Solid state fermentation of plant residues for improved animal feed byPleurotus sp.

In laboratory-scale experiments, studies were made on the solid state fermentation of plant residues—rice straw and the upper soft portion of the stems of sarkanda (Saccharum munja)—by selected cultures of white-rot fungi,Pleurotus sajor-caju andPleurotus ostreatus. These cultures were selected after preliminary screening of their lignin-degrading capacities on lignin-agar medium. Their lignin degrading and (cellulose + hemicellulose) sparing, along with protein improving capacities, were studied for their potential application in animal feed production. A 100 g quantity of presoaked and sterilized residues was inoculated with wheat spawn of the two cultures and incubated at 25‡C. It was observed that, after 25 d, the crude protein contents (N × 6.25) of rice straw increased from 3 to 17.0% in the case of P.sajor-caju and to 19.2% in case of P. ostreatus. The percent removal values of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin were found to be as follows: 45.8, 16.8, and 47.1%, respectively, in the case ofP. sajor-caju and 56.5, 40.4, and 50%, respectively, in the case of P.ostreatus. After solid state fermentation of sarkanda for 25 d, its protein content increased from 3 to 12.8% in the case ofP. sajor-caju and to 14.5% in the case ofP. ostreatus. The percent removal of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin was found to be as follows: 31.2, 7.1, and 19%, respectively, in the case ofP. sajor-caju and 34.4, 7.1, and 14.3%, respectively, in the case ofP. ostreatus. The results obtained after solid state fermentation of the two residues by the mixed culture of these two basidiomycetes was also presented.     

Cellulolytic enzymes produced by the edible mushroom,Pleurotus sajor-caju

Pleurotus sajor-caju grows efficiently and degrades all the components present in lignocellulosic residues. Production of cellulase and xylanase enzymes in submerged culture and during solid state cultivation has been studied. An initial pH of 5.0 was found to be optimal for the production of cellulase in shake flasks; this was attained in about 6–8 d in a medium containing either cellulose or rice straw as the sole source of carbon. On the cellulose medium, the maximum filter paper activity attained was 0.15 IU/mL in 7 d whereas the endoglycanase activity of 1.0 IU/mL, xylanase activity of 1.55 IU/mL, and Β-glucosidase activity of 0.57 IU/mL were acheived after 9 d fermentation. The reducing sugars were absent in the culture medium. The cellulases (filter paper activity and endoglucanases) were most active at pH 5.0 and 45‡C. Xylanase had maximum activity at pH 4.8 and 45‡C, and Β-glucosidase at pH 5.5 and 40‡C. In shake cultures,P. sajor-caju produced dispersed suspension of short mycelial threads and various sizes of pellets. The profile and extent of enzyme biosynthesis during submerged cultivation on rice straw was found to be of the same nature as obtained on cellulose. During solid state cultivation ofP. sajor-caju on rice straw beds for 36 d, the elaboration of enzyme activities did not appear to follow any definite pattern. However, filter paper activity, which is representative of cellulase action in hydrolyzing cellulose, remained more or less constant during the period of about the first 20 d of cultivation after the appearance of fruit bodies on the surface of rice straw beds. All the activities attained their minimum values after 23 d of cultivation, during which approximately 1 kg of fresh fruit bodies had been harvested. The total fruit bodies harvested till 36th days were approx. 1.1 kg. ThroughT. sajor-caju elaborates cellulase and xylanse extracellularly, the activity values were not as high as those of other cellulase producers such asTrichoderma reesei.     

