非邻苯二甲酸酯内给电子体聚丙烯催化剂的研究进展

本文综述了非邻苯二甲酸酯类内给电子体催化剂的研究进展,对目前已处于工业化应用的3种非邻苯二甲酸酯类化合物催化剂的性能特点进行了详细对比.针对日趋严格的清洁型聚丙烯要求,展望了非邻苯二甲酸酯类给电子体化合物以及相关催化剂的发展前景.     

Supramolecular Hierarchy among Halogen‐Bond Donors

Through a combination of structural chemistry, vibrational spectroscopy, and theory, we have systematically examined the relative structure‐directing importance of a series of ditopic halogen‐bond (XB) donors. The molecular electrostatic potential surfaces of six XB donors were evaluated, which allowed for a charge‐based ranking. Each molecule was then co‐crystallized with 21 XB acceptors and the results have made it possible to map out the supramolecular landscape describing the competition between I/Br–ethynyl donors, perfluorinated I/Br donors, and I/Br–phenyl based donors. The results offer practical guidelines for synthetic crystal engineering driven by robust and directional halogen bonds.     

Group IV complexes of a tetradentate amine mono(phenolate) ligand: a second side-arm donor stabilizes cationic species

An amine mono(phenolate) ligand bearing two side-arm donors led to octahedral trialkoxo and trialkyl group IV metal complexes, in which one of the donors was unbound, and to exceptionally stable cationic complexes in which the two side-arm donors were tightly bound.     

Stereochemistry of the initiation step in Ziegler-Natta catalysts containing dialkyl propane diethers: A tool for distinguishing the role of internal and external donors

The results of a study on a new generation of MgCl₂ supported Ziegler-Natta catalysts that contain dialkyl propane diethers as internal donors and produce highly stereospecific polypropene even without any external donor are presented. The results concerning three different catalysts containing 2,2-diisobutyl-1,3-dimethoxy propane (DIBDMP), 2,2-dicyclopentyl-1,3-dimethoxy propane (DCPDMP) and 2-ethyl,2-butyl-1,3-dimethoxy propane (EBDMP) as internal donors are compared. The same donors have also been studied by using them as external donors with a catalyst contaning diisobutyl phthalate as internal donor. The present results, along with previously obtained findings on traditional supported Ziegler-Natta catalysts, permit a general comprehension of the role of internal and external donors.     

Protecting group free glycosidations using p-toluenesulfonohydrazide donors

N'-Glycopyranosylsulfonohydrazides are introduced as glycosyl donors for protecting group free synthesis of O-glycosides, glycosyl azides, and oxazolines. Mono- and disaccharides containing a reducing terminal N-acetylglucosamine residue were condensed with p-toluenesulfonylhydrazide to give the desired beta- d-pyranose donors. These donors can be activated with NBS and then glycosidated with the desired alcohol or transformed to the oxazoline or glycosyl azide.     

Glycosyl disulfides: novel glycosylating reagents with flexible aglycon alteration

[reaction: see text] Glycosyl disulfides have been shown for the first time to be effective glycosyl donors. Glucosylation and galactosylation of a panel of representative alcohol acceptors allowed the formation of 28 simple glycosides, disaccharides, and glycoamino acids in yields of up to 90%. As well as providing a novel class of effective glycosyl donors, the ability to easily alter the nature of the aglycon and the ability to differently activate donors that differ only in their aglycon simply through altering conditions lends glycosyl disulfide donors to their use in latent-active reactivity tuning strategies.     

外给电子体对聚丙烯性能的影响

综述了用Ziegler-Natta催化剂制备聚丙烯时加入的外给电子体对聚丙烯等规度、分子量分布和熔融指数的影响,并深入讨论了不同外给电子体组合对聚丙烯性能的影响。采用合适的外给电子体组合可以制备出高熔融指数、宽分子量分布的高性能聚丙烯。     

Density functional study on the role of electron donors in propylene polymerization using Ziegler-Natta catalyst

The role of electron donors in propylene polymerization using Ziegler-Natta model catalyst [TiCl₂CH₃]⁺ has been investigated using density functional calculations at B3LYP/6-31G* level. Methyl benzoate (MBz) and para-methoxy methyl benzoate (p-OMe-MBz) are the electron donors considered in this study. We have found two major roles of these electron donors that match well with the corresponding experimental results. First, for both the catalysts having different electron donors, the propylene insertion in Ti-CH₃ bond in syn-fashion rather than anti-fashion has lower activation barriers (E_act). This indicates that the regioselectivity of propylene insertion is maintained in the presence of the electron donors. Secondly, co-ordination of electron donors is found to increase the activation barriers of propylene insertion, which explains the experimentally observed drop in catalytic activity of [TiCl₂Me]⁺ on adding electron donors.     

