, (b) morphology and textural properties, such as the pore characteristics, (c) the possible location of Sn⁴⁺ ions in the meso silica structure and their reducibility, (d) the nature of the Sn species and their the coordination sphere and (e) the acid–base characteristics. We developed a possible model for the localization of Sn species in SBA-15 pore structure for different conditions of preparation. This report includes our investigations on the catalytic properties of these Sn-SBA-15 samples in 3 industrially important reactions, viz., trans-esterification of diethyl malonate, synthesis of nopol by Prins condensation of β-pinene with para-formaldehyde and the epoxidation of norbornene. In each of this reaction, while demonstrating the catalytic role of Sn species, we show that the requirement of the type and the environment of Sn species are different for these reactions.     

不同加铝方式对SAPO-34分子筛合成及MTO催化性能的影响

在水热合成体系中,以三乙胺(TEA)和四乙基氢氧化铵(TEAOH)为混合模板剂,考察了在初始凝胶形成过程中铝源的加入方式对合成SAPO-34分子筛及甲醇制烯烃(MTO)催化性能的影响;通过X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、氮气等温吸附脱附(BET)、²⁹Si固体核磁(²⁹Si MAS NMR)、氨气程序升温脱附(NH₃-TPD)等方法对合成产物进行物性表征,并研究了其在甲醇转化制烯烃(MTO)反应中的催化性能。结果表明,随着首先加铝量的增加,粒径有逐渐变小的趋势,且逐渐出现板层状形貌的SAPO-34分子筛;同时,产物分子筛骨架中Si(4Al)配位结构的数量增加,强酸比例在逐渐增大,且酸密度增加;随着强酸比例和酸密度的提高,SAPO-34分子筛在MTO催化反应中的寿命逐渐延长,丙烯选择性逐渐增大而乙烯选择性逐渐减小。     

堇青石蜂窝陶瓷载体上SAPO-34分子筛的原位合成

运用水热合成技术在孔密度为62cells/cm²的堇青石蜂窝陶瓷载体上原位合成了SAPO-34分子筛,并用XRD和SEM等技术对其进行了表征.结果表明,经过一次水热合成,堇青石蜂窝陶瓷载体的表面上可牢固均匀地生长一层厚度约为30μm的SAPO-34分子筛,而相应的载体增重约为15%～25%.改变合成条件还可使堇青石载体上同时生长SAPO-34和SAPO-5分子筛.此外,对SAPO-34分子筛在堇青石载体上的生长机理也作了初步探讨.