Xylanase and cellulase production byAspergillus fumigatus

When grown on a purified cellulose such as CF11 cellulose,Aspergillus fumigatus produces mainly exoglucanase (Avicelase) and endoglucanase (CMCase) with small amounts of Β-glucosidase and xylanase. In such cultures, the pH drops to 3–3.5 after 2 d incubation, which may account for the low levels of Β-glucosidase. The amounts of extracellular enzymes produced are larger when the organism is grown on hay or straw than when grown on CF11 cellulose. In particular, CMCase levels increase approximately seven times and xylanase levels increase 40–50 times. In such cultures the pH remains fairly constant at 6–7 over the 10-d incubation period used and so Β-glucosidase levels are also increased. Extraction of the hay or straw substrate with ethanol had little effect on enzyme production and so there appears to be no soluble material present that influences enzyme production. The organism produced elevated levels of CMCase and xylanase on barley straw, oat straw, and wheat straw, there being little difference between the varieties of each tested. However, grasses dried at elevated temperatures (260–500‡C) gave enzyme levels similar to CF11 cellulose. Similarly, chemical delignification of hay or straw gave enzyme levels similar to CF11 cellulose. Thus, both these treatments must lead to degradation of the hemicellulose present in the substrate. A. fumigatus was able to grow on a number of laboratory prepared and commercially available xylans (hay, barley straw, oat straw, and larch) as a pelletted mycelium. In all cases xylanase levels were increased 10–30 times over CF11 cellulose as substrate, but CMCase levels were similar to those with CF11 cellulose as substrate. Β-Glucosidase in most cases was not detectable, probably because the pH fell to 3–3.5 during incubation. Thus it appears that cellulase and xylanase can be independently induced in this organism. The optimum incubation time at 37‡C for xylanase production was 4–7 d and the optimum concentration of hay as substrate was 4–5%, even though this produces a very thick slurry that does not shake well.     

Antibacterial and Antiproliferative Activities of Azadirachta indica Leaf Extract and Its Effect on Oil-in-Water Food Emulsion Stability

The present study aims to identify and quantify the phenolic compounds of Azadirachta indica leaf extract using HPLC-MS and to evaluate the antioxidant, antibacterial (against different Gram-positive and negative bacteria) and in vitro anti-proliferative activities of this extract (against breast, human liver and cervix adenocarcinoma-derived cells). The application of this extract as a natural antioxidant for food preservation was also tested on oil-in-water food emulsions for the first time in the present work in order to determine the use of Azadirachta indica leaves as a natural additive to preserve the food against lipid oxidation and rancidity. The results obtained revealed that 50%-aqueous ethanol leaf extract showed the best extraction yield (25.14%), which was characterized by a high content in phenolic compounds and strong antioxidant activity. Moreover, this leaf extract inhibited the growth of the bacterial strains tested (Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella paratyphi and Micrococcus luteus) and showed better anti-proliferative activity against breast and cervix adenocarcinoma-derived cells than human liver cancer cells after 48 h of treatment. Additionally, Azadirachta indica leaf extract showed almost similar effects as gallic acid solutions (0.25% and 0.5%) in preserving the oxidation of oil-in-water food emulsions and prevented the formation of secondary oxidation products (malondialdehyde) as well. The results obtained suggested that extracts of Azadirachta indica leaves are a potential source of antioxidant and antibacterial compounds and pointed to the potential of these natural extracts as therapeutic agents.     

Biological pretreatment of lignocellulose for enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose

Pretreatment of lignocellulosic materials is considered as the rate-limiting step in an economically feasible process for enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose. Biological delignification techniques have not been developed as intensively as physical and chemical methods. However, white-rot fungi are effective degraders of lignin, and some of them even preferentially remove lignin from wood compared with carbohydrates, and therefore might be suitable for biological pretreatment of lignocellulose. White-rot fungi were cultivated on wheat straw and the residue was hydrolyzed withTrichoderma reesei cellulase. Of nineteen fungi examined,Pleurotus ostreatus, Pleurotus sp. 535,Pycnoporus cinnabarinus 115,Ischnoderma benzoinum 108,Phanerochaete sordida 37,Phlebia radiata 79, and two unidentified fungi were found suitable for pretreatment of straw: the yields of reducing sugars and glucose based on original straw were markedly better compared with uninoculated straw, and these fungi also gave better results thanPolyporus versicolor, a nonselective reference fungus (Cowling, 1961). In the best cases the efficiency of the biological pretreatment was comparable with that of alkali treatment (2% NaOH, 0.4 g NaOH/g straw, 10 min at 115‡C), but the fungal treatment resulted in a higher proportion of glucose in the hydrolyzates. Combined fungal and (strong) alkali treatment did not give better results than alkali or fungal treatment alone. When culture flasks were periodically flushed with oxygen the treatment time could be reduced by about 1 wk with the two fungi,P. sordida 37 andP. cinnabarinus 115, tested. The effect of oxygen in pretreatment reflected the effect of oxygen in the degradation of¹⁴C-lignin of poplar wood to¹⁴CO₂ by these fungi (Hatakka and Uusi-Rauva, 1983). The economic feasibility of the biological pretreatment process is poor due to the long cultivation times needed. The best results were obtained with the longest treatment time studied, which was 5 wk. However, the rapid progress in the field of biological lignin degradation may help to accelerate the delignification process, and also find factors that favor lignin degradation, but suppress the utilization of carbohydrates.     

Examining the Potential of Plasma-Assisted Pretreated Wheat Straw for Enzyme Production by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Trichoderma reesei</Emphasis>

Plasma-assisted pretreated wheat straw was investigated for cellulase and xylanase production by Trichoderma reesei fermentation. Fermentations were conducted with media containing washed and unwashed plasma-assisted pretreated wheat straw as carbon source which was sterilized by autoclavation. To account for any effects of autoclavation, a comparison was made with unsterilized media containing antibiotics. It was found that unsterilized washed plasma-assisted pretreated wheat straw (which contained antibiotics) was best suited for the production of xylanases (110 IU ml⁻¹) and cellulases (0.5 filter paper units (FPU) ml⁻¹). Addition of Avicel boosted enzyme titers with the highest cellulase titers (1.5 FPU ml⁻¹) found with addition of 50 % w/w Avicel and with the highest xylanase production (350 IU ml⁻¹) reached in the presence of 10 % w/w Avicel. Comparison with enzyme titers from other nonrefined feedstocks suggests that plasma pretreated wheat straw is a promising and suitable substrate for cellulase and hemicellulase production.     

The enzymatic hydrolysis of pretreated agricultural residues and the fermentation of the liberated sugars to ethanol

Agricultural residues were pretreated by steam explosion and the cellulosic component of these substrates were converted to ethanol using a combined enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation (CHF) process. The enzymatic hydrolysis was carried out using culture filtrates ofTrichoderma harzianum E58 while the liberated sugars were fermented to ethanol byS. cerevisiae. Initially, pretreatment conditions were optimized to ensure that the substrates were readily hydrolyzed and fermented. The agricultural residues were steamed for various times between 30 and 120 s at approximately 240‡C prior to rapid decompression (explosion) in a small masonite-type gun. The various substrates were selectively extracted by water and alkali to see whether the enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentability of the substrates were enhanced. A comparison between the overall conversion of wheat and barley straw was made since these are the two most readily available agricultural residues in Canada. Steam explosion did not affect the hexosan content of the residues, although the pentosan content of the substrates decreased with increasing duration of steaming. The hexosan (cellulose) content of wheat straw was 50.7% of the total substrate while a slightly higher 52.9% cellulose content was detected in the barley straw. Wheat straw was more efficiently hydrolyzed after it had been steamed for 90 s while optimum hydrolysis of the barley straw was detected after 60 s. Steam exploded wheat and barley straw that was subsequently extracted with water was readily hydrolyzed to their component sugars.S. cerevisiae could almost quantitatively convert these sugars to ethanol. This indicated that water washing not only enhanced the enzymatic hydrolysis of the steam exploded substrates, it also removed inhibitory material that restricted the growth of S.cerevisiae. Maximum hydrolysis (78.5%) and ethanol yields (10 mg/mL) were obtained when wheat straw was steamed for 90 s. Slightly lower hydrolysis (76.0%) and ethanol yields (9.5 mg/mL) were obtained with barley straw that had been steamed for 120 s.     