N-trifluoroacetyl sialyl phosphite donors for the synthesis of alpha(2 --> 9) oligosialic acids

[reaction: see text] A new method for the synthesis of alpha(2 --> 9) oligosialic acids is developed using phosphite sialyl donors that are protected with a C-5 N-trifluoroacetyl (NHTFA) substituent. Compared with conventional donors, these donors gave a higher degree of alpha-anomeric selectivity during glycosidic bond formation and better yields during iterative sialylation in the synthesis of oligosialic acids.     

A novel 5-thioglycosylation method with 1,5-dithioglycosyl donors: relevance to exo- versus endocyclic activation

5-Thioglucosylation of a 1,6-anhydro-2-azido-2-deoxy-β-d-glucopyranose derivative was carried out with various 1,5-dithioglucosyl donors. The use of per-O-acetyl donors resulted in poor yields of an α-disaccharide. On the other hand, per-O-benzyl donors selectively gave an α-disaccharide in good to excellent yields regardless of the anomeric configuration of the donors. To study the relevance of the glycosylation results to the pre-equilibrium of exo- versus endocyclic sulfide activation, the relative nucleophilicities of exo- and endocyclic sulfides were estimated from the regioselectivities in the electrophilic oxidation of the per-O-benzyl donors with m-chloroperbenzoic acid. The results obeyed stereoelectronic effects and the endocyclic sulfides were more nucleophilic than the exocyclic sulfides for both anomers of per-O-benzyl-1,5-dithioglucosyl donors, the relative nucleophilicities of the endocyclic over exocyclic sulfides being 67% and 100%, respectively, for the α- and β-anomers. The results of the glycosidation and oxidation suggest that the glycosidation proceeded through an exocyclic cleavage mechanism despite the preferential endocyclic activation of 1,5-dithioglucosides.     

Artificial electron donors for nitrate and nitrite reductases usable as mediators in amperometric biosensors

Various nitrate and nitrite reductases are capable of accepting electrons from artificial donors. Combining these redox active donors with an amperometric redox electrode which is covered with an immobilized layer of such a nitrate or nitrite reductase, new enzyme sensors can be created for the detection of nitrate or nitrite, respectively. A range of suitable electron donors for nitrate reductases and nitrite reductase from different sources have been selected and characterized by electrochemical methods.     

Synthesis and phase-transfer catalytic activity of crown ethers bound to microporous polystyrene resins by oxyethylene spacers

Crown ethers bound to microporous polystyrene resins by oxyethylene spacers were prepared by the reaction of monoazacrown ethers with 2-tosyloxyethoxymethylated or 2-(2-tosyloxyethoxy)ethoxymethylated polystyrene resins crosslinked with 2 mol % of divinylbenzene. The activity of the immobilized lariat crowns for halogen exchange reactions under triphase conditions has been studied as a function of catalyst structure, loading, substrate structure, reagent structure, and solvent. The lariat catalysts with extra oxygen donors in the spacer chain exhibited higher activity than the corresponding immobilized catalysts without the donors in the spacer. The increased activity of the catalyst containing 15-crown-5 unit and two extra donors for the reaction of 1-bromooctane with KI was concluded to result from the enhanced complexation with the K⁺ ion, induced by the cooperative coordination of the crown unit donors and the donors in the spacer chain. The recovered catalysts could be re-used without decrease in activity.     

Relevance of the glycosyl donor to the regioselectivity of glycosidation of primary-secondary diol acceptors and application of these ideas to in situ three-component double differential glycosidation

[reaction: see text] Three pairs of primary-secondary diol acceptors have been exposed to armed, disarmed, and n-pentenyl ortho ester glycosyl donors in glycosidation reactions. It is shown that the regioselectivity of those glycosylations is greatly influenced by the armed, disarmed, or ortho ester nature of the glycosyl donors. The selectivities observed have been used to devise efficient in situ three-component glycosylations involving two donors and one acceptor.     