Buffers for the physiological pH range: Thermodynamic constants of substituted aminopropanesulfonic acids from 5 to 55°C

ThepK ₂ values for 3-[(l,l-Dimethyl-2-hydroxymethyl)amino]-2-hydroxypropanesulfonic acid (AMPSO), and 3-[N,N-Bis(-hydroxyethyl)amino]-2-hydroxypropanesulfonic acid (DIPSO) have been determined at 12 temperatures over the range 5 to 55‡C by measurements of the emf of cells without liquid junction containing hydrogen and silver-silver chloride electrodes. The values of pK ₂ for AMPSO and DIPSO were found to be 9.138 and 7.576, respectively, at 25‡C. The thermodynamic quantities, δG‡, δH‡, δS‡, and δC _p ^‡ were calculated from the change of the equilibrium constants with temperature. These buffer substances are useful as secondary pH standards in the physiological region of pH 7 to 9. Camille and Henry Dreyfus Fellow, 1994–1996.     

Accumulation of radiocesium by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pleurotus citrinopileatus</Emphasis> species of edible mushroom

Pleurotus citrinopileatus, a species of edible mushrooms, is widely accepted food component, especially in Indian subcontinent. The accumulating susceptibility of this edible mushroom species towards long-lived radioisotopes of cesium was studied in controlled laboratory condition using the ¹³⁴Cs (T _1/2 = 2.06 y) radioisotope. It was observed that the experimental mushroom species accumulated ¹³⁴Cs and maximum accumulation took place in the cap portion. The pileus (cap)/stipes (stem) ratio of each ¹³⁴Cs accumulated mushroom sample was determined and found 2.22±0.74. The protein and fat fractions of the experimental mushroom species were extracted separately after accumulation of radiocesium and it was found that most of the radiocesium accumulation occurred in the protein fraction of the mushroom. The mushroom Pleurotus citrinopileatus which is white in color, turned completely black after radiocesium accumulation. The black mushroom so obtained was produced upto fourth generation by tissue culture method without using any radiocesium further. All the successors were found to be black indicating a permanent mutation of the mushroom species.     

Solid-state fermentation of agricultural wastes into food through pleurotus cultivation

The technical feasibility of using agricultural wastes (mango and date industry wastes) as a substrate for the cultivation ofPleurotus ostreatus NRRL-0366 is evaluated. When comparing the biological efficiency of mushroom production, the highest yield of fruiting bodies was obtained using a mixture of date waste and rice straw at a ratio (1:1) (11.96%), followed by a mixture 3:1 (11.16%). The lowest one was the mixture 2:1 (9.19%). FungusPleurotus ostreatus NRRL-0366 can also be cultivated on mango waste supplemented with rice straw at a different ratio. The best one was the 1:1 mixture (10.18%), whereas the lowest was a mixture 3:1 (6.4%). Comparing the results obtained favored the use of date waste as a substrate for growingPleurotus ostreatus NRRL-0366. Spawn was cultured on three different substrates as follows: Date waste alone (I); 1:1 (by wt) date waste and rice straw (II); 1:1:1 date waste, rice straw, and corncobs (III). Final dry weight and composition of the fruiting bodies are tabulated for the three sets of conditions. Date waste and rice straw mixture (II) is a good source of nonstarchy carbohydrate (67%) and protein (27.44%) containing amounts of essential amino acids, especially lysine and low RNA (3.81%). Elemental analysis were studied in the fruit bodies of the three media.     

Biosorptive behavior of mango (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Mangifera indica</Emphasis>) and neem (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Azadirachta indica</Emphasis>) barks for <Superscript>134</Superscript>Cs from aqueous solutions: A radiotracer study

The role of dead biomasses viz., mango (Mangifera indica) and neem (Azadirachta indica) bark samples are assessed in the removal behavior of, one of important fission fragments, Cs(I) from aqueous solutions employing a radiotracer technique. The batch type studies were carried out to obtain various physico-chemical data. It is to be noted that the increase in sorptive concentration (from 1.0·10⁻⁸ to 1.0·10⁻² mol·dm⁻³), temperature (from 298 to 328 K) and pH (2.6 to 10.3) apparently favor the uptake of Cs(I) by these two bark samples. The concentration dependence data obeyed Freundlich adsorption isotherm and the uptake follows first order rate law. Thermodynamic data evaluation and desorption experiments reveal the adsorption to be irreversible and endothermic in nature proceeding through ion-exchange and surface complexation for both dead biomasses. Both bark samples showed a fairly good radiation stability in respect of adsorption uptake of Cs(I) when irradiated with a 300 mCi (Ra-Be) neutron source having an integral neutron flux of ∼3.85·10⁶ n·cm⁻²·s⁻¹ and associated with a nominal γ-dose of ∼1.72 Gy·h⁻¹.     

TG–FTIR analysis applied to the study of thermal behaviour of some edible mushrooms

The article is devoted to the study on the thermal behaviour of three species of edible mushrooms: Boletus edulis (foot and cap), Pleurotus ostreatus (foot and cap), Lactarius deterrimus (cap) by the TG–FTIR-coupled technique, in air, over the 30–900 °C temperature range. The analysis of the TG–DTG–DTA curves reveals the thermal degradation mechanism to be complex and specific to every species under the recording conditions applied. A similar degradation mechanism is noticed for the foot and cap of Pleurotus ostreatus in comparison with the Boletus edulis and Lactarius deterrimus species where the mechanisms are different. The TG–FTIR analysis, combustion heats and IR spectra of the starting samples also support these results. The initial degradation temperatures from TG–DTG indicate the temperature range where these species are thermally stable and their nutrient features maintained making them proper for food. The TG–FTIR analysis gives information on the gaseous species evolved by the thermal degradation bringing thus a contribution to the elucidation of the changes developing by processing the edible mushrooms (industrialization, conservation, culinary preparations, etc.) at temperatures above the initial degradation temperature. At the same time, the environmental impact, when the mushroom failed cultures are burned, is also important.     

In Vitro Azadirachtin Production by Hairy Root Cultivation of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Azadirachta indica</Emphasis> in Nutrient Mist Bioreactor

Azadirachtin, a well-known biopesticide is a secondary metabolite conventionally extracted from the seeds of Azadirachta indica. The present study involved in vitro azadirachtin production by developing hairy roots of A. indica via Agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated transformation of A. indica explants. Liquid culture of hairy roots was established in shake flask to study the kinetics of growth and azadirachtin production. A biomass production of 13.3 g/L dry weight (specific growth rate of 0.7 day⁻¹) was obtained after 25 days of cultivation period with an azadirachtin yield of 3.3 mg/g root biomass. To overcome the mass transfer limitation in conventionally used liquid-phase reactors, batch cultivation of hairy roots was carried out in gas-phase reactors (nutrient spray and nutrient mist bioreactor) to investigate the possible scale-up of A. indica hairy root culture. The nano-size nutrient mist particles generated from the nozzle of the nutrient mist bioreactor could penetrate till the inner core of the inoculated root matrix, facilitating uniform growth during high-density cultivation of hairy roots. A biomass production of 9.8 g/L dry weight with azadirachtin accumulation of 2.8 mg/g biomass (27.4 mg/L) could be achieved in 25 days of batch cultivation period, which was equivalent to a volumetric productivity of 1.09 mg/L per day of azadirachtin.     