Neutral Organic Super Electron Donors Made Catalytic

Neutral organic super electron donors (SEDs) display impressive reducing power but, until now, it has not been possible to use them catalytically in radical chain reactions. This is because, following electron transfer, these donors form persistent radical cations that trap substrate‐derived radicals. This paper unlocks a conceptually new approach to super electron donors that overcomes this issue, leading to the first catalytic neutral organic super electron donor.     

Photophysical Behavior of Heteroduplexes Formed from Naphthalene Incorporated Foldamers,and Linear Donors and Pyromellitic Diimide Incorporated Foldamers

The authors synthesized the electron-rich 1,5-dioxonaphthyl group incorporated foldamers,and linear donors and electron-deficient pyromellitic diimide incorporated foldamers,which were investigated in organic solvents. There is an evident charge transfer process from the donors to the electron-deficient foldamers,due to the donor-acceptor interaction of the heteroduplexes formed from the donors and the electron-deficient foldamers in chloroform,observed by using the ultraviolet(UV) visible method. The charg...     

The surprisingly beneficial effect of soft donors on the performance of early transition metal olefin polymerisation catalysts

Group 4 metal complexes containing phenoxy-amide ligands bearing soft pendant donors are shown to give more highly active ethylene polymerisation catalysts than counterparts containing hard donors or systems without a pendant donor.     

Activation of Thioglycosides with Copper(II) Bromide

Reported herein is a new protocol for glycosidation of alkyl and aryl thioglycosides in the presence of copper(II) bromide. While the activation with CuBr₂ alone was proven suitable for reactive glycosyl donors, the activation of less reactive donors was more efficient in the presence of triflic acid as an additive. A variety of thioglycoside donors in reactions with different glycosyl acceptors were investigated to determine the initial scope of this reaction.     

Multiple Multidentate Halogen Bonding in Solution,in the Solid State,and in the (Calculated) Gas Phase

The binding properties of neutral halogen‐bond donors (XB donors) bearing two multidentate Lewis acidic motifs toward halides were investigated. Employing polyfluorinated and polyiodinated terphenyl and quaterphenyl derivatives as anion receptors, we obtained X‐ray crystallographic data of the adducts of three structurally related XB donors with tetraalkylammonium chloride, bromide, and iodide. The stability of these XB complexes in solution was determined by isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), and the results were compared to X‐ray analyses as well as to calculated binding patterns in the gas phase. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations on the gas‐phase complexes indicated that the experimentally observed distortion of the XB donors during multiple multidentate binding can be reproduced in 1:1 complexes with halides, whereas adducts with two halides show a symmetric binding pattern in the gas phase that is markedly different from the solid state structures. Overall, this study demonstrates the limitations in the transferability of binding data between solid state, solution, and gas phase in the study of complex multidentate XB donors.     

Spectrophotometric studies on the formation of adducts involved in synergistic extraction of uranium(IV) by mixtures of HTTA and neutral donors

Formation of adducts between U(TTA)₄ and several neutral donors was studied by spectrophotometry and it was shown that each of the neutral donors forms only 1∶1 adduct with U(TTA)₄. The adduct formation constants with some neutral donors were determined for benzene and chloroform media. As these adducts are involved in the synergistic extraction of U(IV) from aqueous media by mixtures of HTTA and neutral donors dissolved in organic solvents, the extraction equilibrium constants were estimated, The adduct formation was found to result in an increase of the co-ordination number of U(IV) from 8 in U(TTA)₄ to 9 in the adducts it forms with the neutral donors. Similar absorption spectral studies with U(DBM)₄ revealed that it forms much weaker adducts than the corresponding ones with U(TTA)₄.     

DISAL glycosyl donors for the synthesis of a linear hexasaccharide under mild conditions

[reaction: see text] The new class of glycosyl donors with a methyl 3,5-dinitrosalicylate (DISAL) anomeric leaving group has proved efficient for glycosylation under strictly neutral, mildly basic, or mildly acidic conditions. Here, we report the synthesis of novel DISAL disaccharide glycosyl donors prepared by easy nucleophilic aromatic substitution. These DISAL donors proved efficient in the synthesis of a starch-related hexasaccharide under very mild conditions. Glycosylations proceeded with alpha-selectivity and were compatible with Trt protecting groups.