Purification and partial characterization ofRhizomucor miehei lipase for ester synthesis

A commercialRhizomucor miehei lipase was purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation. Phenyl Sepharose 6 Fast Row hydrophobic interaction chromatography, and DEAE Sepharose Fast Flow anion-exchange chromatography. The recovery of lipase activity was 32% with a 42-fold purification. The molecular size of the purified enzyme was 31,600 Dalton and the pI 3.8. The enzyme was stable for at least 24 h within a pH range of 7.0-10.0, and 96.8% of the enzyme activity remained when kept at 30‡C for 24 h. Further, about 10–30% of the lipase activity was inhibited by K⁺, Li⁺, Ni⁺, Co²⁺, Zn²⁺, Mg²⁺, Sn²⁺, Cu²⁺, Ba²⁺, Ca²⁺, and Fe²⁺ ions and by SDS, but EDTA had no effect. Under the experimental conditions, the optimum temperature for the hydrolysis of olive oil was 50‡C (pH 8.0), and for the synthesis of 1-butyl oleate, 37‡C. It was concluded that hydrolytic activity of lipase alone is not a sufficient criterion for its synthetic potential. The optimal molar ratio of oleic acid and 1-butanol was 2:1 for 1-butyl oleate synthesis. The 1-butyl oleate yield was unaffected by purification of the enzyme after 12 h.     

Xylanase and β-Xylosidase Production by <Emphasis Type="BoldItalic">Aspergillus ochraceus</Emphasis>: New Perspectives for the Application of Wheat Straw Autohydrolysis Liquor

The xylanase biosynthesis is induced by its substrate—xylan. The high xylan content in some wastes such as wheat residues (wheat bran and wheat straw) makes them accessible and cheap sources of inducers to be mainly applied in great volumes of fermentation, such as those of industrial bioreactors. Thus, in this work, the main proposal was incorporated in the nutrient medium wheat straw particles decomposed to soluble compounds (liquor) through treatment of lignocellulosic materials in autohydrolysis process, as a strategy to increase and undervalue xylanase production by Aspergillus ochraceus. The wheat straw autohydrolysis liquor produced in several conditions was used as a sole carbon source or with wheat bran. The best conditions for xylanase and β-xylosidase production were observed when A. ochraceus was cultivated with 1% wheat bran added of 10% wheat straw liquor (produced after 15 min of hydrothermal treatment) as carbon source. This substrate was more favorable when compared with xylan, wheat bran, and wheat straw autohydrolysis liquor used separately. The application of this substrate mixture in a stirred tank bioreactor indicated the possibility of scaling up the process to commercial production.     

Enthalpies of transfer of ubiquinone-0 from water to aqueous surfactant solutions at various temperatures

Mixing and dilution enthalpies of aqueous solutions of 2,3-dimethoxy-5-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone (UQ₀) and of N,N-dimethyl-dodecylamine-N-oxide (DDAO) were measured and used to calculate the enthalpies of transfer δH(W →W +S) of UQ₀ from water to DDAO aqueous solutions at 20‡, 25‡, 30‡, and 35‡C. From the dependence of δH(W →W +S) on surfactant concentration, the distribution constant between aqueous and micellar phases and the standard transfer enthalpy of UQ₀ from water to DDAO micelles were evaluated along with the standard transfer free energy and entropy. The approach used required knowledge of the CMC and micellization enthalpy at each temperature. Thus, the thermodynamics of micellization of DDAO was studied by means of dilution enthalpy measurements at the several temperatures.     

Three New Triterpenoids from Azadirachta indica

A new trinortriterpene, meliacinolactol ( 1 ), and two new tetranortriterpenes, limocin C ( 2 ) and limocin D ( 3 ), along with a known constituent, azadiradionolide, were isolated from the fresh fruit coats of Azadirachta indica and were characterized by chemical transformation and spectroscopic experiments, including 2D‐NMR techniques.     

Die Wärmeleitfähigkeit von Polyäthylen im Temperaturbereich von 20 bis 200 °C

Zusammenfassung Die W?rmeleitf?higkeit von je einemPhillips-,Ziegler- und Hochdruckpoly?thylen mit hohem Molekulargewicht wurde im Temperaturbereich von 20 bis 200 ‡C gemessen. Von 20 ‡C bis zum Schmelzende zeigt sich bei den verschiedenen Poly?thylentypen ein um so gr?\erer Abfall der W?rmeleitf?higkeit, je h?her der Kristallisationsgrad bei 20 ‡C ist. Die W?rmeleitf?higkeit in der Schmelze betr?gt etwa 6 · 10⁻⁴ cal/‡C cm sec und steigt schwach mit der Temperatur an.

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Summary Thermal conductivity of three representative types of polyethylene —Phillips-, Ziegler- and high pressure-type — has been determined from 20 to 200 ‡C. The stationary method applied in this work limited the experiments to polyethylene with extremely high molecular weight. The decrease of thermal conductivity between 20 ‡C and the melting point is an increasing function of cristallinity at 20 ‡C, whereas in the liquid phase the value of about 6 · 10⁻⁴ cal/‡C cm sec is nearly the same for each of the three investigated substances; a slight increase with temperature can be observed.

     

Co-cultured production of lignin-modifying enzymes with white-rot fungi

Co-cultivation was a potential strategy in lignocellulolytic biodegradation with producing high activity enzymes due to their synergistic action. The objective of this study was to investigate the rarely understood effects of co-culturing of two white-rot fungi on lignin-modifying enzymes (LMEs) production. Six species, Bjerkandera adusta, Phlebia radiata, Pleurotus ostreatus, Dichomitus squalens, Hypoxylon fragiforme and Pleurotus eryngii, were cultured in pairs to study the production of LMEs. The paired hyphal interaction observed showed that P. eryngii is not suitable for co-growth. The use of agar plates containing dye RBBR showed elevated decolourisation at the confrontation zone between mycelia. Laccase was significantly stimulated only in the co-culture of P. radiata with D. squalens under submerged cultivation; the highest value was measured after 4 days of incubation (120 U mg⁻¹). The improved productions of MnP and LiP were simultaneously observed at the co-culture of P. ostreatus and P. radiata (MnP = 800 nkat L⁻¹ after 4 days of incubation; LiP = 60 nkat L⁻¹ after 7 days of incubation), though it was not a good producer of laccase. P. ostreatus appeared to possess specific potential to be used in co-cultured production of LMEs. The phenotype of LMEs production was not only dependent on the species used but also regulated by different nutritions available in the culture medium. The present data will provide evidence for illustrating the regulatory roles of C/N on LMEs production under the co-cultures’ circumstances.     

Apparent molar volumes of aqueous sodium trifluoromethanesulfonate and trifluoromethanesulfonic acid from 283 K to 600 K and pressures up to 20 MPa

Relative densities of NaCF₃SO₃(aq) at molalities 0.073 ≤ m/(mol-kg^-1) ≤ 1.68 were measured with vibrating-tube densimeters from 283 K to 600 K and from 0.1 MPa to 20 MPa. Relative densities of HCF₃SO₃(aq) at molalities 0.12 < m/(mol-kg^-1) < 2.1 were determined at temperatures from 283 K to 328 K at 0.1 MPa. Apparent molar volumes calculated from the measured densities were represented by the Pitzer ion-interaction treatment. The temperature and pressure dependence of the standard partial molar volume and the second virial coefficients in the Pitzer equation were expressed by empirical expressions in which the compression coefficient of water and temperature were used as independent variables. The conventional standard partial molar volumes V‡(CF₃SO ₃ ^- , aq) fromT = 283 K to 573 K were calculated from the experimental values for V‡(NaCF₃SO₃, aq) and known values for V‡(Na⁺, aq). The values of V‡(CF₃SO_3/-, aq) at temperatures from 283 K to 328 K obtained from the values of V‡(NaCF₃SO₃, aq) and V‡(HCF₃SO₃, aq) agree to within 1.2 cm³-mol^-